Plastics Products Design Handbook, Part A: Materials and Components; Part B: Processes and Design for Processes, edited by Edward Miller 9.. Computer-Aided Graphics and Design: Second E
Trang 2FRICTION RND
MKHRNICRL D€SIGN
Trang 3MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
A Series of Textbooks and Reference Books
Editor
L L Faulkner
Columbus Division, Battelle Memorial Institute
and Department of Mechanical Engineering
The Ohio State University Colurnbus, Ohio
1 Spring Designer's Handbook, Harold Carlson
2 Computer-Aided Graphics and Design, Daniel L Ryan
3 lubrication Fundamentals, J George Wills
4 Solar Engineering for Domestic Buildings, William A Himmelman
5 Applied Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics, G Boothroyd and
C Poli
6 Centrifugal Pump Clinic, lgor J Karassik
7 Computer-Aided Kinetics for Machine Design, Daniel L Ryan
8 Plastics Products Design Handbook, Part A: Materials and Components; Part B: Processes and Design for Processes, edited by Edward Miller
9 Turbomachinery: Basic Theory and Applications, Earl Logan, Jr
10 Vibrations of Shells and Plates, Werner Soedel
1 1 Flat and Corrugated Diaphragm Design Handbook, Mario Di Giovanni
1 2 Practical Stress Analysis in Enginee~ng Design, Alexander Blake
13 An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints, John H
Bickford
14 Optimal Engineeing Dmgn: pn'nc@les and Applications, James N Siddall
1 5 Spring Manufacturing Handbook, Harold Carlson
1 6 Industrial Noise Control: Fundamentals and Applications, edited by Lewis
H Bell
17 Gears and Their Vibration: A Basic Approach to Understanding Gear
Noise, J Derek Smith
18 Chains for Power Transmission and Material Handling: Design and Appli-
cations Handbook, American Chain Association
19 Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Handbook, edited by Philip A Schweitzer
20 Gear Drive Systems: Design and Application, Peter Lynwander
2 1 Controlhg In-Plant Airborne Contaminants: Systems Design and Calcula- tions, John D Constance
22 CAD/CAM Systems Planning and Implementation, Charles S Knox
23 Probabilistic Engineering Design: Princbles and Applications, Jarnes N
Siddall
Trang 424 Traction Drives: Selection and Application, Frederick W Heilich 111 and
Eugene E Shube
25 Finite Element Methods: An Introduction, Ronald L Huston and Chris E
Passerello
26 Mechanical Fastening of plastics: An Engineen'ng Handbook, Brayton Lin-
coln, Kenneth J Gomes, and James F Braden
27 Lubrication in Practice: Second Edition, edited by W S Robertson
28 Princ@les of Automated Drafting, Daniel L Ryan
29 Practical Seal Design, edited by Leonard J Martini
30 Engineering Documentation for CAD/CAM Applications, Charles S Knox
3 1 Design Dimensioning with Computer Graphics Applications, Jerome C
Lange
32 Mechanism Analysis: Simplified Graphical and Analytical Techniques, Lyn-
don 0 Barton
33 CAD/CAM Systems: Justification, Implementation, Productivity Measure-
ment, Edward J Preston, George W Crawford, and Mark E Coticchia
34 Steam Plant Calculations Manual, V Ganapathy
35 Design Assurance for Engineers and Managers, John A Burgess
36 Heat Transfer Fluids and Systems for Process and Energy Applications,
Jasbir Singh
37 Potential Flows: Computer Graphic Solutions, Robert H Kirchhoff
38 Computer-Aided Graphics and Design: Second Edition, Daniel L Ryan
39 Electronically Controlled Proportional Valves: Selection and Application ,
Michael J Tonyan, edited by Tobi Goldoftas
40 Pressure Gauge Handbook, AMETEK, U.S Gauge Division, edited by Phil-
ip W Harland
41 Fabric Filtration for Combustion Sources: Fundamentals and Basic Tech-
nology, R P Donovan
42 Design of Mechanical Joints, Alexander Blake
43 CAD/CAM Dictionary, Edward J Preston, George W Crawford, and
Mark E Coticchia
44 Machinery Adhesives for Locking, Retaining, and Sealing, Girard S Havi-
land
45 Couplings and Joints: Design, Selection, and Application, Jon R Mancuso
46 Shaft Alignment Handbook, John Piotrowski
47 BASIC Programs for Steam Plant Engineers: Boilers, Combustion, Fluid Flow, and Heat Transfer, V Ganapathy
48 Solving Mechanical Design Problems with Computer Graphics, Jerome C
Lange
49 Plastics Gearing: Selection and Application, Clifford E Adams
50 Clutches and Brakes: Design and Selection, William C Orthwein
5 1 Transducers in Mechanical and Electronic Design, Harry L Trietley
52 Metallurgical Applications of Shock- Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenom-
ena, edited by Lawrence E Murr, Karl P Staudhammer, and Marc A Meyers
53 Magnesium Products Design, Robert S Busk
54 How to Integrate CAD/CAM Systems: Management and Technology, Wil-
liam D Engelke
Trang 555 Cam Design and Manufacture: Second Edition; with cam design software
for the IBM PC and compatibles, disk included, Preben W Jensen
56 Solid-state A C Motor Controls: Selection and Application, Sylvester Camp-
bell
57 Fundamentals of Robotics, David D Ardayfio
50 Belt Selection and Application for Engineers, edited by Wallace D Erick- son
