Volume 20 - Materials Selection and Design Part 10 pptx

content or corrosion potential); (b) measuring the reaction rates for the crack-tip alloy/environment system that corresponds to the "engineering" system; and (c) defining the crack-tip strain rate in terms of continuum parameters such as stress, stress intensity, and loading frequency. Extensive work has been conducted in these areas, which has been reviewed elsewhere (Ref 10). As a result of these examinations of the crack-tip metallurgical, chemical, and stressing conditions, practical crack- propagation-rate algorithms of the following form have been developed for stainless steels in 288 °C BWR water: V t = 7.8 × 10 -3 n 3.6 ( ct ) n (Eq 25) n = f ( , EPR, c ) (Eq 26) ct = 6 × 10 -14 K 4 for constant load (Eq 27) ct = 5 app for monotonically increasing strain (Eq 28) ct = 100 A R K 4 for cyclic loading (Eq 29) where is the conductivity of coolant ( S · cm -1 ), c is the corrosion potential of the steel (mV SHE ), EPR is the measurement of grain-boundary chromium depletion due to heat treatment annealing or welding, K is the stress intensity (ksi ), app is the applied strain rate (s -1 ), is the cyclic-loading frequency (s -1 ), K is the stress-intensity amplitude under cyclic loading, and A R is a parameter that is a function of the mean stress under cyclic loading. Validation of Life-Prediction Algorithms and Their Application. The overall comparison between the observed and theoretical crack-propagation rates in type 304/316 stainless steels in 288 °C water is shown in Fig. 41. The laboratory database upon which this comparison was made was obtained under a wide range of stressing (static, monotonically increasing, and cyclic load), material (solution annealed vs. various degrees of sensitization) and water composition (<10 ppb O 2 to >8 ppm O 2 , <0.1 to 10 S · cm -1 ). It is seen that there is a reasonable agreement between observation and prediction. Fig. 41 Comparisons between observed and theoretical crack- propagation rates for type 304/316 stainless steels in 288 °C water. This database represents a wide combination of stressing material and environmental conditions. Source: Ref 96 Changes in corrosion potential within the range expected in BWRs can have a significant effect on the cracking susceptibility of type 304/316 stainless steels, especially under constant-load conditions. This predicted and observed effect is illustrated in Fig. 42 for furnace-sensitized type 304 stainless steel under constant stress intensity (25 ksi ) in water with the conductivity in the range 0.1 to 0.3 S · cm -1 . It is seen that over the corrosion potential range -550 mV SHE to +250 mV SHE (spanning "hydrogen-water" conditions to those under "normal" core conditions) the crack- propagation rate can change three orders of magnitude. From an operational design viewpoint, therefore, it is seen that considerable benefit may be predicted by developing actions that lower the corrosion potential of the stainless steel structures, thereby highlighting remedial actions that lower the effective concentration of oxidants (oxygen, hydrogen peroxide) in the coolant. Solution conductivity is also predicted to have an effect on the cracking susceptibility, as indicated by the three theoretical relationships shown in Fig. 42, thereby highlighting the quantitative value of maintaining water-purity control. Fig. 42 Observed and predicted sensitivity of stress-corrosion- cracking sensitivity to corrosion potential for sensitized type 304 stainless steel in 288 °C water. The data points are measurements made in the laboratory or in reactors. The curves are the predicted relationships for the indicated conductivities. The numbered data points were obtained at the Harwell variable- energy cyclotron. The circled numbers were with the proton irradiation turned on, and the uncircled numbers were with the irradiation off. Similarly the data point * was obtained under fast neutron irradiation in a boiling-water-reactor core. So far, the comparisons between observation and theory have centered on material/environment systems variables that affect n in Eq 25 and 26. The effect of stressing/straining conditions on the cracking susceptibility occur primarily