MEDICINAL PLANTS OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC - PART 4 pptx

PHAN TẤT HOÀ NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 68 tion: F. S. P. Ng, July 20, 1991. Geographical localization: East summit of Mountain Bongsu, Bongsu Forest Reserve. South Kedah, steep hillside on previously logged forest.] vary in number between 26 and 47, mostly in antero posterior pairs. The female flowers are solitary, 4-merous, with four styles, and an 8-celled ovary. The fruits are globose, up to 3.5cm in diameter, and seated on a persistent calyx. The fruit is green, tinted red (Figure 11.3). 11.3.2 Ethnopharmacology PHAN TẤT HOÀ NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 69 In China, the plant is known as pei shih (Chinese). The fruits are used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. The medicinal properties ascribed to it by the Chinese are somewhat remarkable. It is said to break fever, to be an antidote for snake poisoning, and to be demulcent. An extract of the fruit has been used as a vaginal injection in gonorrhea. A dark oil prepared from the fruit makes an excellent varnish for paper umbrellas and fans. In Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, the juice of the fruit is used to heal sores and wounds. The medicinal properties are most likely owed to tannins. Note that Choudhary et al. (1990) 5 made the observation that ethanolic leaf extracts of Diospyros embryopteris completely inhibited the libido of male rats when an oral dose of 100mg/Kg was given daily for 21 days. 11.4 DIOSPYROS MULTIFLORA BLCO. [From: Greek diospyros = persimmon fruit and from Latin multiflora = numerous flowers.] 11.4.1 Botany Diospyros multiflora Blco. is a timber tree that grows to a height of 12m in the rain forests of the Philippines. Leaves are simple, their base acute to acuminate, the apex is pointed. The petiole is grooved, woody, and up to 1cm long. The blade is lanceolate to elliptic, 5cm – 12cm × 2.5cm – 6.5cm and shows 9–12 pairs of secondary nerves. The midrib is sunken above. There are no tertiary nerves. The fruits are up to 2cm in diameter on a cup-shaped persistent calyx (Figure 11.4). 11.4.2 Ethnopharmacology In the Philippines, the bark and leaves are used to treat herpetic eruptions. The antiviral property of the plant is unexplored as of yet. Some evidence has already been presented that indicates that naphthoquinones have antiherpes properties. In a recent study, Tandon et al. 6 synthesized and evaluated a series of naphthoquinone derivatives for antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer activities by using the standard assay and showed in vitro antiviral activity with the herpes simplex virus. The antiviral property of naphthoquinones of the Diospyros species could be mediated by the inhibition of protease as reported by Matsumoto et al. (2001). 7 11.5 DIOSPYROS PILOSANTHERA BLCO. [From: Greek diospyros = persimmon fruit and from Latin pilosanthera = pilose anthers.] 11.5.1 Botany Diospyros pilosanthera Blco. is a tree that grows to a height of 27m in the rain forests of Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The bark is blackish, cracked, and fissured. The leaves are elliptical, 6cm – 14cm × 2.5cm – 6cm. The apex is acuminate, the base is pointed, and the midrib is sunken above. There are 8–16 pairs of secondary nerves. The male flowers are 5-merous, in 3–5 flowered cymes with 17 anthers. The female flowers are solitary, on 2mm peduncles. The fruits are depressed and ovoid, 2cm × 3cm, with a large woody calyx (Figure 11.5). 11.5.2 Ethnopharmacology In the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia, the plant is known as kumu. Filipinos drink a decoction of the bark to treat a cough. The pharmacological potential of this plant is unexplored PHAN TẤT HOÀ NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 70 Gardens, Singapore. Botanical identification: F. S. P. Ng, March 17, 2000. Geographical localiza tion: Mandai Road, Singapore. Field collector: M. S. Kiah, Aug. 1, 1940.] as of yet. The bechic property might be due to saponins, which are known to abound in members of the Ebenaceae family. 