Câu giả định pdf

CÂU GIẢ ĐỊNH (SUBJUNCTIVE) Câu giả định hay còn gọi là câu cầu khiến là loại câu đối tượng thứ nhất muốn đối tượng thứ hai làm một việc gì. Câu giả định có tính chất cầu khiến chứ không mang tính ép buộc như câu mệnh lệnh. Trong câu giả định, người ta dùng dạng nguyên thể không có to của các động từ sau một số động từ chính mang tính cầu khiến. Thường có that trong câu giả định trừ một số trường hợp đặc biệt. 1 Dùng với would rather that Ngữ pháp hiện đại ngày nay đặc biệt là ngữ pháp Mỹ cho phép dùng would rather mà không cần dùng that trong loại câu này. We would rather (that) he not take this train. 2 Dùng với động từ. Bảng sau là những động từ đòi hỏi mệnh đề sau nó phải ở dạng giả định và trong câu bắt buộc phải có that trong trường hợp đó. advise demand prefer require ask insist propose stipulate command move recommend suggest decree order request urge Động từ sau chủ ngữ 2 ở dạng nguyên thể không chia bỏ to. Nếu muốn thành lập thể phủ định đặt not sau chủ ngữ 2 trước nguyên thể bỏ to. Subject + verb + that + subject + [verb in simple form] + The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking. The doctor suggested that his patient not stop smoking. Nếu bỏ that đi thì chủ ngữ 2 sẽ trở về dạng tân ngữ và động từ sau nó trở về dạng nguyên thể có to, câu mất tính chất giả định, trở thành một dạng mệnh lệnh thức gián tiếp. The doctor suggested his patient to stop smoking. The doctor suggested his patient not to stop smoking. Trong ngữ pháp Anh-Anh trước động từ ở mệnh đề 2 thường có should, người Anh chỉ bỏ should khi sau nó là động từ to be nhưng ngữ pháp Anh-Mỹ không dùng should cho toàn bộ động từỏơ mệnh đề 2. 3 Dùng với tính từ. Bảng sau là một số các tính từ đòi hỏi mệnh đề sau nó phải ở dạng giả định, trong câu bắt buộc phải có that và động từ sau chủ ngữ 2 ở dạng nguyên thể bỏ to. advised necessary recommended urgent important obligatory required imperative mandatory proposed suggested Lưu ý rằng trong bảng này có một số tính từ là phân từ 2 cấu tạo từ các động từ ở bảng trên. Nếu muốn cấu tạo phủ định đặt not sau chủ ngữ 2 trước nguyên thể bỏ to. It + be + adj + that + S + [verb in simple form] It is necessary that he find the books. It is necessary that he not find the books. It has been proprosed that we change the topic. It has been proprosed that we not change the topic. Nếu bỏ that đi thì chủ ngữ 2 sẽ biến thành tân ngữ sau giới từ for, động từ trở về dạng nguyên thể có to và câu mất tính chất giả định trở thành dạng mệnh lệnh thức gián tiếp. It is necessary for him to find the books. It is necessary for him not to find the books. It has been proprosed for us to change the topic. It has been proprosed for us not to change the topic. Lưu ý: • Câu giả định dùng với 2 loại trên thường được dùng trong các văn bản hoặc thư giao dịch diễn đạt lời đề nghị từ phía A -> B mà không có tính bắt buộc. • Không chỉ có động từ và tính từ mới được dùng theo dạng này, tất cả các danh từ xuất phát từ những động từ và tính từ trên đều buộc mệnh đề sau nó phải ở dạng giả định, nếu như nó diễn đạt các yếu tố trên. There is suggestion from the doctor that the patient stop smoking. It is recommendation that the vehicle owner be present at the court 4 Thể giả định trong một số trường hợp khác • Dùng để diễn đạt một ước muốn hoặc một lời nguyền rủa, thường bao hàm các thế lực siêu nhiên. God be with you = Good bye. Curse this toad: Chết tiệt cái con cóc này. • Dùng với động từ May trong một số trường hợp đặc biệt sau: o Come what may = Dù thế nào chăng nữa, dù bất cứ truyện gì. Come what may we will stand by you. o May as well not do sth if = Có thể đừng nếu không. You may as well not come if you can't be on time. Các anh có thể đừng đến nếu không đến được đúng giờ. o May/Might (just) as well do smt = Chẳng mất gì mà lại không, mất gì của bọ. Since nobody wants that job, we might (just) as well let him have it: Vì không ai thích việc này, mình chẳng mất gì mà lại không cho hắn ta làm nó o May diễn đạt một lời đề nghị mà người nói cho rằng chưa chắc nó đã được thực hiện: The sign on the lawn says clearly that people may not walk on the grass. (không dùng should trong trường hợp này). o May + S + link verb + adj hoặc May + S + verb + complement (Cầu chúc cho). May you both very happy: Chúc các bạn bách niên giai lão. May the conference be successful: Chúc hội nghị thành công rực rỡ. Long may she live