Lý thuyết ô tô part 1 pps

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d 96 = >L3 > $ : 3> Q B > J 1:7 : K ! ! K : F :a + '$, ! 1D # %* D > > Q B + +0 = >L3 > D 1:7 = :E '( B Q %3 S' K 3@ ( S' :E 2B :E % /H/ > + - " A1 :E % /H/ - " A1 7$ 1* 23 #$ % ! " R - # 2h= %( 71 ih= L     =      +          −      7$ > e ÷ 0fg >e ÷ g >e ÷ g ( * /3 + D (         I93 / / + '$, `$ : ' :; $?$ D :E #1 ", >j $ ! k + '$, `$ ( @ : ' :; $?$ D :E + '$, "0 k 7' ( 71 2/1 ) * * $" ' "0 D :E 3@ * #0 9! / > $0 ! + '$, / D %( : + D k IJ - :W ! / e l / $ - /0 / ! 1+ 1/ 5/ = = ^ = I93 I - - "Q / / 5/ K f f 5/ k 1+ 1/ 234 / k + '$, $?$ Rm 9* > $?$ :n) / n' / / 5/ $ - / 5/ D :W / / e l / o 5/ e lp / / e l / 5/ e lp / + +0 = >L3 /1 / 5/ / 5/ ! ! , K ( ! 56 '( !* 89 :& - ; '( < & - ; R Q B D :E '( 2/ P E L3 o 71 η η η η e Y0wf e Y0uw e Y0ug e Y0uu f +!? @ + ' ! 56 5+ 1/ 234 F " 2/ 5R > + +0 = >L3 $=# P ! ! /3 + D ' $ 5R e 5/ η e 5/ η w ) Y 5+ 1/ 5R = %* : 1 ( c ]$ $=# %* x ` " 2/ :E " 2/ r !$ %* J) ( cR a ]$ $=# + +0 E "X c 5R : 9" cR ; c & +5 i( cR K ( >L3 ) $= " 2/ - ) Q ( J %* " 2/ - ( >L3 ) $= cR + +0 = >L3 ( Q $=# # $=# :] ) E = I93 - 9> k " > η = D :E :! ( cR Y # yE ' ' > + E 41 - # ,= 9> e 9" # 9" " > 1:7 " 2/ IJ = h$ O Q3 $A )( < 2( * 6( * L( M & +8 N( 7& O =# > P( 7& O "! "5 + B η # @ E +, ( 345 ( ! : ;8 * > ( $ & +5 " ( ( & 9F ! ! &" ( % & +5 6( ; &" & +5 # &" )( ; &" H & +5 " 2( K& Q $ # &"( L( ; Q % ! ! D "& ( )( R S "! "5 & 9F ! ! D "& ( 2( ; Q , ( 6( ; Q ( f '( + ' " & # &"( < :& )* # A( + ' B % #$ < :& * + +0 = >L3 - # $=# M F :a ) 2z ` " 2/ : ) Q " , ! " "X @ K ' " 10 >{ 7$ ϕ $ " ,) M " 2/ - # ) A 1+ 1/ 234 5R 9! E 9$=] J E R - + +0 = >L3 > + # $=# :] ) E ]$ - 'Q= > + +0 = >L3 $=# 96 3@ _= 9 E ^7 ' " ϕ ` " 2/ :E ?' ` ( >L3 ) $= ( @ ' @ #1 ) 2z ` " 2/ :E :E Q 9K d D %* " 2/ - IQ 9K d D K 9K " 10 >{ 7$ [ϕ ϕ= ϕ _ z - # M %$ 7' " ( 7' :A # K $=# :E $ I$= F" 2/ + + ; ) B " ` " 2/ :E IJ + D - #2 ! ( >L3 ) $= ( /3 ]$ > " ` " 2/ :E cR e ϕ [ϕ f ' ` +0 = >L30 > Q B * $ > Q @ ) ' $ K | ) Q ( d - J1 %* " 2/ |e[ ϕ $ K cϕ ( " - + D cϕ e ϕ [ϕ e ϕ | q ]$ > # " 2/ > + "! L3 ) $= cR # + + $=# :] ) E ( >L3 ) $= ( cR ) Q O "X ( " cϕ ≤ ϕ ⇒ ≤ϕ M ( @ g I93 5R 1+ 1/ 234 ( @ F " 2/ A 2L IJ + D q ,= ( " cϕ S $A :E ' " ϕ : 9K " [ϕ i( >L3 ) $= E , "! E @ "F ( " cϕ }3 - # 'C %* ( >L3 cR J 9$=] 2$ ( Q $=# M _ ) Q B ( " cϕ "X B ' " ϕ0 B 9K " [ϕ B Q :E 3@ 2/ 30 # B ( " cϕ - # %a 3@ " - :,$ = 'C %* ]$ _$ # B 9K " :E = >L3 : 96 4) 96 _$ ` " ) - :,$ 3 4) >~1 :E " ) " ) * - :,$ L) 4) d 61 " " "X L) # B ' " ; - # 4) 61 9K ) * =" 61 E : " 2/ # B 9K " [ϕ F ' = >L3 r %a _$ # 'C %* " 9K = >L3 'C %* 93 ! M /* C & #@ < :& * ^7 ' " ) * $ : ]$ = $ yA 7$ :A 7$ " 2/ I9@ > +0 E 0 ) d • R ,$ ",$ : c * $ : ]$ > 'C %* > Q 9K %* " 2/0 ) '$, 93 )0 $=# 2/0 ` " 2/ :E R B ) '$, ) F 93 ) M" _$ ' " ϕ B @ 9! - M %_ %_ @ Q1 2$ [ 9! ) '$, F 93 )1 @ 9! ' " ϕ @ E , ) '$, > $=6 %a :E J 3@ ) yA $=# 2/ B M ' " Q1 J J K& Q )( D& # @ > R T D U +5T 9D % > W $ # &" !T 2( ! !T D Q >' V H & : & 9F & MQ F ) '$, :A Q 9K d D %* " 2/ :E ' " E > 71 ' " - F 96 D :E ' " ! 93 ) d %K D 93 ) d $=# " 2/0 > 7$ ϕ2 ; - ' " 93 ) d X1 d - :E ) d %K K 7' " > 7$ ϕ= # ϕ2 %a ) ) )> $ Q , %a 2/ E >L3 2/ ' $ > - 2/ ' $ ) D 3 €$ ( > " ( " cϕ 2/ ' $ $ " 9K " F 2/ ' $ [ϕ - #2 ! E ' " ϕ2 I93 /3 "Q ϕ = ϕ s ϕ 'C %* ' " 9$ "M 0) * $ : 3@ i3@ ( : M 9@ "6 + , ^7 ' " ϕ2 Y0t k Y0u Y0fg k Y0qg Y0g k Y0s Y0 k Y0q Y0 k Y0f Y0q k Y0g k > + : '@ k E k ) 'L > + k E k> + k E ^7 ' " : ( " - { • + > c ωo i( Q L3 c o !* 2$, ( Q ' $ | 5‚ 5l "! "5 & ! ! % , $ >3 ! " ω ; 9F $=# ( K B cl c‚ [' α [ 3'α | 5R [ ( α 5‚ 5l cl c1 I96 ' [ k 9K " 2/ c> k ( >L3 ) $= F " 2/ cl k ( Q B F " 2/ "! cl k ( Q B F " 2/ 5l k 1+ 1/ Q B F " 2/ "! 5l k 1+ 1/ Q B F " 2/ cω k ( Q > + > c ‚ k ( Q 2/ $=# c k ( Q F 1- >L3 > + + >L3 13| | k ( ) ) $= %* " 2/ "! : /* , * R " 2/ $=# 96 'W 2$, ( Q B %* '3 '3 :E : ]$ :E ]$ $=# + + @ :a ) 2z ` " 2/ :E i( Q B ) ' %3 - '( " %@ ): %3 ' F "] ) 2z ` ) : I - # ( Q B 3@ ( %* " 2/ J ) > 2/ $=# : - # /3 + D cl e cl ƒ cl t I93 c l e | l„ cl e | l u l„ l k ^7 ' Q B F " 2/ "! : " 2/ I93 - # l el el R c l e | ƒ | l e [ l 3'α w 93 -α R + + k = >L3 $=# 96 X1 cl e [ l Y ^7 ' Q B ) * $ : 2/0 , 3@ I93 ) @1 : : \ uY >1n 0g 1n' ' l 9! ' $ i3@ ^7 ' Q B l i3@ ^7 ' Q B l k ( Y0Y g k Y0Y u k , > + Y0Y g k Y0Yfg k "6 + Y0Y k Y0Y g k , E Y0YgY k Y0 gY k 9Q Y0Y f k Y0YfY k Y0 Y k Y0fY 1* & * R + + k = >L3 $=# ) h ) _ 96 % 9K + + k = >L3 'W [ 3'α k %* d [b αk %* '3 '3 [ 3'α h= ) Q cl F " 2/ E : ' $ [b α - E :E + + k = >L3 > % K c e[b α 5D % = :E :E ( |0| F ]$ ( - $=# Q % # 2/0 ' ( + +0 Q 9F '( Q B cl $=# c E R + + k = >L3 2$ % 2/0 z - c - : 9; x 98 %,$ ƒ : > 2$ % c IJ " #$ D Y0 = >L3 $=# 96 % cψ e cl ±c e [ l 3'α ± [ b α e [ ψel± q k 7' Q P h$ O )( XQ 2( ? # 6( K& L( R S N( XQ P( XQ # " % Mc - a $=# %,$ k - # ]$ :E 2/ ( ]$ $=# :A= > 2/ % Q P > l 3'α ± b α ≈ [ l ± e [ ψ f > + + k = >L3 $=# % Q3 $A @ &" H & +5 &" & +5 " Q $ # &"( "! "5 & 9F ! ! D "& @ & +& O Q , ( @ & +& O Q ( " ( ( ( c ++k f %$ "Q )( ; Q ! ( 2( ; & ! ! D "& 6( ; Q " ( L( * % ! ! D "& G* R ( - % % ( * + + k = >L3 $=# 93 1+ > + > 'W h= '( %! $=# ) _ C > + > " + > :E $=# + + k = >L3 I > 7$ ( Q = cω i( = F h1 %7 Q %7 + + k = >L30 1 > 3Q - # ' $ ω: c ω e R … :Y g I93 Rk 7' Q > + > ) * $ : M %@ , "] + +0 1A > + > ' n1q :Y k :A ` + + : > + > 1n' …k%7 Q %7 + + k = >L3 k % M $ + + k = >L3 ) d :$+ - :E 9* %K z ^7 ' Q > + > R + + k = >L3 = P 93 ) @1 : 9, $j /3 %@ > K z † + :A Q : = >L3 - %@ > K > + 41 z $=# F ,) ( Q > + > # "O :E %@ > K Q3 # Q1 ( Q > + > I $=# ` ++: > + > :Y e : ± : s : k :A ++ : k :A },$ ƒ > ]$ $=# ++: $ },$ k > + + $=# a ]$ I ' R… K h Q > + > : > 7$ ‡ ‡eR… t IJ cω cω e ‡ :Y u y7 ! A 2ˆ % Q %7 … ) ]$ > - > B :M 93 ( 'C %* + D _ z † + :A Q …e ^ † + %$ ! … e Y0u Y ^ ]$ E , + +o Y ^ ]$ E , + +o ]$ 'F ++ R }7 9! ' $ Q S +& %7 O fY f … : Q h Q > + ! !( > ‡ K /3 R ' n1q … ‡ ' n1 † + %$ ! Y0 Y k Y0fg 0s k 0u Y0f k Y0w Y0qY k Y0gY 0g k 0Y Y0s k 0Y † + :A Q Y0sY k Y0tY f0Y k g0Y 0u k f0g †+ F> Y0 g k Y0qY q0g k s0g 0Y k 0s †+ $ Y0 f k Y0 g 0Y k 0f Y0 f k Y0 u R + + k = >L3 - 61 13M 7' Q > + > R B w k fg Z0 $j /3 13- - " ' = :E + + k = >L3 H* I '( !* R + + k = >L3 $=# > + P ! $=# ,= F z B = Q1 'W 2$, ( L3 ! + + k = >L3 ... /( +, ( # I K- / ! -1 '' #1 "7 $?$ 1 N '' :; Q R B '' :; + :