Express Review Guide - Spelling_02 pptx

Which Word Is Which? Homonyms and Commonly Confused Words 47 adopt (ə´dŏpt) affect ( ə´fĕkt) all ready (awl r ĕd´ē) allowed ( ə-lowd´) aloud ( ə-lowd´) already (awl r ĕd´ē) among ( ə-mŭng´) assure ( ə-shûr´) bare (bâr) bear (bâr) beat (bēt) beet (bēt) beside (bē-sīd´) besides (bē-sīdz´) between (bē-twēn´) board (bôrd) bored (bôrd) bough (bow) bow (bow) brake (brāk) breadth (br ĕdth) break (brāk) breath (br ĕth) breathe (brēth) capital (kăp´ ĭ-təl) capitol (kăp´ ĭ-təl) cell (s ĕl) cite (sīt) coarse (kôrs) complement (kŏm´pl ə-mĭnt) compliment (kŏm´pl ə-mĭnt) council (kown´s əl) counsel (kown´s əl) course (kôrs) dear (dîr) deer (dîr) die (dī) 6493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 476493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 47 2/12/09 4:01:33 PM2/12/09 4:01:33 PM Express Review Guides: SPELLING 48 disinterested (dĭs-ĭn´trəst-əd) dual (dül) duel (dül) dye (dī) effect (ē´f ĕkt) elicit ( ə-lĭs´ĭt) ensure ( ĕn-shûr´) envelop ( ĕn-vĕl´-əp) envelope ( ĕn´vəl-ōp) except ( ĕk´sĕpt) excess ( ĕk´sĕs) fair (fâr) fare (fâr) farther (fâr´th ər) feat (fēt) feet (fēt) fi nd (fīnd) fi ned (fīnd) foreword (fôr´w ərd) forward (fôr´w ərd) further (f ər´thər) gait (gāt) gate (gāt) grate (grāt) great (grāt) heal (hēl) heel (hēl) homographs (hŏ´m ə-grăfs) homonyms (hŏ´m ə-nĭmz) homophones (hŏ´m ə-fōnz) illicit ( ĭl-lĭs´ĭt) incite ( ĭn-sīt) insight ( ĭn-sīt) insure ( ĭn-shûr´) lead (l ĕd) led (l ĕd) loan (lōn) 6493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 486493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 48 2/12/09 4:01:33 PM2/12/09 4:01:33 PM Which Word Is Which? Homonyms and Commonly Confused Words 49 lone (lōn) loose (lüs) lose (lüz) may be (mā bē) maybe (mā´bē) overdo (ō-v ər-dü) overdue (ō-v ər-dü) pain (pān) pane (pān) passed (păsd) past (păst) peace (pēs) peal (pēl) pedal (p ĕd´əl) peddle (p ĕd´əl) peel (pēl) peer (pêr) personal (p ər´sŭn-əl) personnel (p ər´sŭn-ĕl) piece (pēs) pier (pêr) plain (plān) plane (plān) precede (prē-cēd´) principal (pr ĭn´sĭ-pəl) principle (pr ĭn´sĭ-pəl) proceed (prō-cēd´) proceeds (prō´cēdz) rain (rān) reign (rān) rein (rān) right (rīt) rite (rīt) sell (s ĕl) sigh (sī) site (sīt) soar (sôr) 6493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 496493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 49 2/12/09 4:01:33 PM2/12/09 4:01:33 PM Express Review Guides: SPELLING 50 sore (sôr) stationary (stā´sh ən-âr-ē) stationery (stā´sh ən-âr-ē) tail (tāl) tale (tāl) team (tēm) teem (tēm) than (thăn) then (th ĕn) uninterested (ŭn- ĭn´trəst-əd) vain (vān) vary (vâr´ē) vein (vān) very (vâr´ē) waist (wāst) waste (wāst) who (hü) who´s (hüz) whom (hüm) whose (hüz) wright (rīt) write (rīt) ANSWERS 1. their. The party was thrown by the Ambersons, so their is the correct answer in this sentence. 2. there. The word there means “that place.” If they weren’t staying here, they might be going there. 3. their. This sentence refers to a hit that was created by the rock band; therefore, their is the correct choice. 4. They’re; their. The fi rst blank makes sense if you fi ll in the words they are: which means they’re is the best choice. The restaurant belongs to “them,” which makes it their restaurant. 5. their; there. If the puppy belongs to them, it is their puppy. He belongs in a place, or there. 6493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 506493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 50 2/12/09 4:01:34 PM2/12/09 4:01:34 PM Which Word Is Which? Homonyms and Commonly Confused Words 51 6. tense. To feel tense is to feel anxious. The word tents is the plural of tent, which is a temporary shelter. Tense makes much more sense in this sentence than tents. 7. soars. To soar is to fl y. Soar is a verb, while sore is a noun. A helicopter would soar over the Grand Canyon. 8. reel. In this case, it would help to know that a reel is a part of a fi shing pole. However, you could fi gure out the correct answer if you knew that real is an adjective, and this sentence calls for a verb. 9. mince. Mints is the plural of mint. To mince is “to cut something into tiny pieces”; therefore, mince is the correct choice. 