8 11.6 DIOSPYROS SUMATRANA MIQ. PHAN TẤT HOÀ NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 71 [From: Greek diospyros = persimmon fruit and from Latin sumatrana = from Sumatra.] 11.6.1 Botany Diospyros sumatrana Miq. (Diospyros flavicans [Wall.] Hiern, Diospyros dumosa King & Gamble, Diospyros decipiens King & Gamble, Diospyros tubicalyx Ridl., Diospyros vestita Bakh., Diospyros velutinosa Bakh., and Diospyros hendersoni) is a tree that grows to a height of 30m with a girth of 100cm in Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia (Borneo) in lowland rain forests to an altitude of 1500m above sea level. The trunks are hairy when young. The leaves are simple, elliptic, ovate, oblong, 3.5cm – 20cm × 1.2cm – 6.5cm, the apex is acuminate, the base is pointed, and the midrib sunken above. There are 3–11 pairs of secondary nerves. The male flowers are 5-merous, in 3–10 flowered subsessile cymes with 16 anthers. The female flowers are 4-merous, salver-shaped, with a 4-locular ovary. The fruits are globose, 1.2cm × 2.4cm, with a 2.5cm-diameter calyx (Figure 11.6). T. D. Pennington, Sept. 11, 1963. No: 7807. From FRIM Kepong. No: 94504.] 11.6.2 Ethnopharmacology In Malaysia, the plant is known as arang or kayu arang. The seeds are poisonous and used to catch fish. The plant has not been studied for its pharmacological potential. The ichthyotoxic property could involve some naphthoquinones and/or saponins. 8 11.7 DIOSPYROS RUFA KING & GAMBLE [From: Greek diospyros = persimmon fruit and from Latin rufa = wrinkled.] 11.7.1 Botany Diospyros rufa King & Gamble is a timber tree that grows to a height of 27m and a girth of 130cm in the lowland rain forest of Malaysia up to an altitude of 1300m. The bark is black to brown and smooth. The leaves are simple, oblong, oblong–obovate, 12–22cm × 4.5–8cm, the apex is acuminate, the base is pointed, and the midrib is sunken above. There are 13 pairs of secondary nerves. The petiole is 1–2.5cm long. The male flowers are 4-merous, in 16 flowered subsessile clusters and show 16 anthers. The female flowers are 4-merous and show an 8-locular ovary. The fruits are round, brown with red hairs, and PHAN TẤT HOÀ NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 72 flattened; the apex is 3.5cm wide, in a 4-lobed, saucer-shaped, with a 2.5cm-diameter calyx (Figure 11.7 ). 11.7.2 Ethnopharmacology In Malaysia, the seeds are poisonous and used to catch fish. The plant has not been studied for its pharmacological potential. The ichthyotoxic mechanism could involve some naphthoquinones or saponins. 7 Figure 11.7 Diospyros rufa King & Gamble. [From: Flora of Malaya. FRI No: 35981. Geographical localization: River Durian Forest Reserve. Foot of hill near a stream.] 11.8 DIOSPYROS TOPOSIOIDES KING & GAMBLE [From: Greek diospyros = persimmon fruit and from Indian toposi = Diospyros toposia.] 11.8.1 Botany Diospyros toposioides King & Gamble is a timber tree that grows to a height of 13m and with a girth of 60cm in the lowland rain forests of Malaysia and Indonesia. The leaves are simple, oblong, oblong–ovate, 16cm – 33cm × 4cm – 14cm, the apex is acuminate, the base is rounded, and the midrib is sunken above. The secondary nerves are inconspicuous and loping at the margin. The male flowers are arranged in three flowered axillary cymes and show 35–96 anthers. The female flowers are 4-merous and show an 8-locular hairy ovary. The fruits are globose, up to 5cm in diameter, and are seated on a 3cm-wide calyx (Figure 11.8) . PHAN TẤT HOÀ NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 73 11.8.2 Ethnopharmacology In Malaysia, the plant is known as arang, or kayu arang. The seeds are poisonous and used to catch fish. The plant has not been studied for its pharmacological potential. The ichthyotoxic property could involve some naphthoquinones or saponins. 