Conditionnal in Gmat 1 potx

153 Links across sentences A Introduction Rita: You go to United's games, don't you, Tom? You watch them on TV, too. Tom: Well, I'm a fan. It's wonderful when United win. On the other hand, it's terrible when they lose. Rita: Why not have a change? After all, there are other things in life. Tom: Such as? Rita: There's music, for example. Why don't you go to a concert some time? Tom: But I don't like classical music. Look at the words and phrases too, on the other hand, after all and for example. They all make a link with an earlier sentence. When Rita says There's musk, for example, she is giving an example of other things in life, which she has already mentioned. B Words and phrases meaning 'and', 'but' and 'so' 'And': Sarah often works late. She works on Saturdays sometimes, too/as well. Sarah often works late. She also works on Saturdays sometimes. Arlene Black has a yacht and a helicopter. In addition, she has five cars. I'm not inviting my cousin — I don't like him. Besides, he didn't invite me to his party. The buildings are in a very poor condition. Furthermore, there is no money to repair them. 'But': I haven't been very well recently. Still, it could be worse. Nick is in love with Rita. Rita, however, is in love with Tom. Everyone thought that Emma should accept the offer. Nevertheless/All the same, she turned it down. I don't want to be late for the meeting. On the other hand, I don't want to get there too early. 'So': The holiday had been a complete disaster. We therefore decided to fly home early if we could. Someone switched the freezer off. Consequently/As a result, all the food was spoilt. Some of these words and phrases are rather formal and typical of written English. They are consequently, furthermore, however, in addition, nevertheless and therefore. C Other linking words and phrases Rephrasing: Jessica isn't the most popular person around here. In other words, no one likes her. Correcting yourself: We play basketball. I mean/Or rather volleyball. Contradicting: Sarah isn't lazy. On the contrary, she works extremely hard. Picking up a topic: I like Natasha. I went on holiday with her. ~ Talking of holidays, what are your plans for this year? Changing the subject: It's a lovely day, isn't it? ~ Yes, beautiful. By the way, have you seen Melanie? Supporting a statement: We don't need to drive to the club, do we? After all, it's only about 200 metres from here. Dismissing something: I'm not sure a thank-you letter is really necessary. Anyway, I can't be bothered to write one. Giving an example: Yes, I do think Henry is rude. He shouts at waiters, for example/for instance. 153 Exercises 1 Words and phrases meaning 'and', 'but' and 'so' (B) What do the underlined words mean? Write and, but or so. ► Daniel's suitcase got left behind. He got it back in the end, however. = but 1 I'm too tired to go for a walk. Besides, it looks like rain. = 2 The road was under water. The police therefore closed it to traffic. = 3 We took lots of photos. We videoed the speeches as well. = 4 It was a terrible journey. Still, we got there safely in the end. = 5 A strike by air traffic controllers has begun. Many flights have consequently been cancelled. = 6 The company has spent millions on computers. Nevertheless, it does = not seem to have become more efficient. 2 Links across sentences (B-C) Complete this letter to a local newspaper. Choose the correct word or phrase. There's been a lot of talk about a 'spaceship' seen over the town at about eleven o'clock on Friday night. (►) As a result/Nevertheless, hundreds of enthusiastic sky-watchers have arrived in town, hoping that it will return. But was it really a spaceship? About twenty people say they saw it. (1) Consequently/Furthermore, there is a photograph which is supposed to show the object in the sky. We know, (2) however/as a result, that trick photos are easy to produce. (3) By the way/In other words, it is almost certainly a fake. But it would be wrong to treat the whole thing as a joke. (4) All the same/On the contrary, all such reports should be carefully investigated. (5) After all/Anyway, the arrival of a spacecraft from another world would indeed be a serious matter. But usually there is a more simple explanation. Many supposed spaceships turn out to be weather balloons, (6) for example/or rather. A similar mistake probably lies behind the belief that someone from another world really did pay us a visit last Friday. 