to enjoy her good fortune: Chúc cho nàng sống lâu để hưởng vận may của nàng. • If need be = If necessary = Nếu cần If need be, we can take another road. • Dùng với động từ to be, bỏ to sau if để chỉ một sự giả định chưa được phân định rõ ràng là đúng hay sai. If that be right, then it would be no defence for this man to say he's innocent. • Let it be me: Giả sử đó là tôi, giá phải tay tôi. - Husband: Let it be me. - Wife (suddenly appearing) : If that be you, what would you do. • Be that as it may = whether that is true or not = Cho dù là phải thế hay không. Be that as it may, you have to accept it. • Then so be it: Cứ phải vậy thôi. If we have to pay $2,000, then so be it (thì cứ phải trả thôi) • Câu giả định dùng với it + to be + time o It's time (for sb) to do smt: đã đến lúc ai phải làm gì (Thời gian vừa vặn, không mang tính giả định). It's time for me to get to the airport: Đã đến lúc tôi phải ra sân bay. o It's time (hightime/about time) (for sb) did smt: đã đến lúc mà (thời gian đã trễ, mang tính giả định) It's time I got to the airport It's hightime the city government did smt to stop the traffic jam. EXERCISES for THE SUBJUNCTIVE 1. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Present Subjunctive of the verbs shown in brackets. For example: They insisted that she _____ at once. (to come) They insisted that she come at once. The proposal that she ______ us has merit. (to meet) The proposal that she meet us has merit. 1. He suggested that I _________ ready by eight o'clock. (to be) 2. We request that she _________ the window. (to open) 3. They demanded that he _________ the room. (to leave) 4. I will ask that she _____________ me. (to accompany) 5. They recommended that he _________ to Bermuda. (to fly) 6. The request that we ______ ready to leave at six is a nuisance. (to be) 7. The recommendation that she ______ a holiday was carried out. (to take) 8. It is necessary that you _________ able to come with us. (to be) 9. They asked that we _________ standing. (to remain) 10. The requirement that he _________ work will be hard to meet. (to find) 11. It is important that he _________ everything he can. (to learn) 12. The demand that she __________ the report has been carried out. (to complete) 2. Complete each of the following sentences with the Past Perfect Subjunctive of the verb shown in brackets. For example: They wished they ___ not ____. (to come) They wished they had not come. I wish I ________ ready on time. (to be) I wish I had been ready on time. Will she wish she __________ her bicycle? (to ride) Will she wish she had ridden her bicycle? 1. I wish I ______ not ____________ the answers. (to lose) 2. They wished they ______ not _____________ the appointment. (to forget) 3. He will wish he __________________ us the book. (to show) 4. Will they wish we __________________ them some food? (to give) 5. We wish it _______________ yesterday. (to snow) 6. She wished she ______ not _________ the window. (to open) 7. I wished I _______________ the news. (to hear) 8. You wish you _______________ what to do. (to know) 3. Complete each of the following sentences with the Simple Past Subjunctive of the verb shown in brackets. For example: He wished he ____ able to do it. (to be) He wished he were able to do it. I wish I ______ with you. (to agree) I wish I agreed with you. They will wish they _____ time to come. (to have) They will wish they had time to come. 1. I wish it _________ possible to finish the work tonight. (to be) 2. Will he wish he ______ ready? (to be) 3. She wished she _________ how to sing. (to know) 4. We wish they ____________ to come with us. (to want) 5. You wished you ___________ better. (to feel) 6. They will wish it _________ warmer. (to be) 7. Does he wish he ____________ younger? (to be) 8. I wish I _________ the subject more interesting. (to find) 4. Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Simple conjugation with would. For example: They wished the sun ___________. (to shine) They wished the sun would shine. Does she wish it __________? (to snow) Does she wish it would snow? You will wish the bell _________. (to ring) You will wish the bell would ring. 1. They wished she __________________ the arrangements. (to make) 2. He will wish you __________________ him. (to help) 3. She wishes the mail _______________. (to come) 4. We wished they _________________. (to hurry) 5. You will wish the door _________________. (to open) 6. They wish we _________________ for them. (to wait) 7. I wish you _________________ to me. (to write) 8. Will she wish you _______________ her? (to join) 5. Paying attention to the underlined adverbs indicating time, complete each of the following sentences with the correct form of the verb shown in brackets. Use the Past Perfect Subjunctive, the Simple Past Subjunctive, or the Simple conjugation with would, depending on whether the time of the action referred to in the subordinate clause is earlier than, the same as, or later than, the time of making the wish. For example: We wished they _________ us earlier. (to call) We wished they had called us earlier. She wishes she ____ in Rome now. She wishes she were in Rome now. I wish you __________ with us tomorrow. (to come) I wish you would come with us tomorrow. 1. I wish he ___________ here now. (to be) 2. I wish that you _____________ here yesterday. (to be) 3. We wish you ________________ tomorrow. (to come) 4. You will wish you ______________ earlier. (to leave) 5. They wished he _________________ with them the next day. (to come) 6. We wish you ________________ yesterday. (to arrive) 7. I wish that he ______________ us next year. (to visit) 8. She wishes that she ___________ at home now. (to be) 9. You wish that he ______________ you last week. (to help) 10. He will always wish he ____________ rich. (to be) 11. The boy wished that he ____________ the competition the next day. (to win) 12. She will wish she _____________ the arrangements earlier. (to make) 13. I wish the weather ____________ warmer now. (to be) 14. We always wished we ____________ fluent in other languages. (to be) 15. They wish he ________________ them next week. (to telephone) 6. For each of the following sentences, rewrite the subordinate clause, using the form in which the word if is omitted. For example: If I were in your position, I would pay close attention. Were I in your position, I would pay close attention. If it had been raining, we would have used our umbrellas. Had it been raining, we would have used our umbrellas. 1. If he were here, he would lend us his car. 2. If I had remembered their address, I would have sent them a card. 3. If we were not waiting for a telephone call, we would go downtown. 4. If they had recognized her, they would have spoken to her. 5. If I had been intending to go shopping, I would have let you know. 6. If you had seen the movie, you would have liked it. 7. If it were not snowing, we would go out. 8. If he had been shoveling the walk, we would have seen him. 7. Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Simple conjugation with would. For example: We __________ if we were ready. (to come) We would come if we were ready. _____ you _____ more if you had time? (to travel) Would you travel more if you had time? If they saw us, they _____ not _________ us. (to recognize) If they saw us, they would not recognize us. _____ you not ____ glad if you were rich? (to be) Would you not be glad if you were rich? 1. If we were hitchhiking, ________ you ________ to pick us up? (to stop) 2. If we waited for him, we ________ not ________ on time. (to be) 3. ________ he ________ us know if we made a mistake? (to let) 4. I ________ not _______ to have a party if you were not there. (to want) 5. If you knew more about her, you ________________ your opinion. (to change) 6. ________ you ________ pizza if you did not like it? (to order) 7. ________ they not ________ to come if we asked them? (to agree) 8. We ________ not _________ a car unless we were insured. (to drive) 8. Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Perfect conjugation with would. For example: If it had rained, I ________________ at home. (to stay) If it had rained, I would have stayed at home. _____ you _________ with us if we had asked you? (to come) Would you have come with us if we had asked you? If he had hurried, he _____ not ___________ the bus. (to miss) If he had hurried, he would not have missed the bus. _____ she not __________ if she had seen us? (to wave) Would she not have waved if she had seen us? 1. If he had arrived late, ________ we ______________ without him? (to begin) 2. If they had felt thirsty, ________ they not _____________ the lemonade? (to drink) 3. If we had been here, we _______ not ______________ the fireworks. (to miss) 