Clause, Main clause ADJ EX: When astronauts are orbiting the earth, they do not feel the force of gravity.. REDUCED SHORTENED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 17.1.Present participles V-ing are use
Trang 11 The singer/the dancer/(the + career) + Proper name ⇒ The singer My Tam or My Tam singer
2 S + not only + V + + but also + V +
5 S + V + + Without + Noun / Ving
6 (A/An) + Adv + Adj + Noun (Adverb of degree or Adv-ly)
Adverbs of degree : extremely, very, rather, quite, fairly, pretty
Adj ⇒ Verb + ing or Verb + ed
Action Verbs + Adv-ly : Speaker fluently, dance beatyfully,
7 Exactly +Wh/H – words + S + + is/was not known (unknown)
Wh/H – words: When, what, /How
8 One of the + Singular Verb (V-S/es) +
S + is/was + One of the
Short Adj – est Most + long Adj + N (s/es) First, second + Adj
Short Adj – est Most + long Adj + N (s/es) First, second + Adj
9 FULL ADVERB CLAUSES : Adv Clause, Main clause
ADJ
EX: When astronauts are orbiting the earth, they do not feel the force of gravity
ÆWhen orbiting the earth, astronauts do not feel the force of gravity
Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operartional
Æ Although damaged, the machine was still operartional
Although he was nervous, he gave a wonderfull speech
1 Æ Although nervous, he gave a wonderfull speech
Trang 211 Tw o/ three/ + plural N ⇒ One + V + O, the other / the others + V + O
(≠ from one to another / from one another)
12 Quantity words + of + relative clause (both of, most of, many of, much of, some of )
EX : I read a number of articles Most of them were very useful
I read a number of articles, most of which were very useful
EX : The National Road, one of the first highway s in North America, conected the East Coast to
the Ohio Valley (appositive following a nown – The National Road)
EX : A famous frontiersman, Buffalo Bill operated his own Wild West Show (appositive before
+ be + no longer + /S, Noun phrase, + V + no longer
the subject - Buffalo Bill)
nger/ Not untill/ Not once/ At no time/ By no means/ Nowhere/ Never/
Note: Adv of degree: extremely, very, rather, quite, f
Adv of manner Adj + ly Æ Adv-ly: beautifully
INVERSIONS
14.1 Not only/ No lo
Seldom= Rarely/Scarcely/ No sooner/Hardly + auxiliary verb + S + main Verb
EX: Not once was he on time
14.2 Only in (on, at, by, ) + noun ph rase/Only once/Only recently + auxiliary verb + S + main V EX: Only in an emergency should you use this exit
14.3 Only if/Only because/Only untill/Only when/Only a fter/ + S+V+O + aux.V+ S +main V EX: Only when she is satisfied is the sale considered final
14 4 So + Adj or Participle(VING/ VED) + auxiliary verb + S + V
EX: So rare is this coin that it belong in a museum
So confusing was the map that we had to ask the police officer for dicrections
14.5 Preposition + noun phrase + main verb + S
EX: Off the coast of Califonia lies the Channel Islands (The channel Islands lies off the coast )
• Hardly had + S + V3/ed + O when S + V2/ed + O
• No sooner had + S + V3/ed + O + than S + V2/ed + O
15 CLAUSES/ SENTENSES = S + V + O
I A simple sentence consist of one clause
EX: People need vitamins
II. nsist of two independent clause joined by a conjunction such as
E
A compound sentence co
(and, but, or, )
X: The man took a vitamin pill, and he drank a glass of orange juice
Trang 3EX: 1/The man took a vitamin pill because he had a cold (adverb clause)
2/ I didn’t realize that she was here ( Noun clause)
3/ The man who is sitting next to you now is my teacher (Adj clause)
J CLAUSE:
oun (people) who + V + + main Verb (Who ÆSubject)
16.2.Noun (people) wh
16.3.Noun (people) whose + Noun S + V + (Whose ÆPossessive)
16.4.Noun (things) which + V + main Verb (Which ÆSubject)
16.5.Noun (things) which + S + V + main Verb (Which ÆObject
