How the japanese learn to work 2nd edition - part 9 pptx

[...]...158 How the Japanes learn to work experience Middle-school leavers can go directly to a grade 1 test after 12 years’ work experience, instead of 14! QUALIFICATION AND STATUS It may be worth underlining what was said earlier about the Japanese system of sector-specific qualifications and the attempt of the British NCVQs to fit all qualifications into a five-level hierarchy It relates to quite basically... (Financial Times, 3 September 198 7) One is on safer ground, however, in examining public expenditure on formal education Table 7.1 shows the distribution of total expenditure 162 How the Japanes learn to work (expenditure by schools, universities, etc and the administrations that run them) in 199 3, between type of school and between public and private providers The total public-plus-private sum involved was... items also include the cost of equipping academic high schools with the wherewithal to carry out the domestic science teaching made compulsory for both sexes in the early 199 0s It appears, however, that the total of central (one-third) and prefectural (two-thirds, though the proportions are reversed for Okinawa) expenditure budgeted for the Technical High Schools proper in 199 4 came to about ¥25,000... as brain-father or champion of the team’s initiative—as the one who scores the goals while discreetly giving others the credit—that a good civil servant gets noticed Bureaucratic sectionalism tends to break down when issues are politically sensitive, so that the Government’ has to be seen to be doing something Then the Liberal Democratic Party begins to intervene, and the Minister may cease to be just... But for the private schools which provide 93 per cent of the provision (or rather, spend 93 per cent of the money on a rather higher percentage of the pupils), fees are of the same order as at the private universities BUDGETS AND THE ‘REVEALED PRIORITIES’ OF POLICY As Table 7.1 shows, public expenditure is overwhelmingly important for the primary and junior secondary segment 98 per cent of the total... all the research facilities of ‘their’ Ministry at their disposal in return for their loyalty) on the Commission itself There was something of a public concern with VET in the late 195 0s and early 196 0s when the economy began to take off and employers began to complain of shortages of skilled labour—especially those in the small-firm sector who could not afford expensive initial training and who had to. .. greater than the fees paid for private tutors or the juku devoted to improving school performance (At the middle school level Public expenditure on VET 163 the balance tips right the other way; three times as much for cram schools as for the arts and graces.) At a rough estimate this household expenditure at the pre-university level adds another half a trillion to the ¥28 trillion quoted above the sum which... bureau when the ministry is formulating its proposals in early summer, and over those initiatives that ministry competes with ministry in the lobbies of the Ministry of Finance—privately all through the autumn and then publicly all through the winter between the publication of the first draft and the final 168 How the Japanes learn to work third draft spending plan And for individual careers, too, it is... very few exceptions the high-prestige universities are in the public sector The 80/20 public/private division of high school expenditure 164 How the Japanes learn to work has remained more or less stable for a decade, although it has to be remembered that the failure of the state to provide free high school education for all is still a political issue, and it would be surprising if the published statistics... at the beginning of their career, at least, primary school teachers are paid more than bottom-of -the- ladder university assistants How far is vocational education specifically favoured in the distribution of resources? The answer would seem to be: not to any great extent The 62 Colleges of Technology for ages 15–21 are certainly more liberally budgeted than ordinary high schools—they have a pupil-teacher . unrelated to the place of work of the examinee. In 199 4, 686 took the test, with a pass rate of 30 per cent. The skill certificate is meant to motivate employees at the dealers by enhancing the public. were four times as likely to have such a scheme as firms with 30 99 employees) (Rodosho 199 1). The consensus seems to be that the purpose of these schemes is not primarily to ‘tie their employees’ tail’,. test the skills of workers according to objective criteria and to publicly attest to the standards attained, thereby providing workers with objectives to strive for, enhancing their motivation to