[...]... relevant national standards, for example in the United Kingdom to BS 39 21 (clay units), BS 18 7 (calcium silicate) and BS 6073: Part 1 (concrete units) In these standards two classes of bricks are identified, namely common and facing; BS 39 21 identifies a third category, engineering: • Common bricks are suitable for general building work • Facing bricks are used for exterior and interior walls and available... obtained by post from BSI Customer Services, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL Users should be aware that DD ENV 19 96 1 1: 1995 is a prestandard; additional information may be available in the national foreword in due course ©2004 Taylor & Francis 1 Loadbearing masonry buildings 1. 1 ADVANTAGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF LOADBEARING MASONRY The basic advantage of masonry construction is that it is possible to use... cement, lime and sand and sometimes of other constituents The object of this chapter is to describe the properties of the various materials making up the masonry 2.2 2.2 .1 BRICKS AND BLOCKS Classification Brick is defined as a masonry unit with dimensions (mm) not exceeding 337.5×225 11 2.5 (L×w×t) Any unit with a dimension that exceeds any one of those specified above is termed a block Blocks and bricks... textures and colours • Engineering bricks are dense and strong with defined limits of absorption and compressive strength as given in Table 2.2 ©2004 Taylor & Francis Bricks must be free from deep and extensive cracks, from damage to edges and corners and also from expansive particles of lime Bricks are also classified according to their resistance to frost and the maximum soluble salt content (a) Designation... structural codes of practice which made it possible to calculate the necessary wall thickness and masonry strengths on a more rational basis These codes of practice were based on research programmes and building experience, and, although initially limited in scope, provided a sufficient basis for the design of buildings of up to thirty storeys A considerable amount of research and practical experience... strength and serviceability taking into account the uncertainties of loading, strength and structural analysis as well as questions such as the consequences of failure The essential principles of limit state design may be summarized as follows Considering the ultimate limit state of a particular structure, for ©2004 Taylor & Francis failure to occur: (1. 1) where is the design strength of the structure, and. .. design strength of the structure, and the design loading effects Here ␥m and ␥f are partial safety factors; Rk and Qk are characteristic values of resistance and load actions, generally chosen such that 95% of samples representing Rk will exceed this value and 95% of the applied forces will be less than Qk The probability of failure is then: (1. 2) If a value of p, say 10 -6, is prescribed it is possible to... the United Kingdom, calcium silicate or concrete bricks are also used, covered by BS 18 7 and BS 6073 Bricks of shapes other than rectangular prisms are referred to as ‘standard special’ and covered by BS 4729 Concrete blocks may be solid, cellular or hollow Different varieties of bricks and blocks are shown in Figs 2 .1 and 2.2 2.2.3 Compressive strength From the structural point of view, the compressive... somewhat more complex system of cross-walls set parallel to both major axes of the building may be used, as in Fig 1. 1(c) All kinds of hybrids between cellular and cross-wall arrangements are possible, and these are included under the heading ‘complex’, a typical example being shown in Fig 1. 1(d) Considerable attention has been devoted in recent years to the necessity for ensuring the ‘robustness’ of buildings... Standards Institution, the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Building Research Establishment and Structural Clay Products Ltd for their permission to reproduce material from their publications, as identified in the text They are also indebted to the Brick Development Association for permission to use the illustration of Cavern Walks, Liverpool, for the front cover Extracts from DD ENV 19 96 1 1: 1995 . 19 96 1 1 11 Prestressed masonry 11 .1 Introduction 11 .2 Methods of prestressing 11 .3 Basic theory 11 .4 A general flexural theory 11 .5 Shear stress 11 .6 Deflections 11 .7 Loss of prestress 12 Design. EC6 Part 1 1 (ENV 19 96 1: 1995) 12 .8 Design of panel for lateral loading: BS 5628 (limit state) 12 .9 Design for accidental damage ©2004 Taylor & Francis 12 .10 Appendix: a typical design calculation for. 5628 12 .1 Introduction 12 .2 Basis of design: loadings 12 .3 Quality control: partial safety factors 12 .4 Calculation of vertical loading on walls 12 .5 Wind loading 12 .6 Design load 12 .7 Design