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NEUROLOGIC DISEASE IN WOMEN 182 menstrual irritability and dysphoria than in controls. Psy- choneuroendocrinology 1992;17(2/3):195–204. 57. Smith RNJ, Holland EFN, Studd JWW. The symptoma- tology of progestogen intolerance. Maturitas 1994;18: 87–91. 58. Woods NF, Mitchell ES. Patterns of depressed mood in midlife women: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study. Res Nursing Health 1996;19: 111–123. 59. Woods NF, Mitchell ES. Pathways to depressed mood for midlife women: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study. Res Nursing Health 1997;20: 119–129. 60. Matthews KA, Wing RR, Kuller LH, et al. Influences of natural menopause on psychological characteristics and symptoms of middle-aged healthy women. J Consult Clin Psychol 1990;58:345–351. 61. Ballinger S. Stress as a factor in lowered estrogen levels in the early postmenopause. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1990; 592:95–113. 62. Rabin DS, Johnson EO, Brandon DD, Liapi C, Chrousos GP. 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The effect of dietary fat and fiber on serum estrogen concentrations in premenopausal women under controlled dietary con- ditions. Cancer 1994;74(suppl 3):1125–1131. 68. Hammar M, Berg G, Lindgren R. Does physical exercise influence the frequency of post-menopausal hot flashes? Acta Obstetrica Gynecol Scandnavica 1990;69:409–412. 69. Owens JF, Matthews KA, Wing RR, Kuller LH. Can physical activity mitigate the effects of aging in middle- aged women? Circulation 1992;85:1265–1270. 70. Ley CJ, Lees B, Stevenson JC. Sex-and menopause-asso- ciated changes in body-fat distribution. Am J Clin Nutrit 1992;55:950–954. 71. Kaye SA, Folsom AR. Is serum cortisol associated with body fat distribution in postmenopausal women? Inter- nat J Obesity 1991;15:437–439. 72. Marin P, Darin N, Amemiya T, Andersson B, Jern S, Bjorntorp P. Cortisol secretion in relation to body fat dis- tribution in obese premenopausal women. Metabol Clin Experim 1992;41(8):882–886. 73. Morse CA, Smith A, Dennerstein L, Green A, Hopper J, Burger H. The treatment-seeking woman at menopause. Maturitas 1994;18:161–173. 74. Bush T. Feminine forever revisited: menopausal hormone therapy in the 1990s. J Women's Health 1991;1:1–4. 75. Hemminki E, Kennedy D, Baum C, McKinlay M. Pre- scribing of noncontraceptive estrogens and progestins in the United States, 1974–1986. Am J Public Health 1988; 78:1479–1481. 76. Weiss N, Ure C, Ballard J, Williams A, Daling J. Decreased risk of fractures of the hip and lower forearm with postmenopausal use of estrogen. N Engl J Med 1980;303:1195–1198. 77. Bush T, Barrett-Connor E, Cowan L, et al. Cardiovascu- lar mortality and noncontraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study. Circulation 1987;75:1102–1109. 78. American College of Physicians. Guidelines for counsel- ing postmenopausal women about preventive hormone therapy. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:1038–1041. 79. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Postmenopausal hor- mone prophylaxis. In: Guide to clinical preventive ser- vices, 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1996. 80. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk fac- tors in postmenopausal women. The postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) trial. JAMA 1995;273(3):199–208. 81. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of hormone therapy on bone mineral density: results from the post- menopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) trial. JAMA 1996;276:1389–1396. 82. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. for the Heart and Estro- gen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in post- menopausal women. JAMA 1998;280:605–613. 83. Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Inves- tigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321–333. 84. Grady D, Herington D, Bittner V, et al, for the HERS Research Group. Cardiovascular disease outcomes dur- ing 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estro- gen/Progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002;288:49–57. 85. Hulley S, Furberg C, Barrett-Connor E, et al, for the HERS Research Group. Noncardiovascular disease out- comes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002;288:58–66. 86. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al., for the Somen’s Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women’s Health Initiative ran- domized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:1701–1712. 87. Shumaker SA, Legault C, Thal L, et al, for the WHIMS Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in post- menopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled study. JAMA 2003;289:2651–2662. 88. Rapp SR, Espeland MA, Shumaker SA, et al, for the WHIMS Investigators. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on global congitive function in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study: a ran- domized controlled trial. JAMA 20-03;289:2663–2672. 89. Espeland MA, Rapp SR, Shumaker SA, et al., for the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study Investigators. Conjugated equine estrogens and global cogtnitive func- tion in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Ini- tiative Memory Study. JAMA 2004;291:2959–2968. THE MENOPAUSAL TRANSITION: CHANGING PHYSIOLOGY, SYMPTOMS, AND HORMONE THERAPY 183 90. The North American Menopause Society. Amended report from the NAMS Advisory Panel on Post- menopausal Hormone Therapy. Menopause 2003;10: 6–12. 91. The North American Menopause Society. Estroen and progestogen use in peri- and postmenopausal somen: Sep- tember 2003 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2003, 10:497–506. 