Câu giả định có tính chất cầu khiến chứ không mang tính ép buộc như câu mệnh lệnh.. Trong câu giả định, người ta dùng dạng nguyên thể không có to của các động từ sau một số động từ chính
Trang 1CÂU GIẢ ĐỊNH (SUBJUNCTIVE)
Câu giả định hay còn gọi là câu cầu khiến là loại câu đối tượng thứ nhất muốn đối tượng thứ hai làm một việc gì Câu giả định có tính chất cầu khiến chứ không mang tính ép buộc như câu mệnh lệnh Trong câu giả định, người ta
dùng dạng nguyên thể không có to của các động từ sau một số động từ chính mang tính cầu khiến Thường có that trong câu giả định trừ một số trường hợp
đặc biệt
1 Dùng với would rather that
Ngữ pháp hiện đại ngày nay đặc biệt là ngữ pháp Mỹ cho phép dùng would rather mà không cần dùng that trong loại câu này.
We would rather (that) he not take this train
2 Dùng với động từ.
Bảng sau là những động từ đòi hỏi mệnh đề sau nó phải ở dạng giả định và
trong câu bắt buộc phải có that trong trường hợp đó.
advise
demand
prefer
require
ask insist propose stipulate
command move recommend suggest
decree order request urge
Động từ sau chủ ngữ 2 ở dạng nguyên thể không chia bỏ to Nếu muốn thành lập thể phủ định đặt not sau chủ ngữ 2 trước nguyên thể bỏ to.
Subject + verb + that + subject + [verb in simple
form] +
Trang 2The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking.
The doctor suggested that his patient not stop smoking
Nếu bỏ that đi thì chủ ngữ 2 sẽ trở về dạng tân ngữ và động từ sau nó trở về dạng nguyên thể có to, câu mất tính chất giả định, trở thành một dạng mệnh
lệnh thức gián tiếp
The doctor suggested his patient to stop smoking
The doctor suggested his patient not to stop smoking
Trong ngữ pháp Anh-Anh trước động từ ở mệnh đề 2 thường có should,
người Anh chỉ bỏ should khi sau nó là động từ to be nhưng ngữ pháp Anh-Mỹ không dùng should cho toàn bộ động từỏơ mệnh đề 2.
3 Dùng với tính từ.
Bảng sau là một số các tính từ đòi hỏi mệnh đề sau nó phải ở dạng giả định,
trong câu bắt buộc phải có that và động từ sau chủ ngữ 2 ở dạng nguyên thể
bỏ to.
advised
necessary
recommended
urgent
important obligatory required imperative
mandatory proposed suggested
Lưu ý rằng trong bảng này có một số tính từ là phân từ 2 cấu tạo từ các động
từ ở bảng trên Nếu muốn cấu tạo phủ định đặt not sau chủ ngữ 2 trước
nguyên thể bỏ to.
It + be + adj + that + S + [verb in simple form]
It is necessary that he find the books
It is necessary that he not find the books
Trang 3It has been proprosed that we change the topic.
It has been proprosed that we not change the topic
Nếu bỏ that đi thì chủ ngữ 2 sẽ biến thành tân ngữ sau giới từ for, động từ trở
về dạng nguyên thể có to và câu mất tính chất giả định trở thành dạng mệnh
lệnh thức gián tiếp
It is necessary for him to find the books
It is necessary for him not to find the books
It has been proprosed for us to change the topic
It has been proprosed for us not to change the topic
Lưu ý:
• Câu giả định dùng với 2 loại trên thường được dùng trong các văn bản hoặc thư giao dịch diễn đạt lời đề nghị từ phía A -> B mà không có tính bắt buộc
• Không chỉ có động từ và tính từ mới được dùng theo dạng này, tất cả các danh từ xuất phát từ những động từ và tính từ trên đều buộc mệnh
đề sau nó phải ở dạng giả định, nếu như nó diễn đạt các yếu tố trên There is suggestion from the doctor that the patient stop smoking
It is recommendation that the vehicle owner be present at the court
4 Thể giả định trong một số trường hợp khác
• Dùng để diễn đạt một ước muốn hoặc một lời nguyền rủa, thường bao hàm các thế lực siêu nhiên
God be with you = Good bye
Curse this toad: Chết tiệt cái con cóc này
• Dùng với động từ May trong một số trường hợp đặc biệt sau:
o Come what may = Dù thế nào chăng nữa, dù bất cứ truyện gì Come what may we will stand by you
o May as well not do sth if = Có thể đừng nếu không You may as well not come if you can't be on time
Các anh có thể đừng đến nếu không đến được đúng giờ
o May/Might (just) as well do smt = Chẳng mất gì mà lại không, mất gì của bọ
Since nobody wants that job, we might (just) as well let him have
Trang 4Vì không ai thích việc này, mình chẳng mất gì mà lại không cho hắn ta làm nó
o May diễn đạt một lời đề nghị mà người nói cho rằng chưa chắc
nó đã được thực hiện:
The sign on the lawn says clearly that people may not walk on the grass
(không dùng should trong trường hợp này)
o May + S + link verb + adj hoặc May + S + verb + complement
(Cầu chúc cho)
May you both very happy: Chúc các bạn bách niên giai lão May the conference be successful: Chúc hội nghị thành công rực rỡ
Long may she live to enjoy her good fortune: Chúc cho nàng sống lâu để hưởng vận may của nàng
• If need be = If necessary = Nếu cần
If need be, we can take another road
• Dùng với động từ to be, bỏ to sau if để chỉ một sự giả định chưa được phân định rõ ràng là đúng hay sai
If that be right, then it would be no defence for this man to say he's innocent
• Let it be me: Giả sử đó là tôi, giá phải tay tôi
- Husband: Let it be me
- Wife (suddenly appearing) : If that be you, what would you do
• Be that as it may = whether that is true or not = Cho dù là phải thế hay không
Be that as it may, you have to accept it
• Then so be it: Cứ phải vậy thôi
If we have to pay $2,000, then so be it (thì cứ phải trả thôi)
• Câu giả định dùng với it + to be + time
o It's time (for sb) to do smt: đã đến lúc ai phải làm gì (Thời gian
