Intelligent Vehicle Technology And Trends Episode 2 Part 8 doc

research investment area on a worldwide basis. IV traffic assistance systems will take advantage of sensors, communications, and computing power already on the vehicle for other purposes to provide extra benefits. It is hoped that this research area will become as solidly established as safety, because the public clearly wants relief from traffic jams. If you ask the average commuter which they want more of—safety or traffic flow—there is a very good chance they will vote for traffic flow. Crashes are for them an exceedingly rare event, yet congestion faces them daily. Further, an individual driver can control his or her safety to some degree by how he or she drives but is powerless within a traffic jam. Going beyond safety, government policy at the highest levels truly needs to increase attention on what I call “the second half of the problems on the roads.” So what might our future view from behind a steering wheel look like? How might society change over the long term? We as drivers will have more of a “local look ahead” capability, such that we will know about slow traffic or obstacles ahead and decelerate gradually—emergency braking based on “surprise” will be much less common. This in itself will obviously reduce crashes. And when emergency scenar - ios do evolve, the majority of vehicles will be capable of at least mitigating, if not avoiding, a crash. Further, the driver support provided by our IV systems will be aware and sensitive to our focus and preferences as drivers. Trip times will become much more reliable for both people and freight, and we may over time see a transi- tion to truckways for automated freight movement. Automation for our private vehicles is an inevitable evolution that is just a matter of time, as almost everyone would like some relief from the tedium of driving. While it might be overkill for our cars to take us from driveway to driveway, we can expect to enjoy automated operations on the motorways. I recently gave a speech to a group of owners of automotive “body shops” who fix crashed cars as their livelihood. When I was about halfway through the talk, they jokingly began calling me “the bad news guy” because the upshot is that crashes will reduce over time, and so will their business! Imagine the possibility that car crashes in the future will be as rare as airplane crashes are now. In fact, with a little arithmetic, we can take a look at how this might play out. The crash rate will be affected by the introduction date of crash avoidance systems, which car models the systems are offered on, the sales rates, and the overall fleet replacement rate. Taking the United States as an example, approximately 13 million vehicles are sold each year, which constitutes roughly a 5% vehicle replacement rate per year. Theoretically, then, the entire fleet is replaced within a 20-year period. When will significant numbers of vehicles be sold with crash avoidance systems? As a benchmark, I estimate that more than 50% of new vehicles will be sold with at least some type of active safety system by 2015. By that point, if not sooner, we can expect to see a noticeable effect on the crash rate, as consumers would have been purchasing IV systems for 15 years by that time. With more and more equipped vehicles on the road after 2015, benefits will start to accelerate such that significant reductions will be seen by 2025 and major reductions roughly ten years after that. There is a countervailing trend, however: Vehicle miles traveled continue to rise on a national basis in all of the developed countries. So, the number of crashes may con - tinue to increase for some time even as crash rate goes down. So, buckle your seatbelts, and head down to your local car dealer for a test drive. The era of the Intelligent Vehicle has begun. 