10. ascent. To ascend is “to climb”; therefore, ascent is the correct choice. 11. accept. Remember that if the word is a verb, accept is generally the correct answer choice. Except is almost always used as a conjunction. 12. breathe. The verb form of the noun breath is spelled with an e; there- fore, breathe is the correct choice. 13. Who. Whom is used as a substitution for him, her, or them, while who is used as a substitution for he, she, or they. To fi nd the correct answer, turn the question into a statement. You would say, “I might say he is calling,” or “I might say they are calling.” You would not say, “I might say them are calling.” Therefore, the correct choice is who. 14. than; then. Than is used when comparing two things. The fi rst part of the sentence compares singing with dancing; therefore, than is the best choice. The second part of the sentence is a little trickier. The correct word is then, because it refers to an order in which things are done—if you enjoy something, then you should do something. 15. preceded. To proceed is to go forward. In this case, the sentence is looking for a word that means “come before.” The correct choice is preceded. 6493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 516493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 51 2/12/09 4:01:34 PM2/12/09 4:01:34 PM Express Review Guides: SPELLING 52 Game Time: Riddle Me This Solution 1 GRATE 2 SITE 3 MINCE 4 ADAPT 5 CEL L 6 PEALS 7 COMP L EMENTS 8 COUNSEL 9 DUEL 10 FA I R 11 FURTHER 12 TEAM 13 STAT IONARY 14 BREADTH 15 PRINCI PLE 16 CAP I TAL 17 SOAR 18 RIGHT 19 EXCESS Riddle: What do you call a short psychic who is wanted by the police? Answer: A small medium at large 6493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 526493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 52 2/12/09 4:01:34 PM2/12/09 4:01:34 PM 3 I f a big part of learning how to spell is learning what words mean, then a big part of learning what words mean is learning how words are put together. The words that make up the English language did not just spring, fully formed, from the mouths of people living in caves thousands of years ago. Although it’s impossible to trace the development of language precisely, we do know that English has developed gradually over time, more by accident and chance than by design. An extraordinary percentage of English words have roots that come from Latin or Greek words. Just as the roots of a tree give the tree a foundation, word roots establish the basic meaning of the word. Attached to the root are affi xes, which can come before the root (prefi xes) or after the root (suffi xes). FUEL FOR THOUGHT MAKE MINE STRAWBERRY! When building an ice cream sun- dae, you must fi rst decide what fl avor of ice cream to use. Then you add the toppings. The ice cream determines the base fl avor of the sundae, while the toppings add to or change that fl avor. Some top- pings, like sprinkles, just add a little extra fl avor, while other toppings, like chocolate sauce, change the fl avor of the entire sundae. Building Words 6493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 536493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 53 2/12/09 4:01:35 PM2/12/09 4:01:35 PM Express Review Guides: SPELLING 54 With words, the root is like the ice cream—it tells you what the word will be about. For example, the Latin root vis means “to see.” The word vis does not exist as an English word all on its own. You can’t say, “I vis a butterfl y.” Just as ice cream doesn’t become a sundae until you add the toppings, most roots do not become words until you add the affi xes. The root vis can combine with many affi xes to create many differ- ent words. If you add the suffi x -ion, meaning “act or process,” you get the word vision, which means “the process of seeing.” You could add the suffi x -ible, meaning “able to,” to get the word visible, which means “able to be seen.” Suffi xes like -ion and -ible are similar to sprinkles on your word sundae; they don’t change the meaning of the root, but they add something extra to the word’s meaning. Affi xes like the prefi x in- and the suffi x -less are more like choco- late sauce. The prefi x in- means “not.” If you add the prefi x in- to visible, you get the word invisible, meaning “not able to be seen.” Although the root idea remains the same—to be seen—adding the prefi x in- changes the entire meaning of the word. Before we take a closer look at the different parts of words, let’s try a few practice questions to see how much you already know. PRACTICE LAP Read each sentence and answer the question that follows. 