vừa vặn, không mang tính giả định)
It's time for me to get to the airport: Đã đến lúc tôi phải ra sân bay
o It's time (hightime/about time) (for sb) did smt: đã đến lúc mà
(thời gian đã trễ, mang tính giả định)
It's time I got to the airport
It's hightime the city government did smt to stop the traffic jam
EXERCISES for THE SUBJUNCTIVE
Trang 51 Fill in the blanks with the Simple Present Subjunctive of the verbs shown
in brackets For example:
They insisted that she _ at once (to come)
They insisted that she come at once
The proposal that she us has merit (to meet)
The proposal that she meet us has merit
1 He suggested that I _ ready by eight o'clock (to be)
2 We request that she _ the window (to open)
3 They demanded that he _ the room (to leave)
4 I will ask that she _ me (to accompany)
5 They recommended that he _ to Bermuda (to fly)
6 The request that we ready to leave at six is a nuisance (to be)
7 The recommendation that she a holiday was carried out (to take)
8 It is necessary that you _ able to come with us (to be)
9 They asked that we _ standing (to remain)
10 The requirement that he _ work will be hard to meet (to find)
11 It is important that he _ everything he can (to learn)
12 The demand that she the report has been carried out (to complete)
2 Complete each of the following sentences with the Past Perfect Subjunctive
of the verb shown in brackets For example:
They wished they _ not (to come)
They wished they had not come
I wish I ready on time (to be)
I wish I had been ready on time
Will she wish she her bicycle? (to ride)
Will she wish she had ridden her bicycle?
1 I wish I not the answers (to lose)
2 They wished they not _ the appointment (to forget)
3 He will wish he us the book (to show)
4 Will they wish we them some food? (to give)
5 We wish it _ yesterday (to snow)
6 She wished she not _ the window (to open)
7 I wished I _ the news (to hear)
8 You wish you _ what to do (to know)
3 Complete each of the following sentences with the Simple Past Subjunctive
Trang 6of the verb shown in brackets For example:
He wished he able to do it (to be)
He wished he were able to do it
I wish I with you (to agree)
I wish I agreed with you
They will wish they _ time to come (to have)
They will wish they had time to come
1 I wish it _ possible to finish the work tonight (to be)
2 Will he wish he ready? (to be)
3 She wished she _ how to sing (to know)
4 We wish they to come with us (to want)
5 You wished you _ better (to feel)
6 They will wish it _ warmer (to be)
7 Does he wish he younger? (to be)
8 I wish I _ the subject more interesting (to find)
4 Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Simple
conjugation with would For example:
They wished the sun _ (to shine)
They wished the sun would shine
Does she wish it ? (to snow)
Does she wish it would snow?
You will wish the bell _ (to ring)
You will wish the bell would ring
1 They wished she the arrangements (to make)
2 He will wish you him (to help)
3 She wishes the mail _ (to come)
4 We wished they _ (to hurry)
5 You will wish the door _ (to open)
6 They wish we _ for them (to wait)
7 I wish you _ to me (to write)
8 Will she wish you _ her? (to join)
5 Paying attention to the underlined adverbs indicating time, complete each
of the following sentences with the correct form of the verb shown in
brackets Use the Past Perfect Subjunctive, the Simple Past Subjunctive, or
the Simple conjugation with would, depending on whether the time of the
Trang 7action referred to in the subordinate clause is earlier than, the same as, or later than, the time of making the wish For example:
We wished they _ us earlier (to call)
We wished they had called us earlier
She wishes she in Rome now
She wishes she were in Rome now
I wish you with us tomorrow (to come)
I wish you would come with us tomorrow
1 I wish he _ here now (to be)
2 I wish that you _ here yesterday (to be)
3 We wish you tomorrow (to come)
4 You will wish you earlier (to leave)
5 They wished he _ with them the next day (to come)
6 We wish you yesterday (to arrive)
7 I wish that he us next year (to visit)
8 She wishes that she _ at home now (to be)
9 You wish that he you last week (to help)
10 He will always wish he rich (to be)
11 The boy wished that he the competition the next day (to win)
12 She will wish she _ the arrangements earlier (to make)
13 I wish the weather warmer now (to be)
14 We always wished we fluent in other languages (to be)
15 They wish he them next week (to telephone)
6 For each of the following sentences, rewrite the subordinate clause, using
the form in which the word if is omitted For example:
If I were in your position, I would pay close attention
Were I in your position, I would pay close attention
If it had been raining, we would have used our umbrellas
Had it been raining, we would have used our umbrellas
1 If he were here, he would lend us his car
2 If I had remembered their address, I would have sent them a card
3 If we were not waiting for a telephone call, we would go downtown
4 If they had recognized her, they would have spoken to her
5 If I had been intending to go shopping, I would have let you know
6 If you had seen the movie, you would have liked it
7 If it were not snowing, we would go out
Trang 88 If he had been shoveling the walk, we would have seen him.