4. If his office had called, _______ he not _______________ to work? (to return) 5. She _______ not _______________ early if she had not had a good reason. (to leave) 6. If they had searched more carefully, they _____________________ the watch sooner. (to find) 7. If you had visited Rome, _______ you ____________ to the opera? (to go) 8. She ______________________ down if she had been tired. (to lie) 9. The following statements contain false or improbable conditions. Paying attention to the underlined adverbs indicating time, complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the appropriate conjugations with would. use the Simple conjugation for actions pertaining to the present or the future, and use the Perfect conjugation for actions pertaining to the past. For example: If you came with us now, you _________ everything. (to see) If you came with us now, you would see everything. _____ he __________ us yesterday if we had slept in? (to wake) Would he have woken us yesterday if we had slept in? 1. If he were here now he _______ not ___________ to help us. (to hesitate) 2. I ___________________ the book last week if I had known you wanted it. (to finish) 3. ______ you ______________ to him last night if you had seen him? (to speak) 4. If they were old enough, they __________________ the contest next week. (to enter) 5. ______ she not ____________ a vacation now if she had more time? (to take) 6. If he had sent a message, we ______________________ it two days ago. (to receive) 7. I ____________________ it if you came with me now. (to appreciate) 8. ______ she not ________ grateful if we offered to help her tomorrow? (to be) 9. ______ he _____________ yesterday if he had entered the race? (to win) 10. _______ they not __________________ more books last month if they had noticed the stock was low? (to order) 11. _______ she not ___________ us now if she knew where we lived? (to visit) 12. _______ you _________________ cucumbers yesterday if they had been on sale? (to buy) 10. For each of the following sentences, complete the subordinate clause with the Simple Past Subjunctive of the verb shown in brackets. For example: If he ____ in town, he would call us. (to be) If he were in town, he would call us. Would you go to the party if you ________ an invitation? (to receive) Would you go to the party if you received an invitation? If he ___ not ____ his work, he would find another job. (to like) If he did not like his work, he would find another job. 1. If he ________ rich, he would travel. (to be) 2. _________ I not anxious to meet him, I would stay at home. (to be) 3. He would have more free time if he ______ not _________ so hard. (to work) 4. If I _________ a car, I would visit Cape Breton. (to have) 5. We would take the bus if it _________ to snow. (to begin) 6. If you _________ him, you would surely recognize him. (to see) 7. I would not confide in him if I _______ not _________ him. (to trust) 8. If we _______ not _________ time, we would let you know. (to have) 9. If he _____________ an expedition, I would certainly join it. (to organize) 10. I would not worry about it if I _________ you. (to be) 11. For each of the following sentences, complete the subordinate clause with the Past Perfect Subjunctive of the verb shown in brackets. For example: If I __________ him to do it, he would have obeyed me. (to order) If I had ordered him to do it, he would have obeyed me. Had it not ______ yesterday, we would have raked the leaves. (to snow) Had it not snowed yesterday, we would have raked the leaves. 1. I would not have got lost if I ______________ the map. (to study) 2. _______ he _________ at home, we would have visited him. (to be) 3. We would have invited him if we ________________ he would come. (to think) 4. He would have applied for the job if he _______________ the . CÂU GIẢ ĐỊNH (SUBJUNCTIVE) Câu giả định hay còn gọi là câu cầu khiến là loại câu đối tượng thứ nhất muốn đối tượng thứ hai làm một việc gì. Câu giả định có tính chất cầu. ép buộc như câu mệnh lệnh. Trong câu giả định, người ta dùng dạng nguyên thể không có to của các động từ sau một số động từ chính mang tính cầu khiến. Thường có that trong câu giả định trừ một. (thì cứ phải trả thôi) • Câu giả định dùng với it + to be + time o It's time (for sb) to do smt: đã đến lúc ai phải làm gì (Thời gian vừa vặn, không mang tính giả định) . It's time for