Understanding And Applying Machine Vision Part 14 ppt

Laser interferometer, 346 Laser radar, 23 Laser scanner, 140, 345 Laser triangulation, 32, 341 Laser velocimeter, 347 Lens, 114 cylindrical, 99, 106, 124, 127 mounts, 125 objectives, 122–124 Light, 86, 88 (see also Illumination optics; Lighting) geometry of propagation, 88, 89 collimated, 90 diffuse, 90 point, 89 interaction of objects, 103 absorption, 104 reflection, 104 refraction, 104 scattering, 104 spectral, 104 transmission, 104 polarized, 89, 109 sources, 91–100 arc lamp, 97 black light discharge tube, 93 fiber optic, 100 fluorescent, 73, 88, 90, 96 incandescent, 73, 88, 90, 91 Page 400 laser, 98 light emitting diode, 97 quartz halogen, 93 strobe, 96 spectral distribution, 89 wavelength, 89 Light field illumination, 106 Lighting, 48, 73, 86–88, 282 active, 23, 24 approaches, 104–112 backlighting, 105 chromaticity, 112 color discrimination by filters, 112 directional, 108 front, 106 infrared, 99 passive, 23 polarized, 89, 109 structured, 105, 344 tips, 112 transmission, 104 ultraviolet, 99 Linear arrays, 24, 25, 62, 139, 140, 343 M Machine vision applications, 16, 18, 35, 54, 56, 61, 78, 85–86, 104, 234, 237–278 application-specific machine vision (ASMV), 16, 26, 31, 33 benefits, 61, 70 binary, 18 business strategies, 25 definition, 35, 46 description of industry, 21 fundamental block diagram, 47 general-purpose machine vision (GPMV), 25, 31 gray scale, 18 historical perspective, 7 innovation cycle, 36 justification, 61–71, 81 NSF research, 8, 9 technical approaches, 23 vs. electronic imaging, 21 vs. human vision, 40, 46, 75 Machine Vision Association, 14 Machine vision software supplier, 32 Mathematical morphology, 182 (see also Image transformation; Morphology) Merchant machine vision vendor, 30 Merchant system integrator, 32 Metrology, 280 Mirrors, 124 Moire interferometry, 228 Morphology, 182–191 closing, 185 dilation, 185 erosion, 185 opening, 186 structured element, 186, 188, 214 Motion analysis, 22 N Nearest neighbor processing (see Image processing; Spatial convolutions) Neighborhood processing, 53 Nyquist sampling theorem, 293 O Object properties, 50, 56, 88 Opening, 186 Optical character recognition (OCR), 23, 28, 259, 285 Optical character verification, 28, 259, 287 Optics, 48, 113–129, 283 (see also Image rotation; Lens) aberrations, 74, 119, 121, 302 Page 401 aperture, 74, 118 beam splitting, 99, 128 chromatic aberrations, 302 cleanliness, 126 defocusing, 118 depth of field, 74, 118 depth of focus, 118 distortion, 74, 119 extender rings, 127 fiber optics, 90, 100, 345 field angle, 115 field of view, 116 f-number, 115 focal length, 74, 114, 117 focusing, 114 geometric distortion, 119 magnification, 74, 117 mounts, 125 objectives, 122–124 35-mm camera, 124 microscope, 124 reprographic, 124 zoom, 124 Rayleigh limit, 118, 282 resolution, 117 split imaging, 129 telecentric, 128 working distance, 115 Original equipment manufacturer (OEM), 32 P Parallel pipeline, 217 Pattern matching, 205 Pattern recognition, 14, 22 Pels, 48 Pharmaceutical industry applications, 257–265 Photoelectric scanner, 343 Pipeline, 217 Pixel counts, 205 Pixels, 48, 76, 147, 158 (see also Subpixel resolution) encoded value, 50, 85, 208 jitter, 160 Point light source, 89 Polarization, 89, 109 Progressive scan, 134, 137 Printing industry applications, 267–269 Projections, 87, 222 Project management, 326–339 Project plan, 309–315 Proposal evaluation, 329 Q Quality costs, 62 cost of control, 62 cost of failure, 62 Quantization, 74 R Range, 221–235 active triangulation, 223, 227, 230 focusing, 221 Rayleigh criteria, 118, 282 Reflectance, 50, 84 Region of interest (see Windows) Region segmentation, 175 Request for proposal, 327 Resolution, 48, 