8 REFERENCES 1. Kuo, Y. H., Chang, C. I., Li, S. Y., Chou, C. J., Chen, C. F., Kuo, Y. H., and Lee, K. H. 1997. Cytotoxic constituents from the stems of Diospyros maritima. Planta Med., 63, 363. 2. Ting, C. Y., Hsu, C. T., Hsu, H. T., Su, J. S., Chen, T. Y., Tarn, W. Y., Kuo, Y. H., Whang- Peng, J., Liu, L. F., and Hwang, J. 2003. Isodiospyrin as a novel human DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor. Biochem. Pharmacol., 66, 1981. 3. Okuyama, E., Homma, M., Satoh, Y., Fujimoto, H., Ishibashi, M., Yamazaki, M., Satake, M., and Ghazali, A. B. 1999. Monoamine oxidase inhibitory naphthoquinone and/or naphthalene dimers from Lemuni hitam (Diospyros sp.), a Malaysian herbal(Buy now from http://www.drugswell.com) medicine(Buy now from http://www.drugswell.com). Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 47, 1473. 4. Higa, M., Noha, N., Yokaryo, H., Ogihara, K., and Yogi, S. 2002. Three new naphthoquinone derivatives from Diospyros maritima Blume. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 590. 5. Choudhary, D. N., Singh, J. N., Verma, S. K., and Singh, B. P. 1990. Antifertility effects of leaf extracts of some plants in male rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 28, 714. 6. Tandon, V. K., Singh, R. V., and Yadav, D. B. 2004. Synthesis and evaluation of novel 1,4- naphthoquinone derivatives as antiviral, antifungal and anticancer agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 14, 2901. 7. Matsumoto, M., Misawa, S., Chiba, N., Takaku, N., and Hayashi, N. 2001. Selective nonpeptidic inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1 and human cytomegalovirus proteases. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 24, 36. 8. Mallavadhani, U. V., Panda, A. K., and Rao, Y. R. 1998. Pharmacology and chemotaxonomy of Diospyros. Phytochemistry, 49, 901. PHAN TẤT HOÀ NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 74 CHAPTER 12 Medicinal Plants Classified in the Family Bombacaceae 12.1 GENERAL CONCEPT The family Bombacaceae (Kunth, 1822) consists of approximately 25 genera and 200 species of soft- wooded trees, which are widespread in tropical countries, especially in tropical America. They can be recognized by the fleshy or swollen aspect of the trunk and by the fruits which are often massive and capsular, loculicidal and often contain arillate seeds (Figure 12.1). To date there is not much evidence to suggest whether Bombacaceae hold any pharmaceutical potential, but one should investigate this family thoroughly for pharmacology. The medicinal flora of Asia and the Pacific include a few species of Bombacaceae: Bombax ceiba L., Bombax malabaricum DC., Gossampinus heptaphylla (Houtt.) Bakh., Gossampinus malabarica (DC.) Merr., Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn., Eriodendron anfractuosum DC., Gossampinus rumphii Schott, Durio zibethinus Murr., Durio oxleyanus Griff., and Neesa altisima Bl. These are often used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and as diuretics. Figure 12.1 Botanical hallmarks of Bombacaceae. (See color insert following page 168.) 12.2 CEIBA PENTANDRA (L.) GAERTN. [From: Latin pentandra = 5 anthers.] 12.2.1 Botany Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Eriodendron anfractuosum DC., and Gossampinus rumphii Schott) is a tree that grows to a height of 40m with a girth of 3m. The plant is native to Central America and has been introduced in tropical Africa and Asia. The wood is whitish and soft. The bark is smooth and greenish, and produces a few thorns, which are conical. The leaves are palmate and up to 40cm in diameter and consist of 7–8 folioles, which are 5cm × 1.5cm. The flowers are tubular, whitish to pink, in axillary fascicles. The fruits are green, fleshy, fusiform capsules 8cm – 14cm × 4.5cm – 7cm, containing up to 175 seeds 4–8mm long, which are minute and comose (Figure 12.2). 