grubers complete sat guide 2009 phần 6 pptx

506 • GRAMMAR AND USAGE REFRESHER 11a Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Don runs slowly. (modifies verb) Emily is an extremely gifted pianist. (modifies adjective) Eric Heiden skates incredibly well. (modifies adverb) 11b The five kinds of adverbs are classified by the questions they answer. How? Adverbs of manner. She sings well. He speaks clearly. Where? Adverbs of place or direction. Take me home. She was just here. He went out. When? Adverbs of time. Bring it immediately. I’ll see you tomorrow. How much? Adverbs of degree or mea sure. That’s enough. A little more, please. Why? Adverbs of cause, reason, or purpose. He left because he was afraid. I have ten dollars, so we can go out. 11c The following words can be either adjectives or adverbs, depending on their use. above fast only better first slow cheap hard well deep long early much The sign said to drive slow. (adverb) Slow drivers can be dangerous. (adjective) Mark Spitz can swim better than I can. (adverb) Lucy feels better now. (adjective) Chapter 11: Modifiers (continued)— Adverbs, Adverbial Phrases and Clauses 347-705.qxd:22678_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 506 11d Distinguish carefully when an adverb should follow a linking verb and when a predicate adjective should be used to follow the linking verb. Sharon looks bad. (predicate adjective meaning that Sharon doesn’t look healthy) Miguel looks badly. (adverb meaning that Miguel is doing a poor job looking for something) Carmen smells sweet. (predicate adjective meaning that Carmen has a sweet scent) Roses smell sweetly. (adverb incorrectly meaning that roses sniff the air sweetly!) 11e While speaking, one may incorrectly drop the “ly” ending from common adverbs. I’m real glad you called. (Correct: I’m really glad you called.) He sure is lucky. (Correct: He surely is lucky.) Do not drop the “ly” ending unless a shorter form is correct. I bought it cheaply. (Or: I bought it cheap.) Come quickly! (Or: Come quick!) The adverbs “hardly,” “scarcely,” “only,” and “barely” should not be used with a negative verb construction. Ernie has hardly any free time. (Not: Ernie hasn’t hardly any free time.) Rose and I have scarcely worked this week. (Not: Rose and I haven’t scarcely worked this week.) 11f An adverb may show greater or lesser degrees of its characteristic quality. Peter arrived early. Adam came earlier than Peter. Amy came earliest of all. The positive degree simply names the quality expressed by an adverb. Stephanie runs quickly. The comparative degree indicates that the quality described by an adverb exists for one person or thing to a greater or lesser degree than for another person or thing. New air conditioners run more efficiently than old ones. Nat draws less well than Monica. The comparative degree of adverbs is formed by inserting “more” or “less” before the positive degree form, unless there is an irregular form for the comparative degree. Charles works more diligently than Mark. Barbara gets angr y less often than Steven. This ster eo sounds better than mine. (irregular form) GRAMMAR AND USAGE REFRESHER • 507 347-705.qxd:22678_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 507 508 • GRAMMAR AND USAGE REFRESHER The superlative degree indicates the quality described by the adverb exists in the greatest or least degree for one person or thing. Ben works most carefully when someone is watching. Elaine explained the problem the most clearly. His was the least carefully written report. The superlative degree of adverbs is formed by inserting “most” or “least” before the positive degree form. Who was voted “most likely” to suceed”? Tracy Austin played least skillfully during the first set. When two persons or things are being compared, the comparison should be clear. I love chocolate more than Umberto does. (Not: I love chocolate more than Umberto. Such an incomplete comparison might be interpreted to mean that I love chocolate more than I love Umberto.) 11g An infinitive or an infinitive phrase may be used as an adverb. Robert was willing to go. (infinitive used as adverb) I am writing to explain my behavior last night. (infinitive phrase used as adverb) 11h A prepositional phrase may be used as an adverb. We left for the weekend. The old man sat on the park bench. The coach supported his team in every way. 11i A subordinate clause may be used as an adverb. Mrs. Maurillo forgot her umbrella when she left. Because they cooperated with him, the president thanked several members of Congress. 