52, 87, 117 limiting, 146 subpixel, 76, 182, 284 Resolvable elements, 48, 116 ROI analysis, 334 Run length encoding, 193 S Sampling, 154 (see also Digitization) Saturation, 50, 84, 298 Segmentation, 174–191 edge, 181 region, 175 threshold, 175 adaptive, 177 dual, 176 Page 402 fixed, 175 localized, 181 windows, 174–175 (see also Windowing) Semiconductor industry applications, 237–244 Sensor properties aliasing, 150 aspect ratio, 147 blooming, 150 color response, 149 contrast transfer function, 146 cross talk, 151 dark current, 149 detectivity, 147 dynamic range, 147 fixed pattern noise, 148 gamma, 148 geometric distortion, 147 limiting resolution, 146 linearity, 148 modulation transfer function, 146 quantum efficiency, 147 resolution, 146 responsivity, 147 saturation, 149 shading, 149 sensitivity, 148 signal-to-noise, 149 signal uniformity, 149 time constants, 149 Sensors, 48, 141–151 alternatives infrared, 161 ultraviolet, 161 X-ray, 161 charge coupled devices, 13, 141 charge injection devices, 13, 144 charge primed devices, 144 complementary metal oxide sensor, 144 frame transfer, 142–143 interline transfer, 142–143 linear array, 145 metal oxide semiconductor, 144 photodiode matrix, 145 solid state, 141 TDI (time-delay and integration), 145 Vidicon, 141 Shading, 50 Shade of gray, 50, 53, 75 (see also Gray levels; ray scale; Gray shades) Shape from shading, 222, 233 Shutter, 97, 112, 134, 135, 143, 144, 150 Smart cameras, 161 Smoothing, 168 (see also Frame addition) Spatial convolutions, 171 Spatial filtering, 171–173, 293 Specification development, 80, 315–325 Specular properties, 50 Speckle, 99 Split imaging, 129 SRI analysis, 193–195 blob, 195 connectivity analysis, 195 Statistical process control, 62 Stereo correspondence, 223 Stereopsis, 226 Stereo views, 223 Structured element, 186 Structured lighting, 24, 54, 222 Subpixel resolution, 76, 182, 284 Symbolic, 216 Page 403 Sync, 134 Syntactic analysis, 210 T Telecentric imaging, 128 Television cameras, 129, 133–140 Template, 14, 182, 199–205 Temporal, 54, 55, 165, 171, 216 Texture, 50, 84 Texture gradient, 234 Three-dimensional 221–235 active, 223, 227, 230 autofocusing, 221 depth from texture gradient, 234 interferometry, 231 laser range finder, 232 machine vision supplier, 32 moire interferometry, 228 passive, 223 photometric stereo, 233 range from focusing, 228 stereo correspondence, 223 structured light, 222 surface shading models, 233, 291 time-of-flight range finders, 230 triangulation, 54, 228, 230 Threshold adaptive, 292 fixed, 292 Threshold segmentation, 194 Time delay and integration cameras, 145, 291 Time-of-flight, 222, 230–233 (see also Range) time of arrival, 222 phase shift, 222 Touch sensitive probes, 349 Train by showing, 207 Transition counts, 77, 205, 208 Triangulation, 54, 228, 230 [...]... Vector generation, 158 Vendor conference, 329 Vendor evaluation, 333 Vignetting, 50 Vision engine, 48, 75, 284 W Wavelength, 90 Web scanner supplier, 32 Windowing, 174 adaptive, 174 fixed, 174 perfect hull, 175 Windows, 174–175 Wood industry applications, 269–278 Working distance, 115, 117–119, 123–124, 127–128 X X-bar and R charts, 5 . distortion, 147 limiting resolution, 146 linearity, 148 modulation transfer function, 146 quantum efficiency, 147 resolution, 146 responsivity, 147 saturation, 149 shading, 149 sensitivity, 148 signal-to-noise,. devices, 13, 144 charge primed devices, 144 complementary metal oxide sensor, 144 frame transfer, 142 143 interline transfer, 142 143 linear array, 145 metal oxide semiconductor, 144 photodiode. human vision, 40, 46, 75 Machine Vision Association, 14 Machine vision software supplier, 32 Mathematical morphology, 182 (see also Image transformation; Morphology) Merchant machine vision