322 Conclusion Appendix: Web Site Resources Videos, presentations, and other information regarding many of the topics covered can be downloaded at http://www.IVsource.net. Other Internet resources are listed below. Commercial 2 Get There http://www.2getthere.nl Advanced Public Transport Systems http://www.apts-phileas.com Advanced Safety Concepts http://www.headtrak.com Attention Technologyz http://www.attentiontechnology.com Autocruise http://www.autocruise.com Bendix http://www.bendix.com BMW Connected Drive http://www.connected-drive.de Continental http://www.conti-online.com Delphi http://www.delphi.com Eaton VORAD http://www.roadranger.com Ford http://www.ford.com Irisbus http://www.irisbus.com ITIS http://www.itisholdings.com/itis Mobileye http://www.mobileye.com PSA Peugeot Citroen http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com Renault http://www.renault.com Seeing Machines http://www.seeingmachines.com Siemens VDO http://www.siemensvdo.com Toyota http://www.toyota.com Advanced Transport Systems (ULTra) http://www.atsltd.co.uk Valeo http://www.valeo.com Visteon http://www.Visteon.com Volkswagen http://www.volkswagen.de ZOOM Information Systems http://www.ZoomInfoSystems.com Government Agencies and Programs Australian Transport Safety Bureau http://www.atsb.gov.au 323 Deufrako Program (France – Germany) http://www.deufrako.org European Commission eSafety Website http://www.europa.eu.int/information_soci - ety/programmes/esafety/index_en.htm European Commission Information Society Technology Directorate http://www.cordis.lu/ist French INRIA Institute http://www.inria.fr French La Route Automatisee Program http://www.lara.prd.fr French LIVIC Laboratory http://www.inrets.fr/ur/livic/livic.e.html German INVENT Program http://www.invent-online.de Japan Advanced Cruise-Assist Research Association http://www.ahsra.or.jp Japan Advanced Safety Vehicle Program http://www.mlit.go.jp/jidosha/anzen/ Japan Communications Research Lab http://www2.crl.go.jp Netherlands AVV Transport Research Center http://www.rws-avv.nl Netherlands TRANSUMO Program http://www.transumo.nl Swedish National Road Administration http://www.vv.se UK Foresight Vehicle Program http://www.foresightvehicle.org USDOT Federal Transit Administration http://www.fta.dot.gov USDOT ITS Website http://www.its.dot.gov Projects ActMAP docs.adase2.net/responsehttp://www.ertico.com/ activiti/projects/actmap ADASE2 http://www.adase2.net AWAKE http://www.awake-eu.org CARSENSE http://www.carsense.org CarTALK http://www.cartalk2000.net Centro Researche Fiat Projects Page http://www.crfproject-eu.org CHAUFFEUR http://www.chauffeur2.net/final_review PEIT http://www.eu-peit.net PReVENT http://www.prevent-ip.org PROBE-IT http://www.probeit.org.uk PROTECTOR http://www.crfproject-eu.org RADARNET http://www.radarnet.org SAVE-U http://www.save-u.org SpeedAlert http://www.speedalert.org STARDUST http://www.trg.soton.ac.uk/stardust/) Vision 2030 (UK) http://www.transportvisions.org/vision2030.htm Academia University of California – Berkeley PATH Program http://www-path.eecs.berkeley.edu University of Minnesota http://www.its.umn.edu. 324 Appendix: Web Site Resources University of Twente http://www.aida.utwente.nl Virginia Tech Transportation Institute http://www.ctr.vt.edu Associations ERTICO (European ITS) http://www.ertico.com ITS America http://www.itsa.org ITS Australia http://www.its-australia.com.au ITS Japan http://www.its-jp.org ITS Korea http://www.ITSKorea.or.kr ITS Netherlands http://www.connekt.nl ITS Sweden http://www.its-sweden.com ITS United Kingdom http://www.its-uk.org.uk United Nations Global Road Safety website http://www.globalroadsafety.org News and Information ITS Cooperative Deployment Network Newsletter http://www.nawgits.com Intelligent Vehicle Source http://www.IVsource.net Appendix: Web Site Resources 325 Acronyms 5FW 5th Framework Program (European Commission) 6FW 6th Framework Program (European Commission) A-ACC autonomous ACC ACAS FOT advanced collision avoidance system field operational test ACAS automotive collision avoidance system ACC adaptive cruise control ADAS advanced driver assistance systems ADASE advanced