11j An adverb or an adverbial phrase should be placed as close as possible to the word it modifies. Joanne worked without complaining while her husband went to school. (Not: Joanne worked while her husband went to school without complaining.) Note how an adverbial misplacement may change the meaning of a sentence. The room can be painted only by me. (not by anyone else) The room can only be painted by me. (not wallpapered) Only the room can be painted by me. (not the outside of the house) 347-705.qxd:22678_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 508 11k An adverbial clause may be placed either at the beginning of a sentence or, in its natural order, after the main clause. After you have read this letter, you will understand my reasons. You will understand my reasons after you have read this letter. Note: An adverbial clause is followed by a comma when it is used to introduce a sentence. 11l Adverbial phrases and clauses should be placed so that only one meaning is possible. After the movie we all agreed to go for some ice cream. (Or: We all agreed to go for some ice cream after the movie. (Not: We all agreed after the movie to go for some ice cream.) Ask Kay to call me when she gets in. (Or: When she gets in, ask Kay to call me). (Not: Ask Kay when she gets in to call me.) GRAMMAR AND USAGE REFRESHER • 509 347-705.qxd:22678_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 509 510 • GRAMMAR AND USAGE REFRESHER 12a A connective joins one part of a sentence to another part. Phillip and Dennis are giving a concert to night. (The connective “and” joins the two parts of the compound subject.) Did you go out, or did you stay home last night? (The connective “or” joins the two in de pen dent clauses.) The banks are closed because today is a holiday. (The connective “because” joins the main clause to the subordinate clause.) The investigation of the robbery has been completed. (The connective “of” joins the noun “robbery” to the noun “investigation.”) 12b A connective may be a preposition, a conjunction, an adverb, or a pronoun. Josie left her scarf on the bus. (preposition) Mr. Fernandez campaigned for the presidency, but he lost. (conjunction) Kevin looked back because someone was shouting. (conjunction) Ernie left his home an hour ago; therefore, he should be here any minute. (adverb) The letter that was mailed this morning should arrive tomorrow. (pronoun) 12c Prepositions as connectives A preposition may be a word or a compound. A compound consists of two or more words that function as one word. Come over here. (word) Women live longer than men according to statistics. (compound) 12d A preposition joins a noun or pronoun to the rest of the sentence. prep. One of the windows is broken. (noun) prep. Josh is worried about his health. (noun) prep. These bags have nothing in them. (pronoun) Choosing the correct preposition is often based on idiomatic usage—that is, the way En glish is used, whether or not it contradicts strict grammatical rules. Chapter 12: Connectives 347-705.qxd:22678_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 510 12e Some commonly used prepositional idioms are the following: absolve from [blame] abstain from [drinking] accede to [a request] accommodate to [a situation] accompanied by [a lady (a person)] accompanied with [applause (a thing)] account for [one’s actions] account to [one’s superior] acquit of [a crime] adapted to [his requirements] adapted from [a novel] adept in [selling a product] adequate to [the demand] adequate for [her needs] agree to [a proposal (an idea)] agree with [the teacher (a person)] amenable to [an offer] angry with [my cousin (a person)] angry at [a remark (a thing)] annoyed by [the noise (a thing)] annoyed with [the child (a person)] appreciative of [their efforts] averse to [hard work (an idea)] basis for [agreement] capable of [getting high marks] concur with [the mayor (a person)] concur in [the decision (an idea)] confer with [someone (a person)] confer about [something (a thing)] conform to [the rules] correspond to [what I said (a thing)] correspond with [his lawyer (a person)] differs from [her sister (a person)] differs with [what was done (a thing)] disappointed in [you (a person)] disappointed with [the result (a thing)] enter into [an agreement] enter upon [a career] excepted from [further responsibility] exempt from [taxes] expect from [your investment (a thing)] expect of [his assistant (a person)] familiar to [me (a person)] familiar with [the proceedings (a thing)] free of [his wife (a person)] free from [her nagging (a thing)] identical with [something else] ignorant of [his rights] incompatible with [fellow workers] in de pen dent of [his relative] infer from [a statement] involved in [a project (a thing)] involved with [a friend (a person)] liable to [damages (a thing)] necessity for [food (a thing)] GRAMMAR AND USAGE REFRESHER • 511 347-705.qxd:22678_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 511 necessity of [avoiding trouble (doing something)] proficient in [a skill] profit by [knowledge] responsible to [the own er (a person)] responsible for [paying a debt (a thing)] talk to [the group (one person talks)] talk with [my friends (all talk)] variance with [another] wait at [the church (a place)] wait for [your uncle (a person)] worthy of [consideration] 12f Prepositions should not be used needlessly. Where is your brother? (Not: Where is your brother at?) Where are you going? (Not: Where are you going to?) Pete started on another project. (Not: Pete started in on another project.) We agreed to divide the house work. (Not: We agreed to divide up the house work.) Prepositions are sometimes left out by mistake. Irene talked to me about her new job and about why she left her old one. (Not: Irene talked to me about her new job and why ) Dr. Rosen was puzzled by and concerned about Ellen’s nightmares. (Not: Dr. Rosen was puzzled and concerned about ) Note: Two different prepositions are needed for this last sentence. 