59 Developing Three-Dimensional CAD Software with the IBM PC, C Stan
Wei
60 Organizing Data for CIM Applications, Charles S Knox, with contri-
butions by Thomas C Boos, Ross S Culverhouse, and Paul F Muchnicki
61 Computer-Aided Simulation in Railway Dynamics, by Rao V Dukkipati
and Joseph R Amyot
62 Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and Design, P K
Mallick
63 Photoelectric Sensors and Controls Selection and Application, Scott M
Juds
64 Finite Element Analysis with Personal Computers, Edward R Champion,
Jr., and J Michael Ensminger
6 5 Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technology, Applications: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Dale Ensminger
66 Applied Finite Element Modeling: Practical Problem Solving for Engineers,
Jeffrey M Steele
67 Measurement and Instrumentation in Engineering: Princ@les and Basic
Laboratory Experiments, Francis S Tse and lvan E Morse
60 Centrifugal Pump Clinic: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, lgor J Karassik
69 Practical Stress Analysis in Engineering Design: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Alexander Blake
70 An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, John H Bickford
71 High Vacuum Technology: A Practical Guide, Marsbed H Hablanian
72 Pressure Sensors: Selection and Application, Duane Tandeske
73 Zinc Handbook: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design, Frank Porter
74 Thermal Fatigue of Metals, Andrzej Weronski and Tadeusz Hejwowski
75 Classical and Modern Mechanisms for Engineers and Inventors, Preben
W Jensen
76 Handbook o f Electronic Package Design, edited by Michael Pecht
77 Shock- Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Materials, edited by
Marc A Meyers, Lawrence E Murr, and Karl P Staudhammer
70 Industrial Refrigeration: Princ@les, Design and Applications, P C Koelet
79 Applied Combustion, Eugene L Keating
80 Engine Oils and Automotive Lubrication, edited by Wilfried J Bartz
0 1 Mechanism Analysis: Simplified and Graphical Techniques, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Lyndon 0 Barton
02 Fundamental Fluid Mechanics for the Practicing Engineer, James W
Murdock
03 fiber-Rein forced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and Design, Sec- ond Edition, Revised and Expanded, P K Mallick
Trang 6Vibrations of Shells and Plates: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,
Mechanical Wear Prediction and Prevention, Raymond G Bayer
Mechanical Po wer Transmission Components, edited by David W South
and Jon R Mancuso
Handbook of Turbomachinery, edited by Earl Logan, Jr
Engineering Documentation Control Practices and Procedures, Ray E
Computer-Aided Design o f Polymer-Matrix Composite Structures, edited
by Suong Van Hoa
Friction Science and Technology, Peter J Blau
Introduction to Plastics and Composites: Mechanical Properties and Engi- neering Applications, Edward Miller
Practical Fracture Mechanics in Design, Alexander Bla ke
Pump Characteristics and Applications, Michael W Volk
Optical Princr;Oles and Technology for Engineers, James E Stewart Optimizing the Shape of Mechanical Elements and Structures, A A
Seireg and Jorge Rodriguez
Kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery, Vladimlr Stejskal and Michael
Val4Sek
Shaft Seals for Dynamic Applications, Les Horve
Reliability-Based Mechanical Design, edited by Thomas A Cruse
Mechanical Fastening, Joining, and Assembly, James A Speck
Turbomachinery Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer, edited by Chunill Hah High- Vacuum Technology: A Practical Guide, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Marsbed H Hablanian
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing: Workbook and Ans werbook,
Jarnes D Meadows
Handbook of Materials Selection for Engineering Applications, edited by
G T Murray
Trang 71 14 Handbook of Thermoplastic Ptping System Design, Thomas Sixsmith and
1 15 Practical Guide to Finite Elements: A Solid Mechanics Approach, Steven
1 16 Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics, edited by Vijay K Garg
1 1 7 Fluid Sealing Technology, Heinz K Muller and Bernard S Nau
1 1 8 Friction and Lubrication in Mechanical Design, A A Seireg
Reinhard Hanselka
M Lepi
Additional Volumes in Preparation
Machining of Ceramics and Composites, edited by Said Jahanmir, M
Ramulu, and Philip Koshy
Heat Exchange Design Handbook, T Kuppan
Couplings and Joints: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Jon R
Mancuso
Mechanical Engineering Software Spring Design with an IBM PC, AI Dietrich
Mechanical Design Failure Analysis: With Failure Analysis System Soft-
ware for the IBM PC, David G Ullman
Influence Functions and Matrices, Yuri A Melnikov
Trang 8FRICT'ION R" LUBRIC~ION IN
M€CHANI(RL
D€SIGN
University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin and University of Florida Gaines viiie, Florida
M A R C E L
MARCEL DEKKER, INC NEW YORK BASEL HONG KONG
a% D E K K E R
Trang 9ISBN: 0-8247-9974-7
This book is printed on acid-free paper
Headquarters
Marcel Dekker, Inc