16.6.Noun (things) Preposition + which + S + V + main Verb (W
EX: That is the top I will write on it ÆThat is a topic on which i will write (write on)
-Noun (Place) + where + S + V + + main Verb (WhereÆ adv of place)
EX: He is the site where the bank plans to build its new headquarters
-Noun (Time) + when + S + V + (WhenÆ adv of time)
EX: This is the hour when the children ussually go to bed
* When “which/ that/ whom” are used as objects in relative clauses, they can correctly be omitted
hich omitted)
1
lauses that contain active verbs
EX: The painting Ms Wallace bought is very expensive (W
* Noun (people) who + V + to/in + main V ÆNoun to/in whom + V + main Verb
* In which ≈ where (it depends on the verb & preposition)
7 REDUCED (SHORTENED) ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
17.1.Present participles (V-ing) are used to reduce adjective c
O, MAIN VERB + O
(active meaning)
* NOUN, WHICH/ + V + O, MAIN VERB + O ÆNOUN, VING +
EX: Minnesota, which joined the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state
Æ Minnesota, joining the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state
Or joining the Union in 1858, Minnesota became the thirty-second state
17.2.Past participle (V3/ed) are used to reduce adjective clauses with passive verbs (passive
meaning)
EX: William an Mary College, Which was founded in 1693, is the second – oldest university in the
Æ Mary College, founded
United States
William an in 1693, is the second – oldest university in the United States
+
+
*NOUN, WHICH/ + BE + V3/ED + O, MAIN VERB + O Æ NOUN , V3/ED + O, MAIN VERB +
O
17.3 Noun (people) who + V + + main V Æ NOUN + VING + O + MAIN VERB + O
Noun (people) who + be V3/ed + + main V Æ NOUN+ V3/ed + O + MAIN VERB + O 17.4.Noun (things) which + V + main V Æ NOUN + VING O + MAIN VERB + O
Noun (things) which + be V + main V Æ NOUN + VING + O + MAIN VERB + O
17.5 S1 + V + O, S2 + V + O (S1=S2) ⇒ V-ing /V3/ed + , S2 V + O ( S as thing ⇒ V3/ed
S as person ⇒ V-ing)
3
Trang 4X
8 CLAUSE WITH “IT”
18.1.IT + BE + ADJ + FOR SOMEONE + TO INFINITIVE
E : It is important to be punctual for appointments
EONE + TIME PHRASE + TO INFINITIVE 18.2.IT TAKE/TOOK + SOM
EX: It take him a long time to learn a language
18.3 IT WAS IN + ADVERBIAL TIME + THAT + S + V + O (Noun clause)
EX: It was in 1959 that Alaska became a state
18.4 IT WAS PROPER NAME/ S PRONOUN + RELATIVE CLAUSE
EX: It was Jack who did most of the work
It was she who came to class with this news
0 NOUN CLAUSE: SUBJECT or OBJECT
20.1 SUBJECT: WH/H-WORDS + S + V + + SINGULAR VERB + O
20.2 OBJECT: S + V + WH/H-WORDS + S + V + (What, where, , How )
20.3 WITH “THAT”: OBJECT
S + + That + S + V + O (NOUN CLAUSE)
(THE FACT/ THE REASON) + THAT + S + V + + MAIN VERB + (NOUN CLAUSE)
ave/has/had+V3/ED Be + Ving VS/ES V2/ED V3/ED + to + V1 V1 V1
PASSIVE VOICE : S(things) + Be + V By + + O
23 CAUSTIVE VERBS:
23.1 S + MAKE(S) + IT + ADJ + FOR + SOMEONE + TO – INFINITVE +
23.2 S + MAKE(S) + ADJ + O.C (OBJECT COMPLIMENT)
23.3 S + MAKE(S) + SOME
23.4 S + MAKE(S) + SOMEONE + V1
4 NOUN (things) of NOUN: the flow of liquids
Say, know, understand, think, believe, hear, feel, rumor
Trang 527 S + V + ADJ./ADV-LY + ENOUGH + (FOR S.O)+ TO – INF
S + V + ENOUGH + NOUN + TO – INF (V1)
WHATEVER + TYPE/KIND/SORT + OF + N +
29 S + V + FROM + TIME/PLACE + TO + TIME/PLACE
S + V + FROM ONE + SINGULAR NOUN +
SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN + VS/ES + O
NO + PLURAL NOUN + VPLURAL + O 30.3.NOT: S + AUXILIARY VERB + NOT + MAIN VERB + O
- S + HAVE/HAS/HAD + NOT + ANY + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN
- THER E + BE + NOT + ANY + SINGULAR UNCO UNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN
* NOT HAVING + NOUN ≠ HAVING + NO +NOUN
31 B
T
TO BE 33.
