Robot Builders Source Book - Gordon McComb Episode 1 Part 7 pptx

internet-search 222 Searching Wisely Enter robotics into the Google.com search bar, and you’ll get over a million Web pages! As you can imagine, robotics is a popular field of endeavor, but using a common search phrase such as this will get you nowhere, fast. Fortunately, Google.com provides a num- ber of ways to narrow your search, so that you have more chance of finding what you want. Here are some tips. Like most search engines, Google.com uses keywords to match your search phrase with the content of a Web page. Keywords can be contained in the title, a special hidden key- words section of the underlying HTML code that forms the Web page, or the text of the page. How Google.com ranks the relevancy of the keywords it finds on pages is a closely guarded secret, but through observation, it’s apparent the search engine favors keywords that appear in the title of the page. Therefore, if a page says “ Robotics Stink,” it will likely be ranked highly among pages on robots, simply because the phrase “robotics” is in the title. Knowing this, you can more readily search for companies, products, or information, by using search terms that are most likely to appear in the title of Web pages. Those Web page creators that use non-descriptive titles, or leave them blank, will be ranked much lower in the search results. That’s too bad for them. You can tell Google.com to ignore keywords if they don’t appear in the title, thereby limiting the search to only words that appear in the titles of pages. You do this with the intitle modifier (or its close cousin, allintitle). Use intitle:robotics to find Web pages on which robotics appears only in the title. Note the colon after intitle. Also note there is no space between the colon and the keyword. Ignoring Nonrelevant Pages Try the intitle:robotics search. You’ll find that at least some of the so-called hits on the first couple of pages are not about mechanical robots, but about the U.S. Robotics brand of modems, fax modems, and early PalmPilots. Unless you tell it otherwise, Google.com doesn’t know the difference between robots that roll or walk on the floor and products made by the old U.S. Robotics company. There is a simple way to remove these kinds of nonrelevant pages: Use the minus (-) character to tell Google.com to skip any Web page that contains a given keyword. Here’s one way: robotics –us This fetches all Web pages with robotics, then omits all those pages with the keyword us. This works, but unfortunately, us is a common word. The better way is to use quotes to form a keyword phrase, like this: robotics –”us robotics” This time, only those pages that contain us robotics, as a complete phrase, are omitted. Combining Keywords It’s often handy to search for multiple keywords, such as robotics and vision. With few exceptions, Google.com does not use Boolean searches—robotics AND vision, for exam- ple—like some other search engines. Google’s syntax is a lot easier, yet isn’t limited. +robotics +vision Finds pages with both of the word forms robotics vision Same as above “robotics vision” Finds pages with the specific phrase robotics vision Except for the whole phrase “robotics vision” the keywords in a multiple-keyword search do not have to appear next to each other on the Web pages. That is, robotics can appear at the beginning of a paragraph, and vision later in the paragraph. That said, Google.com appears to give precedence to those pages where the keywords are found closer together. internet-search 223 Note the + (plus) character in one of the examples. Google.com automatically ignores very common words and does not include them in the results. Adding a + character to the word ensures that Google.com considers it in your search. While both robotics and vision are not common words and will not be ignored, it’s a good practice to include the + char- acter whenever you want to ensure words are considered in the search. When using the + character, be sure to add a space before it and to type the keyword immediately following: robot +about Good robot+about Not good robot + about Not good No Wildcards, But . . . Google.com doesn’t support wildcards, special characters—like ? and *—that denote any character or characters. However, the search engine allows you to construct phrases to look for multiple forms of words by using the OR search modifier. +robotics eye OR eyes Note OR in capitals. Google.com searches are not case sensitive, but you must capital- ize OR in order to use it as a search modifier. This phrase looks for all pages with robotics, then matches those pages with either eye or eyes. Try Multiple Searches Some searches will require a couple of different alternatives. One simple way of finding pages when you want to look for multiple word forms—robotics or robot, for instance—is to perform separate searches. For example: robotics eye OR eyes robot eye OR eyes The first search looks for robotics with eye or eyes. The second, for robot with eye or eyes. Additional Advanced Searches Google.com supports an Advanced Search page where you can specify a number of special qualifiers, including limiting the found pages to a given language or to those that have been updated within a certain period of time. Similarly, you can also look for just HTML Web pages, Adobe Acrobat PDF files, or many other common file types. There are several handy Google.com search tricks you’ll want to know about. Be sure to read the help pages on the Google.com site for more information. Reversing the Order of Keywords Google.com ranks the relevance of pages from the order of the keywords in your search phrase. You get the same pages no matter what order you use, but the pages that appear at the beginning of the list are altered by changing the keyword order. For example: zebra barcode Returns pages that favor the Zebra brand. barcode zebra Returns pages that favor bar coding in general, followed by those that also contain the keyword Zebra. More than Just Web Pages The Google.com search engine is not limited to just Web pages. You can also find images (not as useful to robot builders), Usenet newsgroups, and a subject directory. • The Groups search let you sift through years of archives of newsgroup messages. • The Directory search provides Web links to submitted and approved sites. Some of these may be paid advertisements; nevertheless, it’s a good way of locating major suppliers. internet-search 224 At the time of this writing, Google.com was experimenting with a new feature called Google Catalogs. This service provides scanned and indexed pages of hundreds of con- sumer and business mail-order catalogs. If you don’t see a Catalogs search option on the main Google.com home page, try the following URL: http://catalogs.google.com/ En Français Anyone? Page Translations Robotics isn’t limited to just those who speak English. You’ll find plenty of Web pages in a variety of languages. Several free services offer text translation from and into the world’s most common languages. The translations are not perfect, but they are often close enough to allow you get the gist of what the Web page is all about. Among the better Web page language translators are Google.com and Altavista.com; my favorite is Google’s, so we’ll talk about that first. To translate a Web page, go here: http://www.google.com/language_tools and in the appropriate text box enter the full URL, including the http:// portion, of the Web page you want to view. Select the “from” and “to” language choices, such as Spanish to English, or French to German. The translation takes anywhere from a few sec- onds to over a minute, depending on the length of the page. Note that only normal text is translated. Text in a graphic image is not translated and is shown in the original language. AltaVista’s similar offering is available at: http://babelfish.altavista.com/ It works in a similar fashion to Google.com’s translation page and offers additional lan- guages such as Korean, Russian, and Chinese. Other Search Engines Of course, there are other search engines on the Web, some good, and some terrible. Here is a listing of some additional general-purpose search engines. About—http://www.about.com/ (careful, pop-up window city!) Alta Vista—http://www.altavista.com/ AOL—http://search.aol.com/ Buyer’s Index—http://www.buyersindex.com/ (mail-order shopping search engine) Direct Hit—http://www.directhit.com/ Dog Pile—http://search.dogpile.com/ Euroseek—http://www.euroseek.com/ Excite—http://www.excite.com/ Find What—http://www.looksmart.com/ Hotbot—http://www.hotbot.com/ Infospace—http://www.infospace.com/ LookSmart—http://www.looksmart.com/ Lycos—http://www.lycos.com/ MSN—http://www.msn.com/ Overture—http://www.overture.com/ Public Internet Library—http://www.ipl.org/ Search Hippo—http://www.searchhippo.com/ Worldpages—http://www.worldpages.com/ Yahoo!—http://www.yahoo.com/ Google Search: Dome Squirrel Baffle 203658 This search finds domes for bird feeders. Metal and plastic; many are clear polycarbonate.  Google Search: Electrical/Electronics Hardware 202696 http://directory.google.com/Top/Business/ Industries/Electronics_and_Electrical/Hardware/ Google category list for electronic hardware: connec- tors, standoffs, fasteners, knobs, etc.  Google Search: Electronics 202791 http://directory.google.com/Top/Science/ Technology/Electronics/ Google category list for general electronics. Check the subsections for narrow fields of interest, such as test and measurement, semiconductors, and design.  