[...]... (2.57) (1. 11) (2.74)a (0.48) (0.27) (0.38) (0.54) (0.54) 8.6 (0.55) 8.7 (0.46) 11 .3 (0.29) 10 .1 8.8 13 .3 9.9 3.7 8.4 10 .0 11 .6 7.5 6.8 8.9 (0.27) 11 .1 (0.28) 10 .0 (0.20) Hay fever (0.30) (0.72) (2.72) (1. 20) (4.94)a (0.52) (0.35) (0.48) (0.77) (0.72) 16 .0 (0. 71) 16 .5 (0. 61) 18 .8 (0.37) 17 .8 17 .5 15 .5 10 .7 11 .1 11. 1 15 .9 21. 3 17 .2 12 .8 12 .8 (0.33) 21. 7 (0.38) 17 .4 (0.27) Sinusitis Selected respiratory... 11 .8 10 .4 9.4 8.0 (0.03) (0 .14 ) (0.40) (0. 51) 0.2 1. 8 4.7 5.6 (0.23) (0.56) (2.62) (0.98) (6.46)a (0.46) 15 .2 (0. 71) 11 .9 (0.55) 10 .7 (0.28) 10 .9 11 .1 12.2 6.7 16 .9 8.5 9.4 (0.29) 12 .3 (0.29) 1. 7 (0 .12 ) 1. 2 (0.09) (0.29) (0.35) (0.55) (0.62) 10 .9 (0. 21) 1. 5 (0.07) Total Sex Male Female Age 18 –44 years 45–64 years 65–74 years 75 years and over Race White Black or African-American American Indian or... 10 9 Definitions of Rhinosinusitis 11 3 Acute Rhinosinusitis 11 3 Chronic Rhinosinusitis 11 6 Etiologies of Chronic Rhinosinusitis 11 7 10 9 Contents ix Summary 12 8 References 12 9 SECTION III MICROBIOLOGY 7 Infective Basis of Acute and Recurrent Acute Sinusitis Ellen R Wald Introduction 13 5 Obtaining Specimens 13 5 Microbiology of Acute Sinusitis in Children 13 7 Microbiology. .. Community-Acquired Sinusitis in Adults 13 8 Conclusion 14 1 References 14 2 13 5 8 Infectious Causes of Sinusitis Itzhak Brook Introduction 14 5 The Oral Cavity Normal Flora 14 5 Interfering Flora 15 1 Nasal Flora 15 2 Normal Sinus Flora 15 3 Microbiology of Sinusitis 15 4 The Role of Fungi in Sinusitis 16 7 Conclusion 16 9 References 16 9 14 5 SECTION... (0 .17 ) (1. 87)a (0.57) (2.32)a (0.29) (0 .19 ) (0.28) (0.48) (0.63) (Continued) 7.9 (0.53) 7 .1 (0.43) 5 .1 (0.20) 5.7 5.3 5.4 2.3 2.3 3 .1 4.5 6.5 6.7 6.9 3.8 (0 .19 ) 7 .1 (0.23) 5.5 (0 .15 ) Bronchitis Table 1 Percents (With Standard Errors) of Selected Respiratory Diseases Among Persons 18 Years of Age and Over, by Selected Characteristics: United States, 20 01 Sinusitis 3 1. 3 1. 7 1. 6 1. 1 (0 .16 ) (0 .16 ) (0 .13 )... respiratory infections of multiple or unspecified sites (n ¼ 13 ,874) Acute tonsillitis and acute pharyngitis (n ¼ 13 ,706) Acute bronchitis (n ¼ 10 ,852) Acute sinusitis (n ¼ 9856) Chronic sinusitis (n ¼ 7368) Chronic bronchitis (n ¼ 5296) 18 22 688 628 9 51 889 12 00 11 68 3098 613 448 11 14 700 990 2054 Inpatient Outpatient 820 674 787 682 350 455 883 Prescription drug 518 449 516 4 41 315 356 602 Office 16 8 88 10 2... 10 2 11 4 72 81 157 Othera 668 335 404 474 15 6 297 776 Disability costs 478 429 456 443 211 3 01 507 Absenteeism costs 5874 3564 4455 4 219 218 0 27 91 7845 Total costs Table 2 Employer Payments in 19 97 per Beneficiary by Type of Respiratory Infection, and Employer Overall Costs 31, 108,704 35 ,12 6,784 32,824,440 45,784,588 29,879,080 38,722,334 19 4,956,095 Overall costs 6 File 886 19 02 787 10 38 10 47 498 6 316 ... 940 13 15 14 59 680 598 973 455 409 437 413 604 449 3 71 112 97 242 95 75 6 21 437 10 16 252 17 9 525 346 4 91 3 01 224 4728 4397 11 ,544 3279 2642 7 ,15 8 ,19 2 280,924,330 46,5 91, 584 6,692,439 11 ,793,888 Aggregate employer costs is calculated by multiplying total costs by the number of beneficiaries with a specific condition a Includes care at patient’s home, nursing/extended care facility, psychiatric day-care... including sinusitis, in an employed population to ascertain the impact of these infections from the perspective of the employer (17 ) The investigators evaluated more than 63,000 patients with at least one diagnosis for a respiratory infection in 19 97 who were identified in the claims database (0.08) (0 .13 ) (0. 71) a (0.22)a (2. 81) a (0 .14 ) 1. 6 0.7 1. 1 0.4 3.9 0.6 2.4 (0.27) 2.9 (0. 31) 1. 0 (0.08) 11 .8 10 .4 9.4... 1. 3 1. 7 1. 6 1. 1 (0 .16 ) (0 .16 ) (0 .13 ) (0 .12 ) Emphysema 11 .7 10 .8 10 .6 10 .6 (0.52) (0.38) (0.35) (0.44) Asthma 10 .8 8.5 9.5 12 .2 (0.49) (0.37) (0.34) (0.45) Hay fever 16 .6 16 .2 20.7 13 .7 (0.57) (0. 51) (0.49) (0.50) Sinusitis 4.8 5.2 6.4 4.8 (0.30) (0. 31) (0.27) (0.29) Bronchitis a Respondents were asked in two separate questions if they had ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that they . States of America on acid-free paper 10 9876543 21 International Standard Book Number -1 0 : 0-8 24 7-2 948-X (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number -1 3 : 97 8-0 -8 24 7-2 94 8-6 (Hardcover) This book. Kennedy Introduction . . . . 10 9 Definitions of Rhinosinusitis . . . . 11 3 Acute Rhinosinusitis . . . . 11 3 Chronic Rhinosinusitis . . . . 11 6 Etiologies of Chronic Rhinosinusitis . . . . 11 7 viii Contents Summary. x0 y0 w0 h1" alt="" Sinusitis From Microbiology to Management DK3789_half-series-title.qxd 7 /19 /05 3:26 PM Page 1 INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND THERAPY Series Editor Burke A. Cunha Winthrop-University