3 Links across sentences (C) What would you say? Give your answer using a linking word or phrase. ► Support Emma's opinion: she might not get another offer. Emma: You're right. Maybe I should accept the offer. After all, you might not get another one. 1 Rephrase what Rita is saying: she doesn't want to see Nick. Rita: I don't know if I'll have time to see Nick. 2 Change the subject and ask what the time is. Tom: I hope Wayne Johnson will be fit to play for United on Saturday. 3 Dismiss the idea of buying a sweater: they haven't got one in your size. Daniel: I'm not sure if that sweater really suits you. 4 Mention Sarah as an example. Claire: Lots of our friends have mobile phones, don't they? 5 Contradict what Nick says. Nick: Sorry. I persuaded you to see that film and you hated it, didn't you? Appendix 1. Word formation A Introduction Look at these examples. Lots of people believe that God exists. Lots of people believe in the existence of God. Exist is a verb and existence is a noun. The word existence has two parts: exist and ence. We call ence a 'suffix'. We add it to end of the verb exist to form a noun. We can also use suffixes to form verbs, adjectives and adverbs. The system is being modernized. (= made modern) I grew up in an industrial town. (= a town where there is a lot of industry) The man was behaving strangely. (= in a strange way) There are many different suffixes, such as ence, ize, al, ly, tion and ment. Some of them can be used to form many different words. For example, there are a lot of nouns ending in tion: action, education, explanation, information, instruction, etc. There are no exact rules about which suffix you can add to which word. Adding a suffix can also involve other changes to the form of a word. industry —> industrial repeat —> repetition science —> scientist. Now look at these examples. They're going to play the match on Wednesday. They're going to replay the match on Wednesday. We can add re to the beginning of the verb play. We call re a 'prefix'. A prefix adds something to the meaning of a word. The verb replay means 'play again'. We can also add prefixes to nouns and adjectives. See G and H. B Noun suffixes ment the prospects for employment reach an agreement ion/tion/sion take part in a discussion increase steel production ask for permission ation/ition an invitation to a party people's opposition to the idea ence/ance a preference for houses rather than flats a distance of ten miles ty/ity no certainty that we shall succeed keep the door locked for security ness people's willingness to help recovering from an illness ing enter a building reach an understanding C Nouns for people er/or the driver of the car a newspaper editor ist a place full of tourists a scientist doing an experiment ant/ent an assistant to help with my work students at the university an/ian Republicans and Democrats the electrician rewiring the house ee an employee of the company (= someone employed) notes for examinees (= people taking an exam) We also use er for things, especially machines. a hair-dryer a food mixer a cassette player D Verb suffixes Many verbs are formed by adding ize or ise to an adjective. Some are formed by adding en. ize European safety rules are being standardized. They privatized the company. en They're widening the road here. Meeting you has really brightened my day. E Adjective suffixes Most of these adjectives are formed from nouns. al a professional musician Britain's coastal waters ic a metallic sound a scientific inquiry ive an informative guidebook an offer exclusive to our readers ful a successful career feeling hopeful about the future less feeling hopeless about the future (= without hope) powerless to do anything about it ous guilty of dangerous driving luxurious holiday apartments y a rocky path the salty taste of sea water ly > 109A a friendly smile a very lively person able/ible an acceptable error (= an error that can be accepted) a comprehensible explanation a valuable painting (= worth a lot of money) a comfortable chair F Adverbs ly>108 He looked around nervously. I moved here quite recently. G Some common prefixes anti (= against) anti-roads protestors anti-government troops inter (= between) an international match interstate highways in the US mini (= small) a minicomputer the minibar in your hotel room mis (= wrongly) mishear what someone says miscalculate the amount multi (= many) multicoloured lights a multimillionaire over (= too much) too fond of overeating overcrowded roads post (= after) the post-war world a postgraduate student pre {— before) pre-match entertainment in prehistoric times re (— again) a reunion of old friends reread a favourite book semi (= half) semi-skilled work sitting in a semicircle super (= big) a huge new superstore a supertanker carrying oil under (= too little) thin and underweight underpaid work H Negative prefixes We can also use a prefix to form an opposite. For example, the opposite of clear is unclear (= not clear). Un is the most common negative prefix. dis a dishonest way to behave can't help being disorganized dislike the idea disappear from the scene a disadvantage of the plan il (+ 1) an illegal drug an illiberal attitude im (+ m or p) an impossible task an impolite question in an indirect route the invisible man a great injustice ir (+ r) an irregular shape an irrelevant remark non non-alcoholic drinks a non-stop flight un an uncomfortable chair an unusual event an undated letter uncertain what to do unpack your suitcase unzip the bag Appendix 2: The spelling of endings A Plural nouns We add s to a noun to form the plural. a car —> two cars a name —> some names 1 After s, sh, ch and x we add es /iz/. glass —> glasses dish —> dishes match —> matches box —> boxes 2 A few nouns ending in o have es. heroes potatoes tomatoes But most have s. discos kilos photos pianos radios stereos studios zoos 3 When a noun ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to ies. penny —> pennies story —> stories We do not change y after a vowel. day —> days journey —> journeys B The present simple s ending In the third person singular, a present simple verb ends in s. (See Unit 5B.) I know —> he knows I work —> she works 1 After s, sh, ch and x we add es /iz/. pass —> passes wash —> washes catch —> catches mix —> mixes 2 Some verbs ending in o have es. go —> goes do —> does 3 When a verb ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to ies. hurry > hurries copy —> copies We do not change y after a vowel. stay —> stays enjoy —> enjoys C The ed ending Most verbs have ed in the past tense. (See Unit 8B.) Most past participles also end in ed. (See Unit 1 IB.) look > looked call -> called 1 If the verb ends in e, we add d. hope —> hoped save —>saved 2 When a verb ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to ied. hurry —> hurried copy —> copied 3 Sometimes we double a final consonant. This happens when a one-syllable verb ends with one vowel and one consonant, e.g. beg, plan. beg —> begged plan —> planned For more details about doubling, see G. D The ing-form 1 We normally leave out e when we add ing to a verb. take —> taking drive —> driving But we keep a double e before ing. see —> seeing agree —> agreeing 2 When a verb ends in ie, it changes to ying. die —> dying lie —> lying But y does not change. hurry —> hurrying 3 Sometimes we double a final consonant. This happens when a one-syllable verb ends with one vowel and one consonant, e.g. win, put. win —> winning put > putting For more details about doubling, see G. E Adverbs We form many adverbs from an adjective + ly. slow —> slowly calm —> calmly 1 We do not leave out e before ly. safe —> safely strange > strangely But there are a few exceptions. due —> duly true —> truly whole —> wholly 2 When an adjective ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to ily. angry —> angrily happy —> happily An exception is shy > shyly. 3 When an adjective ends in a consonant + le, the e changes to y. probable —> probably sensible —> sensibly 4 When an adjective ends in ic, we add ally. automatic —> automatically romantic > romantically But there is one exception. public —> publicly F The comparison of adjectives We form the comparative and superlative of short adjectives with er and est. See Unit 110. old —> older, oldest quick —> quicker, quickest 1 If the adjective ends in e, we add r and st. late —> later, latest fine —> finer, finest 2 When an adjective ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to ier or iest. heavy —> heavier, heaviest lucky —> luckier, luckiest 3 Sometimes we double a final consonant. This happens when a one-syllable adjective ends with one vowel and one consonant, e.g. big, flat. big —> bigger, biggest flat —> flatter, flattest For more details about doubling, see G. G The doubling of consonants 1 When we add ed, ing, er or est to a word, we sometimes double a final consonant. This happens when a one-syllable word ends with one vowel and one consonant, e.g. stop, get, thin, sad. stop —> stopped get —> getting thin —> thinner sad —> saddest 2 We do not double y, w or x. play —> played new —> newest fax —> faxing We do not double when there are two consonants. ask —> asking short —> shortest rich —> richer And we do not double when there are two vowels. seem —> seemed shout—> shouting fair —> fairest 3 The rule about doubling is also true for words of more than one syllable (e.g. permit = per + mit), but only if the last syllable is stressed. per'mit —> per'mitted prefer —> preferring We do not usually double a consonant when the syllable is unstressed. 