12g Conjunctions as connectives A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. Nixon and Agnew ended their po liti cal careers by resigning. (words joined) The mouse ran out of the kitchen and into the living room. (phrases joined) Casino gambling in Atlantic City has helped some, but it has hurt others. (clauses joined) Sally has the ability to do the job; however, she has too many personal problems. (sentences joined) 12h Conjunctions are coordinate, correlative, or subordinate. A coordinate conjunction and a correlative conjunction connect grammatical elements of equal rank. A subordinate conjunction connects grammatical elements of unequal rank. 12i Coordinate conjunctions include the following words in order to connect two equal elements. and, but, or, nor, so, yet On our vacation we will go to Boston or to Cape Cod. (two phrases) My two favorite colors are blue and green. (two words) I told Stanley that I couldn’t leave my house, so he should come over to night. (two subordinate clauses) Phil was eager to try the new restaurant, but he moved away before trying it. (two in de pen dent clauses) 512 • GRAMMAR AND USAGE REFRESHER 347-705.qxd:22678_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 512 GRAMMAR AND USAGE REFRESHER • 513 12j Correlative conjunctions include the following word pairs in order to connect two equal elements. either or, neither nor, not only but also, both and, if . . . then, since therefore Take either the dark meat or the light meat. (two words) Not only has Rick quit school, but he has also left town. (two in de pen dent clauses) Both the Baltimore Orioles and the Pittsburgh Pirates won the pennant in 1979. (two words) I have seen her neither in the movies nor on tele vi sion. (two phrases) Note: The correlative conjunctions “neither . . . nor” should never be written “neither . . . or.” Each member of the pair of correlative conjunctions must be followed by the same grammatical construction. same construction Woody Allen is not only a good comedian but also a good film director. different construction (Not: Woody Allen not only is a good comedian but also a good film director.) same construction Either we should spend the night here or we should leave right now. different construction (Not: Either we should spend the night here or leave right now.) 12k Conjunctive adverbs A conjunctive adverb may be considered a type of coordinate conjunction. Conjunctive adverbs include the following words which serve to connect two equal elements. therefore, however, consequently, accordingly, furthermore, besides, moreover, nevertheless, still Although the clause introduced by a conjunctive adverb is grammatically in de pen dent, it is logically dependent on the preceding clause for complete meaning. A storm knocked down our electric wires; therefore, we had to eat by candlelight. A bad traffic accident ahead of us caused us to be delayed; nevertheless, we made the party on time. You have not paid your rent for six months; accordingly, I am going to see a lawyer. In de pen dent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb should be separated by a semicolon (;) or a period. Frank and Marty delayed their vacation one week; consequently, I was able to join them. The judge awarded custody of the child to its mother. Moreover, the judge set strict guidelines for visiting privileges. Certain phrases may act as conjunctive adverbs. Eunice wanted to buy a fur coat; on the other hand, she was trying to save money for a car. We saw many interesting towns and cities on our tour. In addition, we met several nice people. 