driver assistance systems Europe AFS adaptive front lighting AHS automated highway system AHSRA Advanced Cruise-Assist Highway System Research Association AIDA applications of integrated driving assistance A-ISS advanced intersection safety system ANCAP Australian New Car Assessment Program APIA active-passive integration approach ARL Army Research Lab ASV advanced safety vehicle ATMS advanced traffic management system AVCSS advanced vehicle control and safety system AVG automated vehicle guidance AVV transport research center AWS advance warning system B-ISS basic intersection safety system BRT bus rapid transit C-ACC cooperative ACC CALM continuous air-interface for long and medium CAMP Collision Avoidance Metrics Partnership (U.S. DOT) CBLC communication-based longitudinal control CG center of gravity 327 CICAS cooperative intersection collision avoidance systems CMBS collision mitigation braking system CMU Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU), CoP code of practice CRF Centro Ricerche Fiat (CRF) CVHAS cooperative vehicle-highway automation system CVHS cooperative vehicle-highway system DAB digital audio broadcast DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DFM driver fatigue monitor DRG dynamic route guidance (DRG) DRM digital road map DSRC dedicated short range communications DVI driver-vehicle integration DVSMS dynamic vehicle safety management system EC European Commission ECBS electronically controlled braking system ETC electronic toll collection EVSC external vehicle speed control FCA forward collision avoidance FCC Federal Communications Commission FCD floating car data FCM forward collision mitigation FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration GPRS general packet radio service GPS global positioning system GST global system for telematics HMI human-machine interaction HOV high-occupancy vehicle IC Infrastructure Consortium ICA intersection collision avoidance ICT information and communication technology ICWS integrated collision warning system IDA integrated driving assistant IDS intersection decision support IHS Intelligent Highway System IN-ARTE Integration of Navigation and Anticollision for Rural Traffic Environments IST Information Society Directorate (European Commission) 328 Acronyms INRETS French National Institute for Transport and Safety Research INRIA National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control IP integrated project IPA intelligent parking assist ISA intelligent speed adaptation ISCS individual spot-cell communication system ISO International Standards Organization ISS integrated safety system ITS America Intelligent Transportation Society of America ITS intelligent transportation system IV intelligent vehicle IVBSS integrated vehicle vehicle–based safety system IVHW intervehicle hazard warning IVI IV initiative IWF information and warning function JARI Japan Automotive Research Institute LaRA la route automatisée LAVIA limiter adjusting to the authorized speed LCA lateral control assistance LCPC Central Laboratory for Roads and Bridges LDWA lane departure warning assistance LDWS lane departure warning system LIVIC Laboratory for the Interactions between Vehicles, Infrastructure, and Conducteurs LKA lane-keeping assist LMC Lockheed-Martin Corporation LSA low-speed automation MARS mobile autonomous robot software METI Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry MILTRANS millimetric transceivers for transport applications MIRA Motor Industry Research Association MLIT Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport MMIC monolithic microwave integrated circuit MMV millimeter wave NAHSC National Automated Highway System Consortium NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Acronyms 329 NIAIST National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Japan) NILIM National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management OPTIS Optimized Traffic in Sweden OSU Ohio State University PAG Premier Automotive Group PATH Partnership