'open —> opened 'enter—> entering An exception is that in British English 1 is usually doubled, even if the syllable is unstressed. travel ~> travelled (US: traveled) Appendix 3: Punctuation A Full stop (.), question mark (?) and exclamation mark (!) A sentence ends with one of these punctuation marks. Full stop: It's cold today. The office was closed. Please be careful Question mark: Who's that? Did you see the show? Could you wait, please? Exclamation mark: Oh, no! I don't believe it! In the US a full stop is called a 'period'. B Semi-colon (;) We can use a semi-colon between two separate statements which are linked in meaning. Melanie is a very kind person; she visits David in hospital every day. We could also use a full stop here. C Colon (:) We can use a colon before an explanation or before a list. Vicky felt nervous: she hated the dark. There wasn't much in the fridge: a couple of sausages, some butter, half a bottle of milk. D Dash (-) A dash is rather informal. It is sometimes used instead of a colon or a semi-colon. I'm having a great time - there's lots to do here. Vicky felt nervous - she hated the dark. E Comma (,) We often use a comma when we link two statements with and, but or or. Daniel was tired, and his feet were hurting. It's a really good camera, but I can't afford it. Note the two subjects in each sentence: Daniel his feet and It I. When there is only one subject, we do not use a comma. Daniel sat down and took his shoes off. We can also use a comma when a sentence has a linking word like when or although. When the office is busy, Sarah has to work late. For commas with relative clauses, see Unit 141. Sometimes a comma can separate off an adverb or a phrase. Sarah, unfortunately, has to work late. On busy days, Sarah has to work late. Here the commas separate off on busy days and unfortunately. The rules about commas are not very exact. In general, commas are more likely around longer phrases. With a short phrase there is often no comma. On busy days Sarah has to work late. Sometimes she has to work late. It is less usual to separate off something at the end of the sentence. Sarah has to work late when the office is busy. She stayed late to get the work done. We do not usually put a comma before to expressing purpose. We also use commas in a list of more than two. The last two are linked by and, often without a comma. I went out with Rachel, Vicky, Emma and Matthew. F Quotation marks (") We put direct speech in quotation marks. Laura said, 'You haven't put those shelves up yet.' 'I haven't had time,' replied Trevor. We normally use a comma to separate the direct speech from the rest of the sentence. The comma comes before the quotation mark. Quotation marks are also called 'quotes' or 'inverted commas'. Double quotation marks are sometimes used. Laura said, "You haven't put those shelves up yet." We can put quotation marks around titles. Do you watch that American comedy series called 'Roseanne'? We often use quotation marks when we mention a word or phrase. What does 'punctuation' mean? Rap music is also called 'hip hop'. G Hyphen (-) We sometimes use hyphens in these structures. Compound noun: eating ice-cream Compound expression before a noun: an oven-ready meal Noun formed from a phrasal verb: ready for take-off Noun + ing-form: interested in rock-climbing Before the last word of a compound number: a hundred and twenty-six people After some prefixes: anti-aircraft guns Letter + noun: sending an e-mail The rules about hyphens are not very exact. For example, you may see a compound noun written as phonecard, phone-card or phone card. Hyphens are not very frequent in British English, and they are used even less in American English. If you are unsure, it is usually safer to write two separate words. H Apostrophe (') Look at these examples. Today we're going for a drive in the country. Everyone is looking at Nick's car. We use an apostrophe (') in short forms, when there is a missing letter, e.g. we're (= we are). See Unit 32. We also use an apostrophe with s to form the possessive of a noun, e.g. Nick's car. See Unit 93. I Capital letters There are two capital letters (big letters) in this sentence. The boss said I could leave early. We use a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence and for the word I. We also use a capital letter to begin the names of people, places, companies, etc. Mark