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FAQ ngữ pháp Annotated Bibliographies? [Click on Section-"Annotated Bibliographies."]Annotated Bibliographies Apostrophes? "(Purposes of apostrophe.) People unaccustomed to writing sometimes tend to drop in an apostrophe at the drop of a hat. One ad touts azalea's; another speaks of a closeout of diamond's; and still another says it is time to select your sandle's (by which is supposedly meant sandals). In each instance the apostrophe is not only superfluous, but also wrong. The apostrophe is used for three purposes: to indicate the omission of one or more letters (can't, don't) or figures (the spirit of '76); to indicate the possessive case (Tom's dog); and to indicate the plurals of letters (there are two m's in accommodate), figures (B-52's) and sometimes words Is it Womens Day program or Women's Day program should one use the possessive apostrophe? The answer is yes, use the apostrophe. The apostrophe is dropped these days in some instances in which the plural is indicated by a final s for example, Teachers College, Citizens Union, Doctors Hospital. But when the plural is indicated without any final s as it is in women or men the apostrophe plus the s is necessary. One news article said, 'Commander Brant, a lawyer with 11 years service in the Navy, declined to comment.' Another said, 'He had had three hours sleep and innumerable telephone calls during the night at his home in Jamaica, Queens.' Those phrases 11 years service and three hours sleep should be in the possessive case or more aptly, since there is no real possession involved, the genitive case. Therefore they should be rendered with apostrophes: 11 years' service and three hours' sleep" (Bernstein, Theodore. Dos, Don'ts & Maybes of English Usage 19-20, 171). WANT MORE ? CLICK HERE. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_apost.html As per ? The Merriam Webster's Dictionary of English Usage says the following: "We find as per used in two ways. It is still in use in business correspondence and in straightforward but somewhat stiff prose similar to such correspondence Your decision to use as per or not would seem to be a matter of personal choice and taste; the tonal needs of a particular passage may make it useful at times even if you avoid it ordinarily" (133). Assume or presume? According to Patricia O'Conner, author of Woe Is I, "They're not identical. Assume is closer to suppose, or "take for granted'; the much stronger presume is closer to believe, dare, or 'take too much for granted.' I can only assume you are joking when you presume to call yourself a plumber!" (90- 91). Bad or badly? We use bad (an adjective) with linking verbs such as is, seems, feels, looks, or appears. Example: "I feel bad that I missed the concert." We use the adverb badly with action verbs. Example: "The new car steers badly." "I feel badly" means my sense of touch is impaired. "He smells badly" means he can't detect the smell of his girlfriend's perfume, but "He smells bad" means he needs to shower and use deodorant. Between you and I or between you and me? According to The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style, "Because the pronouns following between are objects of the preposition, the correct phrase is between you and me. Yet the phrasing between you and I is appallingly common 'a grammatical error of unsurpassable grossness,' as one commentator puts it (41). The Careful Writer notes that "Most of those who say or write between you and I, Shakespeare excepted, are guilty of overrefinement. They have been corrected when they used 'It is me" or 'You and me ought to get together,' and have become gun-shy about the word "me." In addition they are confused because the word 'you' is the same in the objective case as it is in the nominative; therefore, although they would not dream of saying or writing between him and they or between her and we or between us and she, the phrase between you and I does not sound bad to them. But bad it is, and indefensible grammatically. Between is a preposition and it is followed by the objective case: me. To say between you and I is a needless, pointless, and ignorant exception to a good rule" (74). Bring and take? According to Theodore Bernstein, author of Dos, Dont's, & Maybes of the English Language. "Bring and take both involve direction when they denote physical movement: bring means movement in the direction of the speaker or writer, take means movement away from the speaker or writer When no physical movement is involved, bring may properly be used in the sense of produce as a result: 'The President's message is expected to bring the whole issue to a climax'" (32). Patricia O'Connor, author of Woe Is I, asks, "Which way is the merchandise moving? Is it coming or going? If it's coming here, someone's bringing it. If it's going there, someone's taking it. ( 'Bring me my slippers,' said Rhoda, 'and take away those stiletto heels!' ) That much is pretty straightforward, but there are gray areas where the bringing and the taking aren't so clear. Say you're a dinner guest and you decide to tote a bottle of wine along with you. Do you bring it or do you take it? The answer depends on your perspective on which end of the journey you're talking about, the origin or the destination. 'What shall I bring, white or red?' you ask the host. 'Bring red,' he replies. ( Both you and he are speaking of the wine from the point of view of its destination the host. ) Ten minutes later, you're asking the wine merchant, 'What should I take, a Burgundy or a Bordeaux?' 'Take this one' she says. ( Both you and she are speaking of the wine from the point of view of its origin. ) Clear? If not, pour yourself a glass, take it easy, and say what sounds most natural. You'll probably be right" (93). Can I or may I? "Can implies ability: 'Can you (are you able to) lift that heavy box? May denotes permission: 'May I (Have I permission to) swim in your pool?'" (Parle-Craig and Vincent Hopper. Barron's 1001 Pitfalls in English Grammar 71) Cannot or Can Not? According to Merriam Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, "Both spellings are acceptable, but cannot is more frequent in current use. Chambers 1985 insists that cannot must be used in British English unless the not is to receive particular emphasis. A couple of American sources (Oxford American Dictionary 1980, Trimble 1975) mention that the two-word form can be used to indicate special emphasis "Can you jump? I can not, says the sergeant" (219). Capitalization: all the rules? http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_caps.html Capitalization in titles? "In titles, capitalize the first word, the last word, and all words in between except articles (a, an, and the), prepositions under five letters (in, of, to), and coordinating conjunctions (and, but). These rules apply to titles of long, short, and partial works as well as your own papers" (Anson, Schwegler, and Muth. The Longman Writer's Companion 240). Capitalization of titles of persons? "Capitalize titles of persons when used as part of a proper name but usually not when used alone. District Attorney Marshall was reprimanded The district attorney was elected for a two-year term. Usage varies when the title of an important public figure is used alone. The president [or President] vetoed the bill" (Hacker, Diana. A Writer's Reference 291). Cite or Site? Cite is a verb meaning "to quote for purposes of example, authority, or proof." Example: "He cites many experts in his article." Site is usually used as a noun meaning "place or scene." Example: "Check the AARP website," and "We erected the wall on the site of our future home." Colon Use? Use a colon to introduce an explanation, example, list, or quotation. The colon used this way must be preceded by an independent clause, a clause which contains a subject and a verb and can stand alone as a complete sentence. An explanation or example can be a single word,a phrase,or a clause: Examples: "She has but one goal:success." "One task remains: to script the final project." "The financial agreement put a block between defense and education: No [no] money was to be transferred between the two." When the second of two independent clauses explains, elaborates, or illustrates the first, you may use a colon to join the clauses. Example: "Our team is inexperienced:six of the players are sophomores,and two are freshmen." Some writers capitalize the first word after the colon, but capitalization is optional;a lowercase letter after a colon is always correct. Use a colon to introduce a list that follows an independent clause. The independent clause before the list will contain expressions such as "the following" or "as follows." Example: "Her arguments were as follows: don't link love and " Do not use a colon after a verb. Example: "They are: ready, willing, and able." Commas and periods inside quotation marks? All commas and periods go inside quotation marks. There are no exceptions. Commas? These are the basic comma rules; learn them, download them, laminate them, keep the copy with you whenever you write, and you will solve 98% of your comma problems. 1) Put a comma before and, but, for,or, nor, so, yet when they connect two independent clauses [that is, sentences that can stand alone: read both aloud;each could start with a capital letter and end with a period]. EXAMPLES: "She hit the shot, and he cheered for her." "She hit the shot." and "He cheered for her." "The dog bit him, and he bit the dog." "The dog bit him." and "He bit the dog." 2) Separate three or more items in a series with a comma. EXAMPLES: "I like Corvettes, Porsches, and Buicks." "We want to protect cats, dogs, and horses." NOT: "I like cats, dogs and horses." "In formal writing , the 'serial' or 'series' comma is ordinarily retained before the conjunction that joins the last item in a sequence of three or more words or phrases 'hither, thither, and yon'; 'of the people, by the people, and for the people.' I stoutly defend the use of the serial comma because I have found that in many sentences the comma before the conjunction is an aid to clarity and emphasis. Consider these examples: 'For dinner, the Girl Scouts ate steak, onions and ice cream.' 'For dinner, the Girl Scouts ate steak, onions, and ice cream.' 'We believe in freedom, justice and equality.' 'We believe in freedom, justice, and equality.' The first sentence sounds as if the Scouts devoured a yucky concoction of onions and (urp!) ice cream. The serial comma in the second sentence avoids such gastronomic ambiguity. In the third sentence, the rhythm of the series sounds jerky to the ear, while the serial comma in the fourth helps the final term, equality, to ring out as loudly as the others. So don't be commatose. Use your comma sense and press into service the serial comma" (Lederer, Richard. Adventures of a Verbivore 225). 3) Put a comma after introductory modifiers. EXAMPLES: "Because I was hungry, I bought a hamburger." "Hungry and tired, I bought a hamburger." "When I get hungry, I do stupid stuff." "After dieting for weeks, I bought a hamburger." "Dying for a burger, I settled for a cheese sandwich." 4) Set off interrupters with pairs of commas, pairs of parentheses, or pairs of dashes. Examples: "The hamburger, hot and juicy, tasted great." "The hamburger which was hot and juicy tasted great." "The hamburger (made from ground beef and tofu) tasted great." 5) Put commas around the name of a person or group spoken to. EXAMPLES: "I hope, Carlene, that you're going with me." "Carlene, you're five minutes late." . FAQ ngữ pháp Annotated Bibliographies? [Click on Section-"Annotated Bibliographies."]Annotated