347-705.qxd:22678_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 513 12l Join only the same parts of speech with coordinate conjunctions or with correlative conjunctions. Faulty parallelism will result if different parts of speech are combined. Correct: Jim’s day consisted of waking up early, working all day, and going back to bed. (three gerund phrases) Faulty: Jim’s day consisted of waking up early, working all day, and then to go back to bed. (two gerund phrases combined with an infinitive phrase) Correct: The president’s plan was a disappointment not only to the leaders of big business, but also to the leaders of organized labor. (two prepositional phrases) Faulty: The president’s plan was a disappointment not only to the leaders of big business, but also the leaders of organized labor. (one prepositional phrase and one noun) 12m Connecting elements of unequal rank A less important idea should be put into a subordinate clause; the more important idea should be expressed in the main or in de pen dent clause. main idea subordinate idea Bill is going to work for his father, although he was offered other jobs. 12n Subordination may be introduced by a subordinate conjunction, by a relative pronoun, or by a relative adverb. Eva will want to go straight to bed after she comes back from her exercise class. (subordinate conjunction) I bought the sneakers that you wanted. (relative pronoun) We saw the house where they filmed “Gone with the Wind.” (relative adverb) A subordinate conjunction introduces an adverbial clause. My mother can knit a sweater while she watches tele vi sion. (adverbial clause tells when) Tell me what he looks like so that I’ll recognize him. (adverbial clause tells why) 12o Some relative pronouns introduce adjective clauses. Everyone wants a job that he likes. The woman who walked across the United States has written a book about her experience. Bobby gave Connie a new tennis racket, which she needed. Other relative pronouns introduce noun clauses. Tell me what you did. This book has what ever you want to know about scuba diving. Invite whomever you like. 12p A relative adverb introduces an adjective clause. Do you remember the night when we locked ourselves out of the house? Chris will be at the place where we met him last time. 514 • GRAMMAR AND USAGE REFRESHER 347-705.qxd:22678_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 514 GRAMMAR AND USAGE REFRESHER • 515 A, an. The indefinite article a is used before a consonant sound; the indefinite article an is used before a vowel sound. Say a plan, an idea. Accept, except. Accept means to receive; except when used as a verb means to leave out. (We accepted the gift. Pedro’s name was excepted from the honor roll.) The word except is used most often as a preposition. Everyone went except me. Affect, effect. Affect is a verb which means to influence. (Winning the sweepstakes will affect his attitude.) Effect, as a noun, means an influence. (Smoking has an effect on one’s health.) Effect, as a verb means to bring about. (The teacher’s praise effected a change in the student.) Affected, as an adjective, has the meaning of false. (She had an affected way of speaking.) Aggravate, irritate. Aggravate means to make worse. (Drinking iced water will aggravate your cold.) Irritate means to annoy or exasperate. (Mary’s continuous chattering irritated me.) Ain’t. Do not use this expression. Already, all ready. Already means before or by a certain time. (Mike said that he had already done the job.) All ready means completely ready. (When the buzzer sounded, the horses were all ready to start running.) All right, alright. The only correct spelling is all right. Altogether, all together. Altogether means entirely, wholly. (Jane is altogether too conceited to get along with peo- ple.) All together means as a group. (After the explosion, the boss was relieved to find his workers all together in front of the building.) Among, between. Among is used with mor e than two persons or things. (The manager distributed the gifts among all of the employees.) Between is used only with two persons or things. (The steak was divided between the two childr en.) Amount, number. Amount is used to refer to things in bulk. (The war costs a great amount of money.) Number is used to refer to things that can be counted. (A large number of pupils attend this school.) And etc. This is incorrect. The abbreviation etc. stands for the Latin et cetera. The et means and; the cetera means other things. It is wrong to say and etc. because the idea of and is already included in the etc. Anyways, anywheres, everywheres, somewheres. These expressions are not correct. Omit the final s after each. As, like. As, used as a conjunction, is followed by a verb. (Please do it as I told you to.) Like may not be used as a conjunction. If it is used as a preposition, it is not followed by a verb. (This ice cream looks like custard.) Awful. See Terrific, terrible. Being that. Being that is incorrect for since or because. (Since you are tired, you ought to rest.) Beside, besides. Beside means alongside of; besides means in addition to. (Nixon sat beside Autry at the baseball game.) (There is nobody besides her husband who understands Ann.) Chapter 13: Correct Usage: Choosing the Right Word “The difference between the right word and the almost- right word is the difference between light- ning and the lightning bug (firefly).” —Mark Twain 347-705.qxd:22678_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 515 [...]