through their effect on the crack-tip strain rate in Eq 27, 28, and 29. It follows that because the crack tip does not recognize how the strain rate is maintained, the cracking susceptibility for a given material/environment condition should adhere to the same crack-propagation rate/crack-tip strain-rate relationship, regardless of the stressing/straining mode. The truth to this statement is illustrated in Fig. 43, which shows the theoretical and observed crack-propagation rate strain-rate relationship for a severely sensitized type 304 stainless steel in 8 ppm O 2 , 0.5 S · cm -1 water. Movement along the strain-rate axis has been achieved by increasing stress intensity under constant-load conditions, increasing applied strain rate under monotonically increasing strain conditions, or cyclic loading under a variety of stress-intensity amplitude, mean stress, and loading frequency conditions. The single theoretical relationship line in Fig. 43 adequately predicts the cracking under this wide range of loading modes, indicating that the prediction method applies to stress- corrosion cracking (SCC), strain-induced cracking (SIC), and corrosion fatigue (CF). Fig. 43 Predicted and observed crack-propagation rate/crack-tip strain- rate relationships for sensitized type 304 stainless steel in 8 ppm oxygenated, 0.5 S · cm -1 purity water at 288 °C The old lore that these types of cracking (SCC, SIC, CF) are separate phenomena with, by implication, different mitigation or design modification needs is probably incorrect. For instance, it follows from Eq 25 that the sensitivity of the cracking susceptibility to the crack-tip strain rate will be a function of the material/environment conditions that affect n (Eq 26). Thus, the slope of the crack-propagation-rate/strain-rate relationship will be relatively shallow for severe environmental and material conditions (e.g., high dissolved oxygen, impure water, and high degrees of grain-boundary sensitization), and the relationship will be steep for less severe material/environmental conditions. This predicted and observed (Fig. 44) change in propagation-rate/strain-rate dependency with system conditions is significant when evaluating the validity of accelerated tests that are often used for development of design codes. For instance, increasing the crack-tip strain rate, and hence cracking susceptibility, by using the "slow-strain-rate test" is a valid test acceleration procedure (because it is accelerating one of the rate-determining steps in the cracking mechanism), but the factor of improvement between a reference condition and a proposed mitigation condition will be less in this test than at the lower stressing or strain-rate conditions expected in the operating plant. The relationship (i.e., Fig. 44) also gives an explanation for the lore that the cracking susceptibility is more dependent on the specific environmental conditions under constant- load stress-corrosion conditions than under corrosion-fatigue conditions. Fig. 44 Predicted and observed crack-propagation rate/crack-tip strain- rate relationships for stainless steels in a variety of material/environment systems In summary, therefore, it is apparent that the crack-prediction algorithms are able to quantitatively explain the changes in crack-propagation rates for type 304/316 stainless steel in water at 288 °C for a wide combination of water composition (corrosion, potential, conductivity), material sensitization, and stressing (constant load/displacement, cyclic load) conditions. It follows, however, that because the cracking response is so sensitive to changes in combinations of system conditions, it is necessary to combine the predictive method with system-defining sensors and models (Fig. 45). Provided this combining is done, it is then possible to make predictions of the extent of cracking in specific plant components (Fig. 46) and the increase in life associated with specific system changes (Fig. 47). Fig. 45 The integration of system monitors, sensors, and environmental/material models as inputs to a crack- propagation-rate model Fig. 46 Theoretical and observed intergranular stress corrosion crackdepth vs. operational- time relationships for 28 in. diameter schedule 80 type 304 