7 Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Simple
conjugation with would For example:
We if we were ready (to come)
We would come if we were ready
_ you _ more if you had time? (to travel)
Would you travel more if you had time?
If they saw us, they _ not _ us (to recognize)
If they saw us, they would not recognize us
_ you not glad if you were rich? (to be)
Would you not be glad if you were rich?
1 If we were hitchhiking, you to pick us up? (to stop)
2 If we waited for him, we not on time (to be)
3 he us know if we made a mistake? (to let)
4 I not _ to have a party if you were not there (to want)
5 If you knew more about her, you your opinion (to change)
6 you pizza if you did not like it? (to order)
7 they not to come if we asked them? (to agree)
8 We not _ a car unless we were insured (to drive)
8 Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Perfect
conjugation with would For example:
If it had rained, I at home (to stay)
If it had rained, I would have stayed at home
_ you _ with us if we had asked you? (to come)
Would you have come with us if we had asked you?
If he had hurried, he _ not _ the bus (to miss)
If he had hurried, he would not have missed the bus
_ she not if she had seen us? (to wave)
Would she not have waved if she had seen us?
1 If he had arrived late, we without him? (to begin)
Trang 92 If they had felt thirsty, they not _ the lemonade? (to drink)
3 If we had been here, we _ not the fireworks (to miss)
4 If his office had called, _ he not _ to work? (to return)
5 She _ not _ early if she had not had a good reason (to leave)
6 If they had searched more carefully, they _ the watch sooner (to find)
7 If you had visited Rome, _ you to the opera? (to go)
8 She down if she had been tired (to lie)
9 The following statements contain false or improbable conditions Paying attention to the underlined adverbs indicating time, complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the appropriate conjugations with
would use the Simple conjugation for actions pertaining to the present or the
future, and use the Perfect conjugation for actions pertaining to the past For example:
If you came with us now, you _ everything (to see)
If you came with us now, you would see everything
_ he us yesterday if we had slept in? (to wake)
Would he have woken us yesterday if we had slept in?
1 If he were here now he _ not _ to help us (to hesitate)
2 I _ the book last week if I had known you wanted it (to finish)
3 you to him last night if you had seen him? (to speak)
4 If they were old enough, they the contest next week (to enter)
5 she not a vacation now if she had more time? (to take)
6 If he had sent a message, we it two days ago (to receive)
7 I it if you came with me now (to appreciate)
8 she not grateful if we offered to help her tomorrow? (to be)
9 he _ yesterday if he had entered the race? (to win)
10 _ they not more books last month if they had noticed the stock was low? (to order)
Trang 1011 _ she not _ us now if she knew where we lived? (to visit)
12 _ you _ cucumbers yesterday if they had been
on sale? (to buy)
10 For each of the following sentences, complete the subordinate clause with the Simple Past Subjunctive of the verb shown in brackets For example:
If he in town, he would call us (to be)
If he were in town, he would call us
Would you go to the party if you an invitation? (to receive) Would you go to the party if you received an invitation?
If he _ not his work, he would find another job (to like)
If he did not like his work, he would find another job
1 If he rich, he would travel (to be)
2 _ I not anxious to meet him, I would stay at home (to be)
3 He would have more free time if he not _ so hard (to work)
4 If I _ a car, I would visit Cape Breton (to have)
5 We would take the bus if it _ to snow (to begin)
6 If you _ him, you would surely recognize him (to see)
7 I would not confide in him if I _ not _ him (to trust)
8 If we _ not _ time, we would let you know (to have)
9 If he _ an expedition, I would certainly join it (to organize)
10 I would not worry about it if I _ you (to be)
11 For each of the following sentences, complete the subordinate clause with the Past Perfect Subjunctive of the verb shown in brackets For example:
If I him to do it, he would have obeyed me (to order)
If I had ordered him to do it, he would have obeyed me
Had it not yesterday, we would have raked the leaves (to snow) Had it not snowed yesterday, we would have raked the leaves
1 I would not have got lost if I the map (to study)
2 _ he _ at home, we would have visited him (to be)
3 We would have invited him if we he would come (to think)
4 He would have applied for the job if he _ the