... easy for you to locate any Correct Usage explanation whatsoever 347-705.qxd:2 267 8_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 521 GRAMMAR AND USAGE REFRESHER • 521 There, 6h Throw, 7j To be, 5u Transitive verb, 3m, 3p; 9j Us, 5t Verb, 4a–1; active voice, 4f; with collective noun, 6b; with interrogative pronoun, 6i; with predicate noun, 6j; passive voice, 4f; principal parts, 7j; progressive form, 7i; of sentence,... 347-705.qxd:2 267 8_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 522 347-705.qxd:2 267 8_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 523 PA R T 9 THE SAT WRITING TEST A major feature of SAT, the new Writing test will include a direct writing sample and multiplechoice questions that require recognition of the conventions of standard written English, appropriate diction, and effective and logical expression The SAT Writing test... readers on a 1 6 scale If the readers’ scores differ by more than two points, the test will be evaluated by a third reader We know from our experience with the SAT II: Writing test that fewer than 2 percent of all scored essays require a third reader The rubric for the SAT Writing section will be similar to the one used for the previous SAT II: Writing Test, which follows: 347-705.qxd:2 267 8_0347-0402.qxd... one-third of the total SAT Writing Test score If the two readers’ scores are more than two points apart, a third reader resolves the discrepancy (Each reader gave the essay a score of 6. ) Sample Essays Reproduced below is a topic used on an SAT Writing Test You will also see the Scoring Guide for Readers of Student Responses to the Writing Subject Test and actual students’ essays The Scoring Guide, shown on... require students to recognize errors Sentence-correction questions will require recognition of errors and selection of the correct rephrasing 347-705.qxd:2 267 8_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 524 524 • THE SAT WRITING TEST The SAT Writing Section The SAT Writing section will measure a student’s mastery of developing and expressing ideas effectively It will include both multiple-choice items and an essay... YOU MUST STOP WRITING THE ESSAY DO NOT GO ON TO ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST YOU MAY MAKE NOTES ON THIS PAGE, BUT YOU MUST WRITE YOUR ESSAY ON THE ANSWER SHEET 347-705.qxd:2 267 8_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 5 26 5 26 • THE SAT WRITING TEST Here are some more sample Essay topics: Consider carefully the following statement and the assignment below it Then, plan and write your essay as directed “Outrageous... 8e; 10 l–n; present, 8h; subject of, 5u; with linking verb, 3o; with that, 8h Interjection, 1h Interrogative pronoun, 5j, 6i Interrogative sentence 3b Intransitive verb, 3n, 3p It, 6h Its, it’s, 5v Know, 7j Lay, 7j Lie, 7j Linking verb, 3p, 3o Look, 3o Main clause, 2b Many, 6c, 6d Misplaced modifier, 10t Modifiers, 10a–s, 11a–l; adjective, 1d, 10c; adverb, 1e, 11a; dangling, 10k, 10n; misplaced, 10t;... 347-705.qxd:2 267 8_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 529 THE SAT WRITING TEST • 529 The Writing Sample Essays with a Total Score of 12 Writing sample essays are read and scored by “readers,” high school and college teachers who have experience with the writing demonstrated by students at the end of high school They do not expect polished compositions Two readers score each essay on a 6- point scale, with 6 as... clause, 10q Nor, or, 6e–g Noun, 1a; abstract, 5f; appositive, 5w; case, 5q; clause, 2b; collective, 5a; common, 5c; concrete, 5e; direct object, 4i; gender, 5o; indirect object, 4j; infinitive, 8e; with linking verb, 3n; number, 5p; phrase, 2c; predicate, 4h; with preposition, 1f; proper, 5b; subject, 3i Number, 6a–k; indefinite pronouns, 6c–d; noun and pronouns, 5p; subject-verb agreement, 6a; verb, 4b Objective... 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 532 532 • THE SAT WRITING TEST Request this office be notified when your activity’s supply of paper clips, wire, steel gem pattern, large type 1, stock No 7510 -63 4 -65 16, falls below 30-day level prescribed in AFR 67 -1, Vol II, Section IV, subject: Office Supplies Requisition will be submitted as expeditiously as possible to preclude noncompliance with appropriate directives Judging from . 3i Number, 6a–k; indefinite pronouns, 6c–d; noun and pro- nouns, 5p; subject- verb agreement, 6a; verb, 4b Objective case, 5s–u Of, 5v Or or nor, 6e–g Own ership, 5v Parenthetical phrase, 6k Participle,. 1h Interrogative pronoun, 5j, 6i Interrogative sentence 3b Intransitive verb, 3n, 3p It, 6h Its, it’s, 5v Know, 7j Lay, 7j Lie, 7j Linking verb, 3p, 3o Look, 3o Main clause, 2b Many, 6c, 6d Misplaced modifier,. 7j You, 5t 347-705.qxd:2 267 8_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 521 347-705.qxd:2 267 8_0347-0402.qxd 5/1/08 4:10 PM Page 522 PART 9 THE SAT WRITING TEST A major feature of SAT, the new Writing test