1. Please transmit this message to my friend in France. Transmit means a. send. b. sell. c. fi nd. d. mention. 6493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 546493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 54 2/12/09 4:01:35 PM2/12/09 4:01:35 PM Building Words 55 2. My dad is trying to resell his boat. Resell means a. sell before. b. not sell. c. sell again. d. give away. 3. Today is the most tranquil day we’ve had this spring. Tranquil means a. stormy. b. peaceful. c. long. d. cold. 4. The results of the contest were predetermined. Predetermined means a. determined after. b. not determined. c. determined easily. d. determined before. 5. I thought Jack was more amiable than usual today. Amiable means a. friendly. b. tired. c. angry. d. dangerous. Check your answers at the end of the chapter. How did you do? BREAK IT DOWN Before you can start to break words into roots, prefi xes, and suffi xes, it helps to refresh your understanding of syllables. Syllables are letters or combina- tions of letters that produce a single sound. Most syllables are somewhere between one and fi ve letters long, and every syllable must have only one vowel sound or diphthong. (Vowel sounds are discussed in greater detail in 6493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 556493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 55 2/12/09 4:01:35 PM2/12/09 4:01:35 PM Express Review Guides: SPELLING 56 Chapter 4.) The word prevented, for example, has three syllables, each with only one vowel sound—pre-vent-ed. When you pronounce the word aloud, you can feel the three different breaking points in the word. In this case, each part of speech in the word gets its own syllable; pre- is the suffi x, vent is the root, and -ed is the suffi x. Most roots, prefi xes, and suffi xes are either one or two syllables long, so breaking the word down into syllables is a good way to fi gure out which word part is which. It is important to remember, though, that words can have more than one prefi x and suffi x. For example, the word unremittingly is an adverb that means “persistently.” The root of unremittingly is mit. The word has two prefi xes (un- and re-) and two suffi xes (-ing and -ly). Once you learn to recognize common prefi xes, suffi xes, and roots, you can easily take words apart to uncover their meanings. Here are some rules to help remember where to divide syllables: Divide between two consonants. Examples: com / ment fur / nish man / ner out / fi t con / trol Divide after the vowel if it has a long sound. Examples: de / light A / pril be / gin ta / ble Divide after the consonant if the vowel has a short sound. Examples: gov / ern gath / er lav / ish Aug / ust 6493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 566493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 56 2/12/09 4:01:35 PM2/12/09 4:01:35 PM [...]... (ĕd´ĭ-bəl) exceed (ĕk´sēd) excusable (ĕk-skyûz´ə-bəl) fashionable (fă´shən-ə-bəl) fiction ((fĭk´shən) fictional (fĭk´shən-əl) goodness (gŏŏd´nĭs) hyphenated (hī´fən-āt-ĭd) incredible (ĭn-krĕd´ə-bəl) incredulous (ĭn-krĕd´yû-ləs) instinctual (ĭn-stĭnkt´-y - l) introduce (ĭn-trō-düs´) invisible (ĭn-vĭz´ə-bəl) nonfiction (nŏn´fĭk-shən) omnipotent (ŏm-nĭ´pō´tĭnt) omnivore (ŏm´nĭ-vôr) omnivorous (ŏm´nĭ´vôr-əs)... as one-way street, dog-eared page, or two-year-old boy with words that describe job titles or family relationships, such as editor-in-chief, mother-in-law, or half-brother after the prefixes ex-, self-, and all- (ex-husband, self-employed, allencompassing), as well as before the suffix -elect (president-elect, governor-elect) when joining a prefix to a capitalized word, such as mid-Atlantic or un-American... amazement (ə-māz´mĕnt) amiable (ā´m - bəl) audible (ô´dĭ-bəl) base (bās) bearable (bâr´ə-bəl) 6493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 65 2/12/09 4:01:37 PM 66 Express Review Guides: SPELLING chronic (krŏn´ĭk) comfortable (kŭmft´ər-bəl) compound (kŏm-pownd) confide (kŭn´fīd) cooperatively (k - p´ər-ə-tĭv-lē) counterpart (kown´tər-pärt) credible (krĕd´ĭ-bəl) credit (krĕd´ĭt) digestible (dī-jĕst´ə-bəl) disable (dĭs-ā´bəl)... suffix intro- The prefix intro- means “in, into, or within.” re- The prefix re- means “back or again.” 