Google Search: Fasteners 202688 http://directory.google.com/Top/Business/ Industries/Construction_and_Maintenance/ Materials_and_Supplies/Nails,_Screws_and_Fasteners/ Google category list for fasteners, including nuts, bolts, screws, rivets, clips, and specialty fasteners.  Google Search: Horror Movies 202789 http://directory.google.com/Top/Arts/Movies/ Genres/Horror/ Google category list for horror films, which sometimes also include movies about crazed robots.  Google Search: Industrial Controls 202711 http://directory.google.com/Top/Business/ Industries/Electronics_and_Electrical/ Control_Systems/Industrial/ Google category list for industrial control components, such as single board computers, sensors, actuators, and power transmission products.  Google Search: Industrial Metals 202691 http://directory.google.com/Top/Business/ Industries/Manufacturing/Materials/Metals/ Google category list for industrial metals.  Google Search: Industrial Robotics 202707 http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/ Robotics/Industrial/ Google category list for factory automation and indus- trial robotics.  Google Search: Materials Handling 202684 http://directory.google.com/Top/Business/ Industries/Industrial_Supply/Materials_Handling/ Google category list for materials handing, which includes casters and wheels and conveyors.  Google Search: Metal for Crafts 202781 http://directory.google.com/Top/Shopping/ Crafts/Metal/ Google category list for metals and working with it.  Google Search: Metalworking 202749 http://directory.google.com/Top/Shopping/ Crafts/Supplies/Metal_Craft/ Google category list for working with metal, as well as materials and supplies.  internet-search 225 Google Search: Motion Control 202708 http://directory.google.com/Top/Business/ Industries/Manufacturing/Factory_Automation/ Motion_Control/ Google category list for factory automation and motion control.  Google Search: Optics 202706 http://directory.google.com/Top/Business/ Industries/Manufacturing/Optics/ Google category list for optics and optical components.  Google Search: Optics Technology 202793 http://directory.google.com/Top/Science/Physics/ Optics/ Google category list for optical design.  Google Search: Optoelectronics 202694 http://directory.google.com/Top/Business/ Industries/Manufacturing/Optoelectronics/ Google category list for industrial optoelectronics (such as LEDs, photosensors).  Google Search: Plastics 202689 http://directory.google.com/Top/Business/ Industries/Manufacturing/Polymers/Materials/ Plastics/ Google category list for plastics: materials and working with it.  Google Search: Plywood 202690 http://directory.google.com/Top/Business/ Industries/Construction_and_Maintenance/ Materials_and_Supplies/Wood_and_Plastics/ Wood_Products/Dimension_Lumber_and_Plywood/ Google category list for plywoods, including those using hardwoods or exotic woods.  Google Search: Relays & Solenoids 202692 http://directory.google.com/Top/Business/ Industries/Electronics_and_Electrical/ Relays_and_Solenoids/ Google category list for relays, solenoids, and related electromechanical devices.  Google Search: Robot Building  203835 http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/ Robotics/Building/ Google category list for building robots.  Google Search: Robotics 202792 http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/ Robotics/ Google category list for general robotics topics.  Google Search: Science Fiction Movies 202787 http://directory.google.com/Top/Arts/Movies/ Genres/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy/ Google category list for science fiction movies, includ- ing those in which the robot is the good guy.  Google Search: Science Museums 202790 http://directory.google.com/Top/Reference/ Museums/Science/ Google category list for science museums. Look for ones that specialize in science, physics, and mechanical exhibits.  Google Search: Semiconductors 202794 http://directory.google.com/Top/Science/ Technology/Electronics/Semiconductors/ Google category list for semiconductors.  internet-search 226 Google Search: Switches & Encoders 202697 http://directory.google.com/Top/Business/ Industries/Electronics_and_Electrical/ Switches_and_Encoders/ Google category list for switches and encoders (includ- ing absolute and incremental, mechanical and optical).  Google Search: Test & Measurement 202693 http://directory.google.com/Top/Business/ Industries/Electronics_and_Electrical/ Relays_and_Solenoids/ Google category list for test and measurement tools.  Google Search: Video 202795 http://directory.google.com/Top/Shopping/ Consumer_Electronics/Video/ Google category list for video topics, including cam- eras, imagers, recording, transmitting, and program- ming APIs.  