Y MEANS: BY BUS/ or ON FOOT
HAT IS + NOUN ≠ IS THAT (=MEAN THAT) + S + V + O
34 LIKE ≠ UNLIKE + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE, S + V + O
S + V + O + LIKE ≠ UNLIKE + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE
S + V + O + AS (JUST AS) A CLAUSE
* S + FEEL LIKE + VING
3 APPOINT + SOMEONE + AS + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE
THINK OF/ABOUT + ONESELF + AS +
EX: English as we know it is not hard to study
39 MAYBE = PERHAPS BECAUSE + A CLAUSE/ BECAUSE OF + NOUN PHRASE
40 A/AN + + ADJ – ADJ – ADJ + SINGULAR NOUN
EX: A four – month – old baby
5
Trang 642.1 S + V + to infinitive + O (infinitive as object of a verb)
EX: She forgot to read the directions
She pretended to cry or She pretended not to know how to eat dog meat
t of a verb) 42.2.To infinitive + O + singular V (infinitive as subjec
EX: To read the directions is important
42.3 To/in order to + infinitive + O, S + V + O (Purpose)
EX: To learn how to cook, she took lessions
42.4 It + Be + Adj + (For someone) to infinitive (infinitive after to be + Adj.)
EX: It is important to read the dicrections
42.5 S + be + the first + person + to be + V3/ed
EX: John Glenn was the first American to obit the Earth
42.6 S + be + the first + person + to be + V3/ed
EX: Roberta was the first person to be asked to speak at the meeting
O (Gerund as subject of a verb)
43.1 V ING + NOUN PHRASE + V
EX:
S/ES (Simple present) + Playing chess is enjoyable.
43.2 S + V + (Preposition) +VING + NOUN PHRASE (Gerund as Object of a Verb)
EX: He enjoy playing chess.
43.3 S + V + N + PREPOSITION + VING +NOUN (Gerund as Object of a Preposition)
EX: He passes the time by playing chess.
43.4 S + V + PREPOSITION + MY /YOUR/OUR/THEIR/HIS/HER/ +VING +
EX: We objected to her cutting class last week.
43.5.S + V + PREPOSITION + PROPER NAME’S +VING +
EX: We objected to Alice’s cutting class last week.
43.6.V ING + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES + O
43.7 Not + VING + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES + O
Singular S
(PLEASE GO TO ENCLOSED SHEETS OF GERUNDS)
Trang 7Gerunds: VING
I Defination: The gerund is a Verb + ing form used as a noun It can function as a subject, subject of a complement, object, object of a preposition
EX: 1) Writting essays in English requires practice (Subject)
2) My hobby is collecting stamp = Collecting stamp is my hobby
(subject of a complement)
3) I like skiing (Object)
4) She is afraid of walking alone at night (Object of a preposition)
II Formation: (Sự hình thành của Gerunds )
sition Prepo Gerun
Noun and preposition
osition Verbs and Prep
Idoms and Preposition Verbs
1 Gerund sau giới từ : Giới từ + VING
EX: Before going to school, he stoped by at his friend house
ết hợp với giới từ sau:
By listening, he quickly picked up the language
2 Gerunds sau các danh từ nhất định k
for (xin lỗi)/ reason for(lý do)/
r
- Choice of (lựa chọn)/ Posibility of ( Khả năng)/ excute
intention of (xu hướng)/method for (of) (phương thức)
- EX: She há no excuse for behaving in that matte
3 Gerunds sau các tính từ nhất định + giới từ sau: Be + Adj + Prep + V ING (Gerund)
- Accustomed to(quen với)/afraid of (sợ)/amazed at (ngạc nhiên)/interested in (quan tâ fond of (thích)/tire of(chán)/ tire from(mệt)/ good at (g
m)/
iỏi về)/bad at(dở về)/successful ộn)/excited about(hồi hộp)/ against/be
4 Ge
in(thành công)/capable of(có thể)/Busy with(bận r
or get + used to/
- EX: The chidren are excited about going on holiday
rund sau các động từ nhất định + Giới từ sau:
Approved of: Chấp thuận - think of = think about : Nghĩ về
- Give up: Từ bỏ - depend o
- Be better off: tốt hơn - suc
- Put off: Dập tắt, trì hoãn - insist on: nài nỉ, đòi
- Worry about: L - keep on = go on = carry on: tiếp tục
Gerund sau các thành ngữ cố định:
- Look forward to: mong chờ, ngóng mong - take to: quan tâm
- It’s no use: mất công, không có lợi - can’t help: Không tránh khỏi, không thể không
- can’t stand = can’t bear: không chịu được
thể chống lại
- It’s worth: xứng đáng
- It’s no worth: Không xứng đáng - can’t resist: Không
- There is no + VING - what a nuisance !: Phiền quá
7
Trang 8- Be busy: bận - It’s much use: rất có lợi