6493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 67 2/12/09 4:01:38 PM 68 Express Review Guides: SPELLING 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 in-, -al The prefix in- means “not,” and the suffix -al means “action or process.” -ment The suffix -ment means “action or process.” pre- The prefix pre- means “before.” counter- The prefix... counter- means “against.” -ness The suffix -ness means “state, condition, quality, or degree.” re-, -ive The prefix re- means “back or again,” and the suffix -ive means “performing or tending toward.” co-, -at, -ive, -ly The prefix co- means “with, together, or jointly.” The suffix -at (or -ate) means “to make, to cause to be, or become,” the suffix -ive means “performing or tending toward,” and the suffix-ly... (prē-də-tər´mĭnd) prefix (prē´fĭkz) prepare (prə-pâr´) prevented (prə-vĕnt´ĭd) proceed (prō-sēd´) recede (rə-sēd´) recess (rē´sĕs) repulsive (rē-pŭl´sĭv) 6493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 66 2/12/09 4:01:38 PM Building Words 67 resell (rē´sĕl) reversible (rē-vərs´ə-bəl) revert (rē-vərt´) root (rüt) suffix (sŭ´fĭkz) syllables (sĭl´ə-bəlz) tranquil (trăn´kwĭl) transmit (trănz-mĭt´) unable (ŭn-ā´bəl) unlikely (ŭn-līk´lē)... toward,” and the suffix-ly turns the word into an adverb mother-in-law Mother-in-law is a specific family title, so all the words are hyphenated very happy Very is an adverb that modifies the word happy; no hyphen is required Japanese-American Ethnic designations like Japanese-American should be hyphenated seven-year-olds In the phrase seven-year-olds, the noun is implied; in this case, the words should... mid-Atlantic or un-American with fractions and double-digit numbers that are represented by more than one word, such as one-half, two-thirds, or eighty-three (Note: this hyphenation rule applies only to the numbers twenty-one through ninety-nine For example, three hundred and forty-three thousand.) to combine numbers with nouns, as in fifty-dollar ticket, four-year term to avoid confusion, as when combining... 6493_LE_Spelling(FIN).indd 61 2/12/09 4:01:36 PM 62 Express Review Guides: SPELLING ask in shock “This seems to go against all known laws of nature!” The reason is this: In the phrase ten-year-old, the noun is implied It is a unique case in which, for some mysterious reason, over the years, the adjective phrase ten-year-old has become accepted as a noun So to repeat: When the phrase [number]-year-old comes before the noun... unremittingly (ŭn-rē-mĭt´ĭng-lē) valuable (văl´yû-bəl) visible (vĭz´ĭ-bəl) vision (vĭzh´ən) ANSWERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 a send The root mit means “send” and the prefix trans- means “across.” You would transmit a message to someone c sell again The prefix re- means “again.” b peaceful The root word qui means “quiet”; therefore, a tranquil day would be a peaceful day d determined before The prefix pre- means . (hī´f ən-āt-ĭd) incredible ( ĭn-krĕd´ə-bəl) incredulous ( ĭn-krĕd´yû-ləs) instinctual ( ĭn-stĭnkt´-y - l) introduce ( ĭn-trō-düs´) invisible ( ĭn-vĭz´ə-bəl) nonfi ction (nŏn´f ĭk-shən) omnipotent (ŏm-n ĭ´pō´tĭnt) omnivore. Review Guides: SPELLING 66 chronic (krŏn´ĭk) comfortable (kŭmft´ ər-bəl) compound (kŏm-pownd) confi de (kŭn´fīd) cooperatively (k - p´ ər-ə-tĭv-lē) counterpart (kown´t ər-pärt) credible (kr ĕd´ĭ-bəl) credit. (sôr) 6493_LE _Spelling( FIN).indd 496493_LE _Spelling( FIN).indd 49 2/12/09 4:01:33 PM2/12/09 4:01:33 PM Express Review Guides: SPELLING 50 sore (sôr) stationary (stā´sh ən-âr-ē) stationery (stā´sh ən-âr-ē) tail