Google Search: Woodcraft 202750 http://directory.google.com/Top/Shopping/ Crafts/Supplies/Woodcraft/ Google category list for woodworking materials.  Google Search: Woodworking 202751 http://directory.google.com/Top/Shopping/ Crafts/Supplies/Woodcraft/Woodworking/ Another Google category list for woodworking materials.  Google Search: Woodworking Tools 202752 http://directory.google.com/Top/Shopping/ Tools/Woodworking/ Google category list for the tools used in woodworking.  Smart Pages 203290 http://www.smartpages.com/ Yellow Pages on the Internet. Look up North American businesses by category or keyword. internet-search 227 The Smart Pags are the Internet equivalent of printed local Yellow Pages. xInternet-Usenet Newsgroups Usenet is the term used for the portion of the Internet that provides for two-way non-real-time messaging. The more common term is newsgroups, a bit of a misnomer because most of the Usenet groups do not deal with “news,” per se. The function of most groups is to share ideas and to post and answer questions. See also Internet-Bulletin Board/Mailing List FAQ: rec.toys.lego (LEGO) 202410 http://www.multicon.de/fun/legofaq.html Support FAQ for the rec.toys.lego newsgroup.  Google Groups: comp.robotics .misc News Archive 202227 http://groups.google.com/groups? hl=en&group=comp.robotics.misc Google maintains an archive of most public news- groups; this URL is for the ever popular comp.robot- ics.misc (or c.r.m.). Current messages are no more than a day “old,” and the archive goes back many years. Of course, you can view the archive for other news- groups. Just click the “Group” link near the top of the window, and locate the group of your choice.  Newsgroups: alt.comp. lego-mindstorms 202294 alt.comp.lego-mindstorms  Newsgroups: alt.machines.cnc 203002 alt.machines.cnc  Newsgroups: alt.microcontrollers.8bit 202808 alt.microcontrollers.8bit  Newsgroups: alt.music.makers .theremin 202812 alt.music.makers.theremin  Newsgroups: alt.robotwars 202804 alt.robotwars  Newsgroups: alt.toys.lego 202293 alt.toys.lego  Newsgroups: comp.ai 204173 comp.ai  Newsgroups: comp.ai.life 204174 comp.ai.life  Newsgroups: comp.ai.vision 202291 comp.ai.vision  Newsgroups: comp.arch .embedded 204175 comp.arch.embedded  Newsgroups: comp.arch .embedded.picbasic 202798 comp.arch.embedded.picbasic  Newsgroups: comp.arch .embedded.piclist 202799 comp.arch.embedded.piclist  Newsgroups: comp.arch .fpga 202800 comp.arch.fpga  Newsgroups: comp.home .automation 202344 comp.home.automation  Newsgroups: comp.os.linux .embedded 202805 comp.os.linux.embedded  Newsgroups: comp.robotics .misc 202797 comp.robotics.misc  internet-usenet newsgroups 228 internet-usenet newsgroups 229 Newsgroups: Information Beyond the Web Newsgroups were born in the days long before the Internet became a global market- place. A newsgroup is a discussion group, a bulletin board, for posting and reading mes- sages. Unlike chat, newsgroups are not real time; you don’t directly communicate with others while everyone is online. Newsgroups, which are part of the Internet sometimes referred to as Usenet, can be an excellent source of information and feedback. As newsgroups are the result of the early Internet, their structure follows something of a gearhead’s design of the world, and some aspects of it may be confusing and cryptic. However, it’s not complicated once you learn your way around. What’s a Newsgroup? First and foremost is that newsgroups are divided into two main forms, public and private. Public newsgroups are open to anyone, and most likely, your Internet service provider (ISP) maintains computers just for the purpose of storing newsgroup messages. Your ISP’s com- puters are connected to all the other public newsgroup computers around the globe, and they constantly trade messages back and forth. The end result is that even though you may “connect” to a newsgroup via your local ISP, you are reading the messages of others world- wide; if you post a message of your own, within a few hours it will circulate around the globe. Private newsgroups are set up by companies or organizations to support their products or agenda. They may or may not be open to the public. In most cases, you must use the newsreader portion of your Web browser to separately log into these private newsgroup servers; they are not part of the public newsgroups provided by your ISP. Newsgroup Hierarchy Newsgroups follow a hierarchy, with some one dozen “top-level” categories to choose from. The categories of primary interest to robot builders are highlighted in boldface type: alt Anything and everything biz Business products, services comp Computer and technical hardware, software humanities Fine art and literature, Philosophy 101 misc What won’t fit anywhere else news