for Transit and Highways (PATH) PSS predictive safety system R-ACC responsive ACC RALF radar automated lane following RBA risk/benefit analysis RDA road departure avoidance RDWS road departure warning systems RSAP Road Safety Action Plan (European) RTTIIS real-time transportation infrastructure information system SA service area SCC safety concept car SIL safety integrity level SMS short message service SNRA Swedish National Road Administration TNO The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research TREN Energy and Transport Directorate (European Commission) UMTS universal mobile telecommunications system UPA ultrasonic park assist U.S. DOT U.S. Department of Transportation UTRA-TDD UMTS terrestrial radio access time division duplex VFM vehicle flow management VICS vehicle information and communications system VII vehicle Infrastructure Integration VRS Valeo Raytheon Systems VRU vulnerable road user VSCC Vehicle Safety Communications Consortium WAVE wireless access vehicular environment WHO World Health Organization XFCD extended floating car data YRP Yokosuka Research Park 330 Acronyms About the Author Richard Bishop, founder of Bishop Consulting, supports clients internationally in research and business development within the intelligent vehicles arena—providing services in partnership development, intelligent vehicle applications, industry trend analysis, and business strategy. Clients include federal government agencies, public transit providers, vehicle manufacturers, suppliers, research laboratories, state departments of transportation, and technology firms worldwide. He also lectures as an expert in intelligent vehicle systems. Mr. Bishop serves as a U.S. expert to the ISO TC204 Working Group 16 on ITS Communications, focusing on developing standards for Floating Car Data and mil - limeter-wave communications. He is also publisher of IVsource.net, the only Web site focusing exclusively on the coverage of intelligent vehicle developments. From 1991 to 1997, Mr. Bishop managed the U. S. Department of Transporta- tion’s program in vehicle-highway automation research and development, facilitat- ing the establishment of the National Automated Highway System Consortium and providing federal program management for the Consortium’s extensive program of research, development, and stakeholder involvement. These activities culminated with Demo ’97 in San Diego, which successfully showcased automated vehicle tech- nology to the transportation community, international media, and the public. Dur- ing this time, he also established the International Task Force on Vehicle-Highway Automation and is currently the chairman. During the 1980s, Mr. Bishop held positions as a radio engineer, systems engi- neer, and engineering manager within the U.S. Department of Defense. He holds a B.S. in electrical engineering from Auburn University and an M.S. in technical man - agement from Johns Hopkins University. He is currently enrolled in the Applied Healing Arts master’s degree program at the Tai Sophia Institute. Mr. Bishop lives in Granite, Maryland, with his wife Harriet and son Jimmy. 331 [...]... workload, 28 6 87 Driver -vehicle interface (DVI), 1 72, 27 7 80 ADAS learnability, 27 8 80 driver warning modes, 27 7– 78 success factors, 27 8 Driver -vehicle symbiosis, 28 0 83 ACC systems, 28 1 driver vigilance, 28 1 83 human-machine cooperation, 28 1 Driving simulators, 27 5–76 Drowsy drivers, 28 4 86 AWAKE project, 28 5 86 head-tracking, 28 4 PERCLOS evaluations, 28 4 85 See also Driver support E Eaton VORAD FCW, 136–37... 