12.2.2 Ethnopharmacology The Kapok tree is also known as fromager (French), ceibo (Mexican), and kapok (Malay). In Burma, the roots(Buy now from http://www.drugswell.com) are used to invigorate and the leaves are used to treat gonorrhea. In Cambodia, the root is used to reduce fever. The bark is used to promote urination, to treat gonorrhea, to reduce fever, and to treat diarrhea. In Malaysia, the bark is used to treat asthma. In Indonesia, a decoction is used as a drink to treat gravels (small kidney calculi), and a decoction of leaves is used to treat syphilis. The juice squeezed from the leaves is used to treat asthma and coughs. In the Philippines, it is used to reduce fever and to PHAN TẤT HOÀ NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 75 promote libido, and the gummy exudate of the plant is eaten to treat dysentery, menorrhagia, and diabetes. Some evidence has already been presented, which lends support to the argument for its antidiabetic and antiinflammatory properties. Using streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in experimental rats, Ladeji et al. 1 made a careful study of the antidiabetic properties of an aqueous bark extract given orally to rats for 28 days. There was, they report, a statistically significant reduction in plasma glucose levels. 5-Hydroxy-7,4′,5′-trimethoxyisoflavone,3′-O-β-D-glucoside, and its aglycone, vavain, isolated from the bark of Ceiba pentandra, inhibited the enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenase-2 with IC 50 values of 381, 97, and 80µM, respectively. 2 Another possible pharmacologically interesting feature of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. could be the production of sesquiterpenes and triterpenes inducing cell death or apoptosis in vitro. Hibasami et al. 3 have recently reported the presence of 2O-methylisohemigossylic acid lactone, a sesquiterpene lactone from the roots(Buy now from http://www.drugswell.com) of Bombax ceiba L., which induces cell death and morphological change indicative of apoptotic chromatin condensation in human promyelotic leukemia HL-60 cells. 2-O-methylisohemigossylic acid lactone affected the survival of human promyelotic leukemia HL-60 cells cultured in vitro accompanied with chromatin condensation, fragmentation of DNA to oligonucleosomal-sized fragments, which are characteristic of apoptosis, an effect disciplined by inhibitors of caspases and proteolytic enzymes. Lupeol from Gossampinus malabarica (L.) Merr. induced the formation of apoptotic bodies in HL-60 cells cultured in vitro with an increase in hypodiploid nuclei up to 70.9% after a 3-day treatment with 150µM ( Figure 12.3). 4 12.3 NEESIA ALTISSIMA BL. [After Nees von Esenbeck, 1787–1837, and from Latin altissima = tallest.] 12.3.1 Botany PHAN TẤT HOÀ NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 76 Neesia altissima Bl. is a large tree that grows to a height of 40m with a girth of 4m, in the primary rain forests of Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. The bark is dark brown. The stems are glabrous, stout, and lenticelled. The leaves are simple and stipulate. The stipules are caducous, linear lanceolate, and 2–4 cm long. The petiole is up to 10cm long, woody, and shaped like a knee. The blade is obovate, thick, 30cm × 10cm, and shows 15–20 pairs of secondary nerves. The flowers are 1.5cm long, axillary, and show 25 stamens united at the base. The fruits are massive, purple, 5-angled, and 15–20cm × 10–15cm (Figure 12.4). 