stainless steel piping for two boiling- water reactors operating at different mean coolant conductivities. Note the bracketing of the maximum crack depth in the lower- purity plant by the predicted curve, which is based on the maximum residual- stress profile and the predicted absence of observable cracking in the higher-purity plant (in 240 operating months). Fig. 47 Predicted crack depth vs. time response for defected 28 in. diameter schedule 80 recirculation piping in a given boiling-water reactor to defined changes in water purity. Also shown is the crack- depth limit that can be resolved by nondestructive testing (NDT). References cited in this section 10. M.G. Fontana, Corrosion Engineering, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1986 81. R.L. Jones, "Corrosion Experience in U.S. Light Water Reactors NACE 50th Anniversary Perspective," Paper 168, presented at Corrosion 93, NACE, 1993 82. R.L. Jones, "Critical Corrosion Issues and Mitigation Strategies Impacting the Operability of LWRs," Paper 103, presented at Corrosion 96, NACE, 1996 83. Conf. Proc., Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Systems Light Water Reactors, J. Roberts and W. Berry, Ed., NACE, 1983 84. Conf. Proc., Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Systems Light Water Reactors, J. Roberts and J. Weeks, Ed., ANS, 1985 85. Conf. Proc., Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Systems Light Water Reactors, J. Weeks and G. Theus, Ed., TMS, 1987 86. Conf. Proc., Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Systems Light Water Reactors, G. Theus and D. Cubicciotti, Ed., NACE, 1989 87. Conf. Proc., Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Systems Light Water Reactors, D. Cubicciotti and E. Simonen, Ed., ANS, 1991 88. Conf. Proc., Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Systems Light Water Reactors, R. Gold and E. Simonen, Ed., TMS, 1993 89. Conf. Proc., Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Systems Light Water Reactors, R. Gold and E. McIlree, Ed., NACE, 1995 90. H. Okada and R. Staehle, Ed., Predictive Methods for Asse ssing Corrosion Damage to BWR Piping and PWR Steam Generators, NACE, 1982 91. D.D. MacDonald and G.A. Cragnolino, Corrosion of Steam Cycle Materials, ASME Handbook on Water Technology for Thermal Power Systems, P. Cohen, Ed., ASME, 1979 92. J.T.A. Roberts, Structural Materials in Nuclear Power Systems, Plenum Press, 1981 93. J.C. Danko, Corrosion in the Nuclear Power Industry, Corrosion, Vol 13, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1987 94. D.A. Hale, C.W. Jewett, and C.S. O'Toole, "BWR Coolant Impurities P rogram," First Annual Progress Report, Report NP2293, EPRI, Nov 1985 95. W.S. Hazelton, "Technical Report on Materials Selection and Processing Guidelines for BWR Coolant Pressure Boundary Piping," Draft report NUREG 0313 Rev. 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory C ommission, 1978 96. F.P. Ford, D.F. Taylor, P.L. Andresen, and R.G. Ballinger, "Corrosion Assisted Cracking of Stainless Steel and Low Alloy Steels in LWR Environments," Report NP5064S, EPRI, Feb 1987 97. P.L. Andresen, Corrosion 47, NACE, 1991, p 917-938 99. F.P. Ford, P.L. Andresen, M.G. Benz, and D. Weinstein, On- Line BWR Materials Monitoring and Plant Component Lifetime Prediction, Proc. Nuclear Power Plant Life Extension, American Nuclear Society, Vol 1, June 1988, p 355-366 100. F.P. Ford, "Mechan isms of Environmental Cracking Peculiar to the Power Generation Industry," Report NP2589, EPRI, Sept 1982 101. F.P. Ford, Stress Corrosion Cracking, Corrosion Processes, R.N. Parkins, Ed., Applied Science, 1982 102. F.P. Ford, The Crack Tip System and it s Relevance to the Prediction of Environmentally Assisted Cracking, Proc. First International Conf. Environment Induced Cracking of Metals, NACE, Oct 1988, p 139-166 103. R.N. Parkins, Environment Sensitive Fracture Controlling Parameters, Proc. Third In ternational Conf. Mechanical Behavior of Materials, K.J. Miller and R.F. Smith, Ed., Pergamon, Vol 1, 1980, p 139-164 104. T.R. Beck, Corrosion 30, NACE, 1974, p 408 105. J. Hickling, "Strain Induced Corrosion Cracking: Relationship to Stress Corrosion C racking/Corrosion Fatigue and Importance for Nuclear Plant