82 Bosch, 82 83 , 84 , 85 Continental, 83 , 85 Delphi, 83 86 Denso, 86 87 Hella, 87 IBEO, 87 88 MobilEye, 88 Siemens VDO Automotive, 89 TRW Automotive, 89 –90 Valeo, 90–91 Visteon, 91– 92 Automotive LKA systems, 109–10, 111 Autonomous ACC, 20 5–6, 20 7, 20 8 AutoTaxi, 58 AWAKE project, 28 5 86 B Backup/parking assist, 32, 122 23 market aspects, 123 system description, 122 23 See also Longitudinal sensing/control... concept, 25 4 data cleansing, 25 7 data dissemination, 25 7 data flows, 26 8 data reporting, 25 6, 25 8 defined, 25 , 25 3 deployment trend, 25 4 Europe, 25 8 65 extended (XFCD), 26 2–64 Ford experiments, 26 5–67 future, 26 8 69 I-Florida, 26 5 implementation roles, 25 5 in Japan, 25 7– 58 OPTIS pilot, 26 1– 62 overall picture, 26 7– 68 ProbeIT, 26 2 road performance assessments, 25 7 Road Traffic Advisor, 26 1 RTTIIS, 26 7 smart,... support, 28 7 Optimized Traffic in Sweden (OPTIS), 58, 26 1– 62 Overview, this book, 3–5 P Parallel parking assist, 1 12 13 Parking assist, 26 , 32, 122 23 , 29 5 ParkShuttle, 24 0–41 defined, 24 0 illustrated, 24 1 Partnership for Transit and Highways (PATH), 63–64, 20 7, 20 8 in -vehicle display, 23 0 truck platoons experimentation, 23 4–35 vehicles in platoon, 22 9 Passenger car automation, 22 6– 32 deployment, 24 9 highway,... Delphi, 83 86 Demo ‘97, 22 8, 23 1 DENSETRAFFIC, 151– 52 defined, 151 radar unit, 1 52 two-dimensional coverage, 151 Denso, 86 87 DeuFrako program, 51– 52 Differential GPS (DGPS), 183 Digital road maps (DRMs), 14 Driver impairment monitoring, 33 Driverology, 27 5–77 Driver performance, traffic, 27 7 Driver support drowsy driver, 28 4 86 forms, 28 3 84 future trends, 315, 3 18 older, 28 7 workload, 28 6 87 Driver -vehicle. .. 70–73, 26 4 Fiat, 73 Ford, 73–74, 26 5–67 General Motors, 74–75 Honda, 76–77, 144–45, 28 1 83 Mitsubishi, 77 Nissan, 77– 78, 111, 133, 136 PSA Peugeot Citroën, 78, 124 Renault, 78 Subaru, 79 Toyota, 79 81 , 104, 133, 141, 24 1– 42 Volkswagen, 81 Volvo, 81 Automotive cooperative system deployment, 21 2–13 Automotive industry summary, 92 93 Automotive industry suppliers, 81 – 92 Aisin Group, 82 Bosch, 82 83 , 84 , 85 ... (APIA), 83 , 85 ActMap project, 100, 193–94 Adaptive cruise control (ACC), 26 27 , 127 –34 autonomous, 20 5–6 auxiliary measurements, 129 benefits, 26 congestion dissipation via, 21 0–11 cooperative (C-ACC), 37, 20 6 8 defined, 26 , 127 in driver -vehicle symbiosis, 28 1 full-speed range, 134 high-speed, 129 – 32 lidar-based, 1 28 , 130 low-speed, 27 , 1 32 33 operating modes, 27 proliferation, 317 radar-based, 1 28 responsive,... International standards, 311– 12 INTERSAFE, 20 3, 20 4 Intersection collision avoidance (ICA), 1 68 69, 199 20 3 in Europe, 20 2–3 Japanese research, 199 20 0 in United States, 20 0 20 2 Intersection collision countermeasures, 32 Intersection decision support (IDS), 20 0 Intervehicle communications, 186 –91 with ad hoc network techniques, 186 89 CarTALK, 188 89 Index FleetNet-Internet, 187 88 MMW, 190–91 radar-based, 189 –90... (EDMap), 1 92 93 ESafety, 12 13 implementation phase, 46 working groups, 29 4 EuroNCAP program, 29 3–94 Europe 5FW, 45, 46–49 6FW, 45, 49–51 ADASE2 project, 29 3, 29 4, 29 7 eSafety, 12 13, 46, 29 4 FCD activity, 25 8 65 Index ICA R&D, 20 2–3 legal issues, 3 02 3 R&D programs, 45– 58 RESPONSE program, 306–7 RSAP, 12 safety goals, 10 Extended FCD (XFCD), 26 2–64 defined, 26 2 in -vehicle architecture, 26 2, 26 3 software... dissipating via ACC, 21 0–11 INVENT simulations and, 21 0 relief trends, 317– 18 traffic assistance strategies within, 20 9–11 Continental, 83 , 85 Continuous Air-interface for Long and Medium (CALM) communications, 186 Convenience systems, 25 28 adaptive cruise control (ACC), 26 27 automated vehicle control, 28 defined, 25 lane-keeping assistance (LKA), 27 28 low-speed ACC, 27 parking assist, 26 See also IV . traffic, 27 7 Driver support drowsy driver, 28 4 86 forms, 28 3 84 future trends, 315, 3 18 older, 28 7 workload, 28 6 87 Driver -vehicle interface (DVI), 1 72, 27 7 80 ADAS learnability, 27 8 80 driver. 82 Bosch, 82 83 , 84 , 85 Continental, 83 , 85 Delphi, 83 86 Denso, 86 87 Hella, 87 IBEO, 87 88 MobilEye, 88 Siemens VDO Automotive, 89 TRW Automotive, 89 –90 Valeo, 90–91 Visteon, 91– 92 Automotive. modes, 27 7– 78 success factors, 27 8 Driver -vehicle symbiosis, 28 0 83 ACC systems, 28 1 driver vigilance, 28 1 83 human-machine cooperation, 28 1 Driving simulators, 27 5–76 Drowsy drivers, 28 4 86 AWAKE