Process Engineering Equipment Handbook Episode 3 Part 1 pdf

The gears are carburized, hardened, and ground. Normally single helical gears are used. They are calculated in accordance with MAAG design criteria, or to AGMA, ISO, or API standards, with a service factor of not less than 1.1. The shafts are supported in babbitted lined bearings. Each shaft may be provided with an integral thrust bearing. The gears can be equipped with thrust cones to compensate the gear thrust and to transfer thrust loads from one shaft to the other. The basic gear design options are shown in Fig. P-70. Design details Tooth modifications. Gears and pinions under load suffer elastic deflections and their temperatures are raised unevenly. Deformations and thermal expansion have detrimental effects on the tooth engagement. The tooth flanks are therefore modified during grinding to achieve an ideal load distribution at the rated load and speed. Compensation for thermal effects is absolutely vital on high-speed gears. Journal bearings. Pressure-lubricated three- or four-lobe bearings provide excellent load capacity and journal stability. Gears that operate at extreme velocities are equipped with direct lubricated tilting pad radial bearings. P-116 Power Transmission FIG. P-62 Components of the MS-85-S clutch coupling. (Source: MAAG Gear Company.) Power Transmission P-117 Thrust bearings. Standard tilting pad thrust bearings with direct lubrication are provided if required. They are always located at the free shaft ends. Thrust cones. The thrust faces are slightly cone-shaped and surface hardened and ground. They are lubricated by oil from the meshing teeth. FIG. P-63 Schematic of the MS-85-S in a working assembly. (Source: MAAG Gear Company.) FIG. P-64 Automatic turning gear clutch type MS-8-T installed in gearbox between turning gear and pinion shaft. (Source: MAAG Gear Company.) Geared systems The choice of the basic gear design is governed by the disposition of the machinery installation and the type of couplings and clutches used. The careful choice of gear and couplings may reduce the number of thrust bearings and hence the overall losses (e.g., Fig. P-71B and C). Flexible couplings. Gear couplings or diaphragm couplings are used to absorb shaft misalignments and axial heat expansions (Fig. P-71A). Quill shafts. Flexible shafts are axially rigid and able to transmit thrust loads. They can compensate for small shaft misalignments. Where short lengths are important the quill shafts are placed in bores through the gear shafts (Fig. P-71B and C). Clutches. Standard synchronous clutch couplings are used for automatic disengagement and reengagement. When engaged, these form-fitted geared clutches have identical characteristics to a gear-type coupling (Fig. P-71D). These clutches can be quill shaft mounted to reduce length (Fig. P-71E). Rigid flanges. Rigid flanges are only recommended where satisfactory shaft alignment can be maintained or with special layouts, e.g., where machinery rotors are supported at the input end by the gear bearings (Fig. P-71F). Instrumentation The standard instrumentation includes: ᭿ One thermocouple or RTD on each radial bearing ᭿ Two thermocouples or RTDs on each thrust bearing, loaded side ᭿ Provisions for mounting two probes (90° apart) on each shaft (input/output side