EX: We are looking forward to seeing you soon
6 Gerund sau các động từ nhất định
- Admit: thừa nhận - delay: hoãn lại - practise: thực tập
tiếc - resent: bực tức preciate: hiểu rõ, nhận thức - finish: hoàn hành
- Deny: phủ nhận - postpone: trì hoãn - quit=stop: ngưng
- Avoid: tránh xa - enjoy = fancy: thích - consider: xem xét=involve: liê
quan
- Mind: phản đối, khó chịu - like/love - recall: nhớ lại, nhắ
nhở
- Resume: giành lạ - try: cố gắng - dislike: Không thíc
- Detest=hate: ghét, ghê tởm - forgive: tha thứ - mention: đề cập Pard
- Recomend: giới thiệu, dặn dò - prevent from: ngăn ngừa - Defer: chìu theo
- Imagine: tưởng tượng - Discuss:thảo luận - recollect: thu gom EX: He practises speaking English everyday
Gerund or infinitive after certain verb (Gerund hoặc Infinitive sau các động từ nhất
đ h) sau: ịn
- Begin=star: bắt đầu - like/love: thích, yêu thương - continue: tiếp tục
o sợ - intend: dự tính - Hate: ghét
o e: rời đi
study
ần 7 đ ộng từ có
- Can’t stand=bear: không thể chịu đựng - prefer: thích hơn
- Dread: l
- Allow: cho phép - Agree: đồng ý - advise: Khuyên bả
- Dislike: không thích - Attemp: nổ lực= *try: cố gắng, thử - Leav
- Mean: có nghĩa là - Permit: cho phép - plan: dự trù
- Regret: tiếc - : học -Propose:đề nghị - neglect: sao lãng
*: Tất cả các động từ ở ph ược dùng 2 cách (Gerund & Infinitive) mà ý nghĩa không thay đổi, ngoại trừ 4 đ dấu *
EX1: He started studying after dinner = He star ted to study after dinner: sau bữa tối, anh
EX2: She stopped studying English ≠She stopped to study English
(Cô ấy không học tiếng anh nữa ≠ Cô ấy ngừng làm một điều gì đó để học tiếng anh)
EX3: I remember locking the door before I left ≠ I remember to lock the door before I left
a cửa trước khi đi để
(tôi đã khóa cửa rồi bây giờ tôi nhớ rõ việc này ≠ Tôi nhớ về việc khó
khóa)
EX4: I tried helping her but she failed ≠ I tried to help her
( tôi đã thử giúp bà ấy ≠ tôi đã cố giúp bà ấy)
Trang 9III Function of Gerunds ( Chức năng của Gerunds)
1 Gerunds as Subjects: Gerunds như là chủ từ VING + V + O or VING + O + V + O
EX: Worrying is not going to help OR Worrying about it is not going to help you
G + O or VING + O + V + O
2 Gerund as Subject of complement : S + V + VIN
EX: My hobby is collecting stamps OR Collecting stamps is my hobby OR seeing is believing
) Lưu ý: Nếu chia ở thì hiện tại đơn thì động từ luôn chia ở hình thức số ít (be: is/was
3 Gerund as Object S + V + VING
EX: I like swimming
4 Gerund as Object of preposition: S + V + Prep + VING + O
EX: She is fond of working with animals
ssive adjective or noun:
Trang 10DIRECT SPEECH AND REPORTED = INDIRECTED SPEECH
(Noun Clause in Conversation)
I STATEMENTS IN REPORTED SPEECH: Câu tường thuật ở dạng xác định:
Nghiên cứu kỹ các câu sau đây rồi đưa ra công thức và qui luật chung:
EX: 1) Direct speech: She say to me : “I am ill today”
Reported speech: She tell me (that) she is ill that day
1 2 3 4 5 6
2) Direct speech: She said to me : “I am ill today”
Reported speech: She told me (that) she was ill that day
6
1 2 3 4 5
• Rules: cách đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu tường thuật (câu gián tiếp) theo số thứ tự sau:
Đổ
1 i say to thành tell h c said to oặ thành told
2 Bỏ ấu hai chấm (:) hoặc u phẩd dấ y (,)
3 Đổi dấu ngoặc kép thành chữ that (có thể bỏ được)
4 Đổi đại danh từ và tính từ sở hữu cách trong ngoặc kép thành:
, us, our, ours:
i chủ từ của động từ giới thiệu động từ giới thiệu
Ngôi thứ nhất: I, me, my, mine / We
Cùng ngôi vớ
Ngôi thứ hai: you, your, yours
Cùng ngôi với túc từ của
Ngôi thứ 3: She, he, they, it: Không đổi, giữ nguyên
EX: She said to me “ I hope you will ”
She told me (that) She hoped I would
5 ổi thì c a động t trong ngoặc kép nếu độ ừ giớ ệu ở quá khứ (said/ ) như sau:
Hiện tại Quá kh
ứ
Trang 116 Đổi vài từ chỉ thời gian hoặc nơi chốn sau:
Direct Reported
Now Then
Tomorrow The following day/the next day/the day after Yesterday The day before / the previous day Ago Before This That These Those Here There Come Go Next week/month/year The next week/month/year
Last night /week/month/year The night /week/month/year before
* O = me, you, us, them, him
xiliary verbs ( trợ động từ): am, is, are, were, was, can, mig