Info about Usenet newsgroups rec Games, hobbies, personal interests, sports sci Applied science, social science soc Social issues, culture, politics, religion talk Current issues and debates Newsgroups are further divided into one or more additional sublevels, with each sub- level separated from the top-level category name by a period. For example, the main robotics discussion group for amateur and professional robotics is comp.robotics.misc; the group is under the comp top-level and is further under the robotics sublevel. By the way, there are few sublevels under robotics, so don’t expects lots of resources here. This is just how it is for newsgroup subtopics. Newsgroup Reading and Writing To read (and optionally post) messages on a newsgroup you need to crank up a newsgroup reader program, which is most often part of the browser you use for surfing the Web, or is part of the operating system. I won’t get into exact steps here, as the procedures are docu- mented in your software. Newsgroup readers are supported as part of Outlook Express if you’re a Microsoft Internet Explorer user; Netscape has a newsgroup reader built-in. Newsgroups: rec.crafts .metalworking 202809 rec.crafts.metalworking  Newsgroups: rec.crafts.misc 202810 rec.crafts.misc  Newsgroups: rec.crafts .polymer-clay 202295 rec.crafts.polymer-clay  Newsgroups: rec.models.rc.air 202296 rec.models.rc.air  Newsgroups: rec.models.rc.land 202297 rec.models.rc.land  Newsgroups: rec.models.rc.misc 202298 rec.models.rc.misc  Newsgroups: rec.music .makers.synth 202813 rec.music.makers.synth  Newsgroups: rec.toys.lego 202292 rec.toys.lego  Newsgroups: rec.woodworking 202811 rec.woodworking Newsgroups: sci.electronics.basics 202801 sci.electronics.basics  Newsgroups: sci.electronics .components 202806 sci.electronics.components  Newsgroups: sci.electronics.design 202803 sci.electronics.design  Newsgroups: sci.electronics .equipment 202807 sci.electronics.equipment  Newsgroups: sci.electronics.misc 202802 sci.electronics.misc  internet-usenet newsgroups 230 Newsgroup Shorthand The categories and subcategories in newsgroups are in a kind of shorthand. Here are what several of the more common ones mean: alt Alternative misc Miscellaneous comp Computer arch Architecture rec Recreation ai Artificial Intelligence sci Science Newsgroups: sci.electronics.repair 203548 sci.electronics.repair  Newsgroups: sci.geo.satellite-nav 203547 sci.geo.satellite-nav  Newsgroups: uk.media.tv .robot-wars 202796 uk.media.tv.robot-wars  xInternet-Web Ring Web rings are collections of Web sites—some commer- cial and some not—that share a common theme or interest. These days, most Web rings are hosted by Yahoo! and similar outfits. Joining and participating are free, but expect advertisements. The following listings are for the hubs of the Web rings. The hub lists the member sites belonging to the ring. Web Ring: 8051 Microcontroller 202042 http://o.webring.com/hub?ring=80x51 Resources for 80x51 families of microcontroller and related embedded technologies.  Web Ring: Australian Electronics 202084 http://g.webring.com/webring?ring=aering Electronics retailers and sources in Australia.  Web Ring: Australian Electronics Manufacturers 203795 http://l.webring.com/hub?ring=australianelectr Australian companies or individuals that manufacture or assemble electronics products in Australia.  Web Ring: AVR Microcontroller 202060 http://r.webring.com/hub?ring=avr Atmel AVR microcontroller-related sites.  internet-usenet newsgroups 231 Manners and Etiquette in Newsgroups Newsgroups can be a horrendous sink of time and energy. Take my advice: Avoid using them as a soapbox, and avoid getting involved in heated discussions. People say things in newsgroups that they’d never say in person, simply because folks are protected sitting behind a computer screen. Here are some other tips: • Unless you are an adult, don’t reveal your age. If you’re old enough to read this book, you’re old enough to understand why. • Sexual harassment is still a problem, particularly in public newsgroups where “joy rid- ers” and “trolls” only stick around to cause trouble. So, if you’re female, I suggest you use a male name for your login. Obviously, this isn’t a huge problem in groups fre- quented mostly by women, but harassment is known to be a bigger issue in male-dom- inated interest groups. • If you include your e-mail address, use a “throw-away” e-mail account that you can close should the spam (unsolicited commercial mail) get too abundant. • If you read a message that angers you, don’t reply immediately. Flag it, and return to it a day later. If you still want to reply, don’t add to any possible “flame war.” They con- sume way too much time. [...]... 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