Service Life, paper presented at Third IAEA Specialists Meeting on Subcritical Crack Growth, Moscow, May 1990 Design for Corrosion Resistance F. Peter Ford and Peter L. Andresen, General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center; Peter Elliott, Corrosion and Materials Consultancy, Inc. References 1. H. Uhlig, Chemical and Engineering News, Vol 97, 1949, p 2764 2. Editorial, Corrosion Prevention and Control, Vol 27, 1980, p 1 3. T.P. Hoar, Report of the Committee on Corrosion and Protection, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1971 4. Proc. 1986 Joint Chinese-American Corrosion Workshop, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Dec 1986 5. D.A. Jones, Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 1996 6. K.R. Trethewey and J. Chamberlain, Corrosion for Science and Engineering, 2nd ed., Longman, 1995 7. P. Marcus and J. Oudar, Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995 8. C.P. Dillon, Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995 9. B.D. Craig, Fundamental Aspects of Corrosion Films in Corrosion Science, Plenum Press, 1991 10. M.G. Fontana, Corrosion Engineering, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1986 11. W.W. Kirk and H.H. Lawson, Atmospheric Corrosion, ASTM, 1995 12. J.C. Scully, The Fundamentals of Corrosion, Pergamon Press, 1975 13. H.P. Hack, Galvanic Corrosion, ASTM, 1988 14. S.L. Chawla and R.K. Gupta, Materials Selection for Corrosion Control, ASM International, 1993 15. P.A. Schweitzer, Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Handbook, 2nd ed., Marcel Dekker, 1989 16. G. Moran and P. Labine, Corrosion Monitoring in Industrial Plants Using Nondestructive Testing and Electrochemical Methods, ASTM, 1986 17. D.O. Northwood, W.E. White, and G.F. Vander Voort, Corrosion, Microstructure, and Metallography, American Society for Metals, 1985 18. R.S. Treseder, R. Baboian, and C.G. Munger, Ed., NACE Corrosion Engineer's Reference Book, 2nd ed., NACE, 1991 19. R.B. Seymour, Plastics vs. Corrosives, John Wiley & Sons, 1982 20. M. Henthorne, Localized Corrosion Cause of Metal Failure, ASTM, 1972 21. R. Baboian, Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion Engineering, NACE, 1985 22. Corrosion, Vol 13, ASM Handbook (formerly Metals Handbook, 9th ed.), ASM International, 1987 23. S.K. Coburn, Corrosion Source Book, American Society for Metals, 1984 24. A.J. McEvily, Jr., Atlas of Stress-Corrosion and Corrosion Fatigue Curves, ASM International, 1990 25. L.L. Shreir, R.A. Jaman, and G.T. Burstein, Corrosion Metal/Environment Reactions, Butterworth Heinenmann, Ltd., 1994 26. R.F. Steigerwald and N.D. Greene, J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol 109, 1962, p 1026 27. H.H. Uhlig and R.W. Rene, Corrosion and Corrosion Control, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1985, p 217 28. Z. Szklarska-Smialawska, Pitting Corrosion of Metals, NACE, 1986 29. F.P. Ford, "Mechanisms of Environmental Cracking Peculiar to the Power Generation Industry," Report NP2589, EPRI, 1982 30. F.P. Ford, Stress Corrosion Cracking, Corrosion Processes, R.N. Parkins, Ed., Applied Science, 1982 31. R.N. Parkins, N.J.H. Holroyd, and R.R. Fessler, Corrosion, Vol 34, 1978, p 253 32. B. Poulson and R. Robinson, Corr. Sci., Vol 20, 1980, p 707 33. J. Congl eton, "Some Aspects of Crack Initiation in Stress Corrosion and Corrosion Fatigue," paper presented at Corrosion 88, NACE, St. Louis, 21-25 March 1988 34. Conf. Proc., Environmental-Sensitive Mechanical Behavior (Baltimore, MD, June 1965), A.R.C. Westwood and N.S. Stoloff, Ed., Gordon and Breach, 1966 35. R.W. Staehle, A.J. Forty, and D. Van Rooyen, Ed., The Fundamental Aspects of Stress- Corrosion Cracking, Ohio State University, Sept 1967 36. J.C. Scully, Ed., Theory of Stress Corrosion Cracking, NATO, Brussels, March 1971 37. O. Devereaux, A.J. McEvily, and R.W. Staehle, Ed., Corrosion Fatigue Chemistry, Mechanics and Microstructure, University of Connecticut, Storrs, June 1971 38. M.P. Bastein, Ed., L'Hydrogene dans les Metaux, Science et Industrie, Paris, 1972 39. L.M. Bernstein and A.W. Thompson, Ed., Hydrogen in Metals, L, American Society for Metals, 1973 40. R.W. Staehle, J. Hochmann, R.D. McCright, and