ngu phap hoc potx

Chapter 5 Chapter 5 Focus, Focus, Theme and Theme and Emphasis Emphasis Question to discuss Question to discuss 1 1 . What are the types of focus? . What are the types of focus? 2. What are the types of inversion? 2. What are the types of inversion? 3. What are the items occurring as 3. What are the items occurring as theme in subordinate clauses? theme in subordinate clauses? 4. How are cleft sentences and 4. How are cleft sentences and pseudo-cleft sentences different? pseudo-cleft sentences different? 5. 5. How many existential sentences are How many existential sentences are there? How do you transform a there? How do you transform a sentence into an existential sentence? sentence into an existential sentence? 6. Give examples of postponement of 6. Give examples of postponement of O in SVOC and SVOA clauses? O in SVOC and SVOA clauses? 7. What are the types of extraposition? 7. What are the types of extraposition? 8. How do you understand 8. How do you understand emphasis and emphasis and reinforcement? reinforcement? 1. Information focus 1. Information focus  Each tone unit represents a unit of Each tone unit represents a unit of information, and the place where information, and the place where the nucleus falls is the the nucleus falls is the focus of focus of information information . .  Types of focus Types of focus : : 3 3 End-focus End-focus Contrasive focus Contrasive focus Focus on the operator Focus on the operator End-focus End-focus is: is:  The neutral position of The neutral position of focus focus  Chief prominence on the Chief prominence on the last open-class item or last open-class item or proper noun proper noun Example Example John Smith was born in John Smith was born in L L ßndon ßndon . . Special/ contrastive focus Special/ contrastive focus  may be placed at may be placed at earlier points earlier points  may fall on the non- may fall on the non- final elements of the final elements of the clause. clause. Example Example Focus at S: Focus at S: [Who was born in [Who was born in Paris?] John Paris?] John Smith Smith was (born in Paris) was (born in Paris) Example Example Focus at V: Focus at V: [John Smith was married in [John Smith was married in London, wasn’t he?] London, wasn’t he?] nß nß , , he was he was bãrn bãrn in London. in London. Example Example Focus at Od: Focus at Od: [I hear you’re painting [I hear you’re painting the dining-room white.] the dining-room white.] N N ß, ß, I’m painting the I’m painting the kitchen white. kitchen white. [...]... verb phrase Transformation Rule S + (auxiliaries) + be + predication = There + (auxiliaries) + be + S + predication * S of the original clause may be called the ‘notional’ S of the theresentence (to distinguish it from there itself) Examples SVC: Somebody may be from Europe = There may be somebody from Europe SVA: Was anyone at the door? = Was there anyone at the door? SV: Some young people are waiting