and Sarah New Orleans the High Street Somerset House General Motors This includes the names of books, films, magazines, etc. All the important words start with a capital letter. The Spy Who Loved Me Four Weddings and a Funeral Newsweek We also use a capital letter for days of the week, months of the year, holidays and festivals, historical times, nationalities and most abbreviations. Monday August Easter the New Year the Industrial Revolution some Italian wine the UN (= the United Nations) Appendix 5: American English The differences between British and American English are mainly matters of pronunciation and vocabulary. There are also a few spelling differences such as British centre and colour and American center and color. There are some grammatical differences. Although they are not very great, those points that are most relevant to learners of English are explained here. A Seem, look, etc Compare these examples. BRITISH AMERICAN In British English there can be a noun (e.g. Americans do not say She seemed a good pilot. pilot) after appear, feel, look, seem and sound. They use to be or like after these verbs. She seemed (to be) a good pilot. She seemed to be a good pilot. OR She seemed like a good pilot. It looks (to be) a lovely evening. It looks to be a lovely evening. OR It looks like a lovely evening. I felt a fool. I felt like a fool. B Present perfect and past simple (Units 11-15) The British use the present perfect for recent Americans can use either the present perfect or actions, and especially with just, already and yet. the past simple in these sentences. Bob has washed the dishes, look. Bob has washed the dishes, look. OR Bob washed the dishes, look. We've already eaten our lunch. We've already eaten our lunch. OR We already ate our lunch. I've just seen Elaine. I've just seen Elaine. OR I just saw Elaine. Have you corrected your work yet? Have you corrected your work yet? OR Did you correct your work yet? The British normally use the present perfect Americans normally use the past simple with with ever and never, not the past simple. ever and never, but the present perfect is possible. Have you ever played cricket? Did you ever play baseball? OR Have you ever played baseball? The child has never seen snow before. The child never saw snow before. OR The child has never seen snow before. C Shall (Unit 23D) The British use will for the future, but they can Americans do not normally use shall for the also use shall in the first person. future. I will/I shall be here tomorrow. I will be here tomorrow. We will/We shall contact you. We will contact you. The British use shall to make an offer. Americans normally use should. Shall I make the coffee? Should I make the coffee? The British can use Shall we ? for a Americans do not normally use shall in suggestion. suggestions. Shall we go for a walk? How about a walk? Would you like to take a walk? D Got and gotten Both have and have got are used in Britain and in the US. He has a lot of money./He's got a lot of money. (= He is rich.) The British do not use gotten. In the US, have gotten expresses an action. He's made a lot of money from his business He's gotten/made a lot of money from his activities. business activities. Americans also use gotten meaning 'become'. Your driving has got better. Your driving has gotten better. E Negatives and questions with have (Unit 31) In Britain there are two different structures. Americans normally use the auxiliary do. I haven't (got) enough time. I don't have enough time. OR I don't have enough time. Has Carol got a computer? Does Carol have a computer? OR Does Carol have a computer? In the past tense, did is usual in both countries. We didn't have tickets. F Emphatic do (Unit 33C) The British can use do with an imperative for Do with an imperative is less common in the emphasis. US. Have a piece of cake. Have a piece of cake. OR Do have a piece of cake. G Do for an action The British can use do to refer to an action Americans do not use do in this way. already mentioned. I don't practise as often as I should (do). I don't practice as often as I should. You'd better take your pill. ~ I already have You'd better take your pill. ~ I already have. (done). [...]... 