12.3.2 Ethnopharmacology The plant is used medicinally in Indonesia Figure 12.4 Neesia altissima Bl. [From: Herbarium where the empty capsules are burned and the Bogoriense. Field collector: A. J. charcoal obtained is used to make a remedy for Unesco and G. H. Kostermans. Geo the treatment of gonorrhea. The pharmacologi-graphical localization: Southwest Java, Udjung, Kulon Reserve.] cal potential of Neesia altissima Bl. and the genus Neesia in general is as of yet unexplored. REFERENCES 1. Ladeji, O., Omekarah, I., and Solomon, M. 2003. Hypoglycemic properties of aqueous bark extract of Ceiba pentandra in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 84, 139. 2. Noreen, Y., el-Seedi, H., Perera, P., and Bohlin, L. 1998. Two new isoflavones from Ceiba pentandra and their effect on cyclooxygenase-catalyzed prostaglandin biosynthesis. J. Nat. Prod., 61, 8. PHAN TẤT HOÀ NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 77 3. Hibasami, H., Saitoh, K., Katsuzaki, H., Imai, K., Aratanechemuge, Y., and Komiya, T. 2004. 2-Omethylisohemigossylic acid lactone, a sesquiterpene, isolated from roots(Buy now from http://www.drugswell.com) of mokumen (Gossampinus malabarica) induces cell death and morphological change indicative of apoptotic chromatin condensation in human promyelotic leukemia HL-60 cells. Int. J. Mol. Med., 4, 1029. 4. Aratanechemuge, Y., Hibasami, H., Sanpin, K., Katsuzaki, H., Imai, K., and Komiya, T. 2004. Induction of apoptosis by lupeol isolated from mokumen in human promyelotic leukemia HL- 60 cells. Oncol. Rep., 11, 289. CHAPTER 13 Medicinal Plants Classified in the Family Elaeocarpaceae 13.1 GENERAL CONCEPT In field collection, trees of the family Elaeocarpaceae (A. P. de Candolle, 1824 nom. conserv., the Elaeocarpus Family) are recognized by three botanical features: the blade, the petiole, and the inflorescences. The blades are dark green, serrate, elliptical, and glossy. The petioles are woody, straight, slender, and kneeled at the apex. The inflorescences are terminal or pseudoterminal rectilinear racemes of bell-shaped, 5-merous flowers, which are white and ripen into olive-like glossy drupes (Figure 13.1). A noteworthy chemical feature of Elaeocarpaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Begoniaceae is their ability to elaborate a series of oxygenated steroids or cucurbitacins, which have so far been found in the Cucurbitaceae and Begoniaceae Families. The evidence available indicates that cucurbitacins, which abound in this family, hold some potential as a source of cytotoxic agents. 1–3 A remarkable advance in the chemotherapeutic evaluation of Elaeocarpaceae has been provided by Ito et al. 3 Using a bioassay-guided investigation of the bark of Elaeocarpus mastersii, they isolated cucurbitacin D and cucurbitacin F as cytotoxic principles instead of using KB cells cultured in vitro, together with ellagic acid derivatives. Other principles of interest in Elaeocarpaceae are indolizidine alkaloids, which have attracted a great deal of interest on account of their ability to inhibit the enzymatic activity of glucosidases because of a structural similarity with glucose; hence there is some potential to explore it further in the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), diabetes, and cancer (Figure 13.2). [...]... protruding androecium, and by the aspect of the corolla (Figure 14. 1) With regard to the pharmaceutical potential of Capparaceae, Shi et al.1 showed that 5,3′dihydroxy3,6,7,8 ,4 -pentamethoxyflavone from Polanisia dodecandra inhibits a broad panel of cancer cells: central nervous system cancer (SF-268, SF-539, SNB-75, U-251), nonsmall-cell lung cancer (HOP62, NCI-H266, NCI-H460, NCI-H522), small-cell lung... (HCT-8), breast (MCF-7), nasopharyngeal (KB), and vincristine-resistant (KB-VIN) human tumor cell lines cultured in vitro (Fig-Cappamansin A ure 14. 4) With regard to the antiinflammatory effect of the plant, Figure 14. 4 Cappamansin A, anti-one might offer the hypothesis that the antiinflammatory princi-tumor agent from the Cappara species ples involved could be of an isoprenic nature since al-Said et al.5... inhibits the growth of KB cells cultured in vitro.8 Does it inhibit inflammation? 