J.E. Slater, Ed., Stress- Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Iron-Base Alloys, NACE, 1977 41. A.W. Thompson and I.M. Bernstein, Ed., Proc. Effect of Hydrogen on Behavior of Materials (Jackson Lake, WY, Sept 1975), TMS, 1976 42. R.M. Latanision and J.T. Fourie, Ed., Surface Effects on Crystal Plasticity (Hohegeiss, Germany, 1975), Noordhof-Leyden, 1977 43. P.R. Swann, F.P. Ford, and A.R.C. Westwood, Ed., Mechanisms of Environment Sensitive Cracking of Materials, The Metals Society, April 1977 44. Corrosion Fatigue, Met. Sci., Vol 13, 1979 45. T.R. Beck, Corrosion, Vol 30, 1974, p 408 46. R.W. Staehle, in Theory of Stress Corrosion Cracking, J.C. Scully, Ed., NATO, Brussels, March 1971 47. J.C. Scully, Corros. Sci., Vol 8, 1968, p 771 48. D.J. Lees, F.P. Ford, and T.P. Hoar, Met. Mater., Vol 7, 1973, p 5 49. J.R. Ambrose and J. Kruger, J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol 121, p 1974, p 599 50. F.P. Ford and M. Silverman, Corrosion, Vol 36, 1980, p 558 51. V.R. Pludek, Design and Corrosion Control, MacMillan, 1977 52. R.J. Landrum, Fundamentals of Designing for Corrosion Control, NACE International, 1989 53. R.N. Parkins and K.A. Chandler, Corrosion Control in Engineering Design, Department of Industry, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1978 54. L.D. Perrigo and G.A. Jensen, Fundamentals of Corrosion Control Design, The Northern Engineer, Vol 13 (No. 4), 1982, p 16 55. Designer Handbooks, Specialty Steel Industry of North America, Washington, D.C.; also publications relative to design, Nickel Development Institute, Toronto, Canada 56. Guides to Practice in Corrosion Control, Dep artment of Industry, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1979-1986 57. Engineering Design Guides, Design Council, British Standards Institute, Council of Engineering Institutions, Oxford University Press, 1975-1979 58. P. Elliott and J.S. Llewyn-Leach, Corrosion Control Checklist for Design Offices, Department of Industry, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1981 59. P. Elliott, Corrosion Control in Engineering Design, audiovisual for Department of Industry, United Kingdom, 1981 60. O.W. Siebert, Classic Blunders in Corrosion Protection, Mater. Perform., Vol 17 (No. 4), 1978, p 33 and Vol 22 (No. 10), 1983 61. T.F. Degnan, Mater. Perform. Vol 26 (No. 1), 1987, p 11 62. P. Elliott, Why Must History Repeat Itself?, Ind. Corros., Feb/March 1991, p 8 63. P. Elliott, Process Plant Corrosion Recognizing the Threat, Process Eng., Vol 65 (No. 11), 1984, p 43 64. P. Elliott, Understanding Corrosion Attack, Plant Eng., Oct 1993, p 68 65. P. Elliott, Corrosion Survey, Supplement to Chem. Eng., Sept 1973 66. P. Elliott, Catch 22 and the UCS Factor Why Must History Repeat Itself?, Mater. Perform., Vol 28 (No. 7), 1989, p 70 and Vol 28 (No. 8), 1989, p 75 67. Standards for Corrosion Testing of Metals, ASTM, 1990 68. R. Baboian, Ed., Corrosion Tests and Standards: Applications and Interpretation, ASTM Manual Series, MNL-20, 1995 69. H.J.H. Wassell, Reliability of Engineered Products, Engineering Design Guide, Design Council, Oxford University, 1980 70. P. Elliott, We Never get Corrosion Problems, Super News, 1974, p 70 71. A. Sparks, Steel Carriage by Sea, 2nd ed., Lloyd's of London Press, 1995 72. G. Kobrin, Ed., Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion, NACE International, 1993 73. P. Elliott, Practical Guide to High Temperature Alloys, Mater. Perform., Vol 28, 1989, p 57 74. G.Y. Lai, High Temperature Corrosion of Engineering Alloys, ASM International, 1990 75. W. Pollock, Corrosion under Wet Insulation, NACE International, 1988 76. "Specification for Wicking-Type Thermal Insulation for Use Ove r Austenitic Stainless Steel," C 795, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM [...]... ed., NACE, 1975 D.J De Renzo, Ed., Corrosion-Resistant Materials Handbook, 4th ed., Noyes, 1985 DECHEMA Corrosion Handbook: Corrosive Agents and Their Interaction with Materials, D Behrens (Vol 1-9 ) and G Kreysa and R Eckermann (Vol 1 0-1 2), Ed., VCH, 198 7-1 993 NACE/NIST Corrosion Performance Databases, Corrosion Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD P.A Schweitzer,... Heat-Resistant Materials and in Mechanical Testing, Volume 8 of the ASM Handbook Emphasis here is placed on developing an appreciation of the uses (and abuses) of creep and rupture testing, data presentation, data analysis, limitations of long-time tests, and alternative approaches to high-temperature design The objective is to provide a solid foundation for design principles from a materials performance... 