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Copyright 0 1998 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or
by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher
Current printing (last digit):
1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Trang 10Preface
The awareness of friction and attempts to reduce or use it are as old as human history Scientific study of the friction phenomenon dates back to the eighteenth century and has received special attention in modern times since
it is one of the most critical factors in all machinery The increasing empha- sis on material and energy conservation in recent years has added new urgency to the development of practical predictive techniques and informa- tion that can be used, in the design stage, for controlling friction and wear Advances in this field continue to contribute to improved energy efficiency, increased useful life of machines, and reduced maintenance costs
This book treats friction, lubrication, and wear as empirical phenomena and relies heavily on the experimental studies by the author and his coworkers to develop practical tools for design Empirical dimensionless relationships are presented, whenever possible, that can be readily applied
to a variety of situations confronting the design engineer without the need for extensive theoretical analysis or computation
The material in the book has been used for many years in an interdisci- plinary course on this subject taught at the University of Wisconsin- Madison, and can be used as a text for senior, graduate, or professional development courses It can also be used as a reference book for practical design engineers because the many empirical equations and design graphs can provide a fundamental parametric understanding to guide their design decisions
Chapter 1 gives a brief review of the history of this subject and sets the stage for the topics presented in the book Chapters 2, 3, and 4 summarize
111
Trang 11iv Preface
the relevant relationships necessary for the analysis of contact mechanics in smooth and rough surfaces, as well as the evaluation of the distribution of the frictional resistance over the contacting surfaces due to the application
of tangential loads and twisting moments
Chapter 5 presents an overview of the mechanism of the transfer of
frictional heat between rubbing surfaces and gives equations for estimating the heat partition and the maximum temperature in the contact zone
Chapter 6 deals with the broad aspects of fluid film lubrication with
emphasis on the thermal aspects of the problem It introduces the concept
of thermal expansion across the film and provides a method for calculating the pressure that can be generated between parallel surfaces as a result of
the thermal gradients in the film Chapter 7 discusses the problem of
friction and lubrication in rolling/sliding contacts and gives empirical equations for calculating the coefficient of friction from the condition of pure rolling to high slide-to-roll ratios The effect of surface layers is taken
into consideration in the analysis Chapter 8 gives an overview of the
different wear mechanisms and includes equations to help the designer avoid unacceptable wear damage under different operating and environ-
mental conditions Chapter 9 presents selected case illustrations and cor-
responding empirical equations relating the factors influencing surface durability in important tribological systems such as gears, bearings, brakes, fluid jet cutting, soil cutting, one-dimensional clutches, and animal joints
Chapter 10 discusses the frictional resistance in micromechanisms Friction is considered a major factor in their implementation and successful operation Chapter 11 illustrates the role of friction in the generation of noise in mechanical systems, and Chapter 12 gives an introduction to sur- face coating technology, an area of growing interest to tribologists
Finally, Chapter 13 discusses in some detail a number of experimental techniques developed by the author and his coworkers that can be useful in the study of friction, lubrication, wear, surface temperature, and thermally induced surface damage
I am indebted to my former students, whose thesis research constitutes
the bulk of the material in this book Dr T F Conry for his contribution to Chapter 2; Dr D Choi to Chapter 3; Dr M Rashid to Chapter 5; Drs H Ezzat, S Dandage, and N Z Wang to Chapter 6; Dr Y Lin to Chapter 7;
Dr T F Conry, Mr T Lin, Mr A Suzuki, Dr A Elbella, Dr S Yu, Dr
A Kotb, Mr M Gerath, and Dr C T Chang to Chapter 9; Dr R Ghodssi
to Chapter 10; Drs S A Aziz and M Othman to Chapter 11; Dr K
Stanfill, Mr M Unee, and Mr T Hartzell to Chapter 12; and Professor
E J Weiter, Dr N Z Wang, Dr E Hsue, and Mr C Wang to Chapter 13
Trang 12Preface V
Grateful acknowledgment is also due to Ms Mary Poupore, who efficiently took charge of typing the text, and to Mr Joe Lacey, who took upon himself the enormous task of digitizing the numerous illustra- tions in this book
A A Seireg