16.3 PASSIFLORA FOETIDA L [From: Latin passio = passion and flos = flower The plant parts seemed to represent aspects of Christ: the corona was the crown of thorns, the five stamens were the five wounds, the three styles were the three nails, and the ten petal-like parts were the ten faithful apostles; and from Latin foetida = offensively... Alt.: 140 m Field collector: A C Podzorski SMHI No: 9 84 April 21, 19 84. ] 13.3.2 Ethnopharmacology The Malays apply a paste of leaves to insect bites The antiinflammatory property of Elaeocarpus obtusus Bl sensu King is not confirmed as of yet Note that the petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, acetone, and ethanol extracts of the fruits of Elaeocarpus sphaericus stabilize the activity of mast cells.5 The. .. slender and 12cm long The folioles are 6cm × 3cm – 13cm × 5cm, papery, and show 7–10 pairs of secondary nerves The flowers are large and yellow and show a conspicuous androecium The fruits are caper-like and up to 2.5cm long on top of 5–9cm-long pedicels (Figure 14. 5) 14. 3.2 Ethnopharmacology The leaves of Crateva religiosa Forst (or Spider Tree, Garlic Pear) are used in China to promote digestion In the. .. swamp forests of Malaysia and Indonesia, and grows to a length of 10m The stems are woody, 2mm in diameter The tendrils are 5–7cm long The leaves are simple The petiole is 1.5–2.5cm long The blade is membranaceous, 9cm × 7.5cm × 4cm, and shows five pairs of secondary nerves The margin is crenate A small, primitive leaf is present at the base of the blade The fruits are bright red, capsular, and split into... inverted Y The bark is light brown, smooth, cracked, or lenticelled The inner bark is pale orange and granular-crumbly The stems are 5mm thick The blade is obovate, leathery, 5cm × 2.5cm – 16cm × 6.5cm, subglaucous below, rounded at the apex, and tapered at the base The margin is toothed The blade shows 4 9 pairs of secondary nerves The petiole is 9mm – 3.2cm long The inflorescences consist of racemes... yellow The leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits are often dotted with small scabby or pimply pustules The blade is ovate elliptic, thinly leathery, and 6.5cm × 3cm – 19cm × 8.5 cm The apex is acuminate, the base is pointed, and the margin is toothed The blade shows 5–7 pairs of secondary nerves The petiole is 1–5.5cm long and kneed The inflorescences are axillary racemes, which are 2.5–12cm long The flowers... and flos = flower The plant parts seemed to represent aspects of Christ: the corona was the crown of thorns, the five stamens were the five wounds, the three styles were the three nails, and the ten petal-like parts were the ten faithful apostles; and from quadrangularis = fourangled.] PHAN T T HOÀ - NH NG CÂY THU C CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 94 16 .4. 1 Botany Passiflora quadrangularis L is a climber native to... corona was the crown of thorns, the five stamens were the five wounds, the three styles were the three nails, and the ten petal-like parts were the ten faithful apostles; and from laurifolia = laurelleaved.] 16.5.1 Botany Passiflora laurifolia L is a climber that originates from South America The stem is slender and produces 5–7cm-long tendrils The leaves are simple, spiral, and stipulate The stipules are . (HOP- 62, NCI-H266, NCI-H460, NCI-H522), small-cell lung cancer (DMS-1 14) , ovarian cancer (OVCAR- 3, SKOV-3), colon cancer (HCT-116), renal cancer (UO-31), a melanoma cell line (SK-MEL-5), and. Africa and Asia. The wood is whitish and soft. The bark is smooth and greenish, and produces a few thorns, which are conical. The leaves are palmate and up to 40 cm in diameter and consist of 7–8. was, they report, a statistically significant reduction in plasma glucose levels. 5-Hydroxy-7 ,4 ,5′-trimethoxyisoflavone,3′-O-β-D-glucoside, and its aglycone, vavain, isolated from the bark of