1970, p 30 3-3 24 49 W.E Brown, M.H Jones, and D.P Newman, Symp on Strength and Ductility of Metals at Elevated Temperatures, STP 128, ASTM, 1952, p 25 50 M.P Seah, Grain Boundary Segregation, Metal Phys., Vol 10, 1980, p 104 3-1 064 51 E.P George, P.L Li, and D.P Pope, Creep Cavitation in Iron Sulfides and Carbides as Nucleation Sites, Acta Metall., Vol 35 (No 10) , 1987, p 247 1-2 486 52 R.H Cook and R.P Skelton,... Peter Ford and Peter L Andresen, General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center; Peter Elliott, Corrosion and Materials Consultancy, Inc Selected References * • • • • • • • • • • V.A Ashworth and P Elliot, Guide to the Corrosion Resistance of Metals, Metals Reference Book, 5th ed., C.J Smithells and E.A Brandes, Ed., Butterworths, 1976, p 1460 B.D Craig and D Anderson, Ed., Handbook of... dislocation networks (Ref 22), and local grain-boundary motion (Ref 23) In ceramics it appears to be primarily a grain-boundary phenomenon (Ref 24) Fig 3 Stress-time step applied to a material exhibiting strain response that includes time-independent elastic, time-independent plastic, time-dependent creep, and time-dependent anelastic (creep-recovery) components Source: Ref 20 Whereas the importance of... 21, 1950, p 43 7-4 45 16 R.L Coble, J Appl Phys., Vol 34, 1963, p 167 9-1 684 17 M.F Ashby, Acta Metall., Vol 20, 1572, p 88 7-8 97 18 R.L Bell and T.G Langdon, Grain Boundary Sliding, Interfaces Conf., R.C Gifkins, Ed., Butterworths, 1969, p 11 5-1 37 19 J.L Walter and H.E Cline, Grain Boundary Sliding, Migration, and Deformation in High-Purity Aluminum, Trans AIME, Vol 242, 1968, p 182 3-1 830 20 N.E Dowling,... Contract C10 2-1 , Report NP7473-L, EPRI, Jan 1992 99 F.P Ford, P.L Andresen, M.G Benz, and D Weinstein, On-Line BWR Materials Monitoring and Plant Component Lifetime Prediction, Proc Nuclear Power Plant Life Extension, American Nuclear Society, Vol 1, June 1988, p 35 5-3 66 100 F.P Ford, "Mechanisms of Environmental Cracking Peculiar to the Power Generation Industry," Report NP2589, EPRI, Sept 1982 101 F.P... 12, 1981, p 29 9-3 08 60 R.H Bricknell and O.A Woodford, The Embrittlement of Nickel Following High Temperature Air Exposure, Metall Trans A, Vol 12, 1981, p 42 5-4 33 61 M.C Pandey, B.F Dyson, and D.M.R Taplin, Environmental, Stress-State and Section-Size Synergisms During Creep, Proc R Soc London A, Vol 393, 1984, p 11 7-1 31 62 D.A Woodford and D.F Mowbray, Effect of Material Characteristics and Test Variables... Manson-Succop correlation, and the tensile data show 95% prediction intervals (dashed lines) Fig 18 Two common time-temperature parameters for rupture life (a) Larson-Miller parameter f( ) = TA (lot t + C) (b) Manson-Succop parameter f( ) = log t - BT Source: Ref 69 Fig 19 Temperature dependence of 0.2% yield stress, tensile strength, and creep rupture strength at 100 0 and 10, 000 h for a nickel-base... actually varied from 28.5 at 10 h to 13.6 at 100 ,000 h (Ref 76) for this data set Fig 20 Creep parameters for a Cr-Mo-V steel (a) Larson-Miller plot using a constant of 20 showing segmenting of the data (b) Same data using an optimized parameter based on the graphical optimization procedure (GOP) method Source: Ref 76 Design rules for high-temperature time-dependent deformation and fracture may be established . Corrosion-Resistant Materials Handbook, 4th ed., Noyes, 1985 • DECHEMA Corrosion Handbook: Corrosive Agents and Their Interaction with Materials, D. Behrens (Vol 1-9 ) and G. Kreysa and R. Eckermann. conditions under constant- load stress-corrosion conditions than under corrosion-fatigue conditions. Fig. 44 Predicted and observed crack-propagation rate/crack-tip strain- rate relationships. 197 9-1 986 57. Engineering Design Guides, Design Council, British Standards Institute, Council of Engineering Institutions, Oxford University Press, 197 5-1 979 58. P. Elliott and J.S. Llewyn-Leach,