60,62 61, 62 64 65 66 68 70 72 73 74 76,77 78 80 81 83,84 86 87 89 90 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 b) a) d) b) d) b) c) d) c) d) c) c) a) c) d) d) d) c) a) c) d) d) b) c) 10 6 10 8 10 9 11 0 ,11 1 11 2 11 3 11 4 11 5 11 8 11 9 12 0 12 1 12 3 12 4, 12 5 12 6, 12 7 12 8 -13 0 13 1 13 2 13 3 13 4 13 6 13 7 13 9 14 0 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 c) b) d) d) c) d) b) c) a) b) 38 40 41 42 43... b) c) a) b) 38 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 48 51, 52 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 c) d) b) d) d) d) a) b) c) a) 91 92 94 95 96 99 10 0, 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 5 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 10 0 c) b) a) b) d) d) d) d) 14 1 ,14 2 14 3 14 4 ,14 7 14 5, 14 7 14 6 ,14 7 14 9 15 0 15 1 Key to the exercises Unit 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 determiner verb pronoun adverb pronoun verb adjective 4 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 them to the bottle bank 2 me a job 3... the starting test The number after the answer tells you which unit of the book has information and practice on that grammar point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 c) c) d) a) a) d) c) d) b) d) b) d) d) a) a) b) b) d) c) b) d) b) a) c) 3 4,6 5,6 7 8 9 9 ,10 11 12 ,13 14 15 16 17 18 ,19 20 23 24,25 26 27 28 31 33 34,36 37 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53... waiting I realized I'd/I had forgotten It was I hurried 7 8 9 10 11 12 rang They were working heard They found drove I met 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 I don't often drive 1 don't like I ride bought was working I'd been doing I'd earned 6 1 I'm/I am speaking 2 knows 3 had heard 4 he'd/he had been taking (Also possible: he's/he has been taking) 5 he's/he has answered 6 he arrived 7 were waiting 8 has been reading... You know 9 1 give 10 she gives 11 She 12 It saves 13 I agree 14 I'm/I am wasting 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 It's/It is snowing, It's/It is coming I start, I'm/I am starting I'm/I am going, I drive rises, we're/we are travelling I'm/I am writing, I promise I want, I'm/I am saving 3 1 2 3 4 she always takes She's/She is always missing do you always go They're/They are always arguing 3 Unit 10 1 1 state 2 action 3... stung him on the nose 2 Unit 8 1 1 2 3 4 Unit 7 1 11 was making phone calls all evening 2 I was waiting in the rain for half an hour 3 I was making sandwiches all afternoon 4 I was sitting in a traffic jam for two hours 5 My neighbour was playing loud music all night were watching television were dancing in the street was driving his taxi was writing an essay 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 2 1 He's/He has broken his leg... my umbrella 1 1 They're/They are playing basketball 2 She's/She is taking a photo 3 He's/He is painting a picture 4 They're/They are carrying a parcel 2 1 2 3 4 are trying are you finding is helping We're/We are getting verb verb noun adjective verb 3 1 2 3 4 5 it's/it is raining I'm/I am working you're/you are sitting on my coat I'm/I am writing an important letter I'm/I am getting/feeling better adverbial... 3 state 4 5 action state 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 you're having you're thinking I come It weighed 3 1 are being 2 's/is 3 're being/are being 4 5 're/are 's being/is being 4 1 2 3 4 5 I think I have it didn't fit I see 5 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 We lost it came was coming went fell 3 1 The train was waiting when we arrived at the station I was reading a library book when I found a 10 note in it Sarah had an electric... enjoy I didn't want 2 1 were you doing 2 I was taking 3 She was coming were playing I was working I lost I got did 1 Unit 9 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 Unit 11 1 2 3 4 1 He sat down on a chair while I was painting it As he was running for a bus, he collided with a lamppost His hair caught fire when he was cooking chips When he was holding a beautiful vase, he suddenly dropped it He was sitting in the garden when... it been raining? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I've/I have been clearing I've/I have found You've/You have been sitting I've/I have been watching You've/You have been I've/I have had They've/They have been I've/I have never had 13 14 15 16 Unit 20 1 I'd /1 had been working 2 I hadn't been looking 3 she'd/she had been dealing 4 I'd/I had been waiting 5 I'd/I had been reading 2 1 2 3 4 She'd/She had been crying He'd/He . 10 d) 14 44 d) 66 78 d) 11 9 11 b) 15 45 b) 68 79 c) 12 0 12 d) 16 46 b) 70 80 c) 12 1 13 d) 17 47 b) 72 81 a) 12 3 14 a) 18 ,19 . d) 11 2 6 d) 9 40 d) 60,62 74 b) 11 3 7 c) 9 ,10 41 b) 61, 62 75 c) 11 4 8 d) 11 42 c) 64 76 d) 11 5 9 b) 12 ,13 43 c) 65 77 c) 11 8. 18 ,19 48 b) 73 82 c) 12 4, 12 5 15 a) 20 49 d) 74 83 d) 12 6, 12 7 16 b) 23 50 c) 76,77 84 d) 12 8 -13 0 17 b) 24,25 51 a) 78 85 d) 13 1 18