92. North American Menopause Society. Recommendations for estrogen and progestogen use in peri- and post- menopausal women: October 2004 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2004:11:589–600. 93. Utian W, Shoupe D, Bachmann G, Pinkerton J, Pickar J. Relief of vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy with lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medrox- yprogesterone acetate. Fertility Sterility 2001;75: 1065–1079. 94. Archer D, Dorin M, Lewis V, Schneider D, Pickar J. Effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate on endometrial bleeding. Fertil Steril 2001;75:1080–1087. 95. Lindsay R, Gallagher J, Kleerekoper M, Pickar J. Effect of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone in early postmenopausal women. JAMA 2002;287:2668–2676. [...]... disorders in older adults J Am Geriatr Soc 1996;44:434– 451 48 Bassey EJ, Bendall MJ, Pearson M Muscle strength in the triceps surae and objectively measured customary walking activity in men and women over 65 years of age Clin Sci 1988;74: 85 89 49 Wong DF, Wagner H, Dannals R, et al Effects of age on dopamine and serotonin receptors measured by positron NEUROLOGIC DISEASE IN WOMEN 196 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 ... precursors of migraine 1.3.1 Cyclical vomiting 1.3.2 Abdominal migraine 1.3.3 Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood 1.4 Retinal migraine 1 .5 Complications of migraine 1 .5. 1 Chronic migraine 1 .5. 2 Status migrainosus 1 .5. 3 Persistent aura without infarction 1 .5. 4 Migrainous infarction 1 .5. 5 Migraine-triggered seizure 1.6 Probable migraine 1.6.1 Probable migraine without aura 1.6.2 Probable migraine with aura... MIGRAINE 53 Goadsby PJ, Gundlach AL Localization of 3H-dihydroergotamine binding sites in the cat CNS: relevance to migraine Ann Neurol 1991;29:91–94 54 Raskin NH, Hosobuchi Y, Lamb S Headache may arise from perturbation of brain Headache 1987;27:416–420 55 Afridi SK, Matharu MS, Lee L, et al A PET Study exploring the laterality of brainstem activation in migraine using glyceryl trinitrate Brain 20 05; 128:932–939... starting the OC Fifty-eight percent of the women, however, developed migraine only after starting the OC The withdrawal of OCs resulted in a marked improvement in 70% of the women (160) Dalton observed that of the women with menstrual migraine, 81% reported an increase in migraine while on the OCs, MIGRAINE as opposed to 57 % of women with sporadic migraine ( 150 ) In a retrospective study of 1,676 women. .. Sicuteri F, Testi A, Anselmi B Biochemical investigations in headache: increase in the hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion during migraine attacks Int Arch Allergy 1961; 15: 55 58 69 Kimball RW, Friedman AP, Vallejo E Effect of serotonin in migraine patients Neurol (Minneap) 1960;10: 107–111 70 Ferrari MD, Odink J, Tapparelli C, et al Serotonin metabolism in migraine Neurol 1989;39:1239–1242 71 Moskowitz... uterine motility Am J Obstet Gynecol 19 35; 29: 155 –167 143 Rudolph AM Effects of aspirin and acetaminophen on pregnancy and in the newborn Arch Intern Med 1981; 141: 358 –363 144 Pruyn SC, Phelan JP, Buchanan GC Long-term propranolol therapy in pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcome Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979;1 35: 4 85 489 1 45 Kaplan PW, (ed.) Neurologic diseases in women New York, NY: Demos, 1998; 25 44 MIGRAINE... midbrain, and a noradrenergic pathway from the locus ceruleus (64) The involvement of serotonin in migraine was suggested more than 30 years ago Methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, prevented migraine Intramuscular reserpine, which releases serotonin, induced a typical headache in migraineurs ( 65, 66), and prior methysergide administration prevented these headaches (67) Moreover, increased urinary 5- hydroxyindole... al Birth outcomes in pregnant women taking fluoxetine N Engl J Med 1996;3 35: 1010–10 15 150 Nulman I, Rovet J, Stewart DE, et al Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs N Engl J Med 1997;336: 258 –262 151 Wisner KL, Perel JM, Findling RL Antidepressant treatment during breast-feeding Am J Psychiat 1996; 153 : 1132–1137 152 Miles CB Treatment of migraine during pregnancy and... properties of UML491 in migraine Int Arch Allergy 1 959 ; 15: 300–307 66 Curzon G, Barrie M, Wilkinson MIP Relationship between headache and amino acid changes after administration of reserpine to migrainous patients J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1969;32 :55 5 56 1 67 Caroll JD, Hilton BP The effects of reserpine injection on methysergide treated control and migrainous subjects Headache 1974;14:149– 156 68 Sicuteri... for cellular memory, within laminae I and II of the ipsilateral trigeminal nucleus caudalis in rats (52 ) This indicates that a process originating in the cortex can activate brain stem neurons involved in the transmission of head pain Experimental and clinical studies have implicated the brain stem in the pathophysiology of migraine Electrical stimulation of the locus ceruleus in monkeys at frequencies . National Disability in Women 1979–1980 Going outside Walking Bathing Dressing Using the toilet Getting in or out of bed or chair Eating Disability in Men 1979–1980 Going outside Walking Bathing Dressing Using. Sci 19 95; 50 A:B 155 –B1 65. 54 . Era P, Schroll M, Ytting H, Gause-Nilsson I, Heikkinen E, Steen B. Postural balance and its sensory-motor correlates in 7 5- year-old men and women: A cross-national. toilet Getting in or out of bed or chair Eating Age Group 6–17 18–44 45 64 65 74 75 84 85+ Number per 1000 Needing Assistance 0 50 100 150 200 250 Age Group 6–17 18–44 45 64 65 74 75 84 85+ Number

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