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Passive Voice 1.Form: Be + PII ( V-ed) Active : S + V + O Passive : S + tobe + PII + (By O) (Tense) Table of English tense in passive voice Tenses Active Passive Simple present S + V(es/s) + O Ex: He reads books everyday. S + am/is/are + PII +(byO) Ex: Books are read(by him) everyday Simple continous S+ am/is/are +V-ing + O Ex: He is reading books. S + am/is/are + being + PII (by O) Ex: Books are being read (By him) Present Perfect S + has/have + V_ed + O Ex: He has read books. S + has/ have + been + PII + By O Ex: Books has been read (by him) Simple Past S + V-ed + O. Ex: He read books S + was/were + PII + by O. Ex: He was read books (by him) Past continuous S + was/were + V-ing + O Ex: He was reading books S + was/were + being + PII + (by O) Ex: Books were being read (by him) Past Perfect S + has/have + PII + O Ex: He has been read books S + has/have + been PII + (by O) Ex: Books has been read (by him) Simple Future S + will/shall V(bare) + O S + will/shall + be PII + (by O) Future Continuous S + will/shall + be V-ing + O S + will/shall + being + PII + (by O) Future Perfect S + will have PII + O S + will/shall + have been + PII + (by O) Simple conditional S + would V + O Ex: He would read books S + would be + PII + (by O) Ex: Books would be read (by him) Modal Verbs (MV) In Passive Voice. Modal verbs can be used in either the present or past form. Form : Modal + Be + PII Active : S + MV(not) + V + O Passive : S + MV(not) + be PII + (By O) Ex : We can’t solve this problem This problem can’t be solved Passive Voice with Causative Form Active: S + have/has + O1 + V(BI) + O2 S + get + O1 + V( to-infinitive) + O2 Passive: S + has/have/get + O2 + PII Ex: My father had Tom wash his car My father had his car washed by Tom. Other infinitive combinations in passive voice Verbs of linking/loving/wanting/wishing + Object + infinitive form their passive with the passive infinitive. Active: S + V + O1 + to-infinitive + O2 Passive: S + V + O + tobe + PII Ex: He wants someone to take photographs. He wants photographs to be taken. Such verbs as : “bave/let/make/bear/see/watch/feel/observe” are used in the following passive structure. Ex: The gravity makes things drop down. Things are made to drop down by the gravity. Note: The verds following “let” does not bear “to” in the passive sentence. Other infinitive combinations after the passive : After acknowledge/assume/believe/claim/consider/estimate/feel/find/know/ report/say/think/understand …, we use the infinitve construction. Simple Infinitive: If the time in the infinitive passive is the same as that of the main active verb. Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + O Passive: It + tobe + PII + that + S2 + V2 +(O) S2 + tobe + PII + to V + (O) Ex : People said he was jealous of her It is said that he was jealous of her He was said to be jealous of her * Other Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive. Example: he says – it is said Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know). Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men. Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common. Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men. The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped). Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence. Other gerund combinations in the passive voice With advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest + Gerund + O Active: S + V + V-ing + O Passive: S + V + that + S + should be + PII Ex: He recommended using bullet-proof glass He recommened that bullet-proof glass should be used Active: S + V + O + V-ing Passive: S + V + being + PII + By O Ex: I remembered ,y father taking me to the zoo I remembered being taken to the zoo by my father. Active: S + V + to-infitive + O Passive: S + V + Tobe + PII + by O Ex: She started to learn English 5 years ago. English started to be learnt 5 years ago. Active: S + V + V-ing + O Passive: S + V + being + PII + O Ex: She started learning English 5 years ago English started being learnt 5 years ago. 2.Use of Passive Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action Note: When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped). . Passive Voice 1.Form: Be + PII ( V-ed) Active : S + V + O Passive : S + tobe + PII + (By O) (Tense) Table of English tense in passive voice Tenses Active Passive Simple present . combinations in passive voice Verbs of linking/loving/wanting/wishing + Object + infinitive form their passive with the passive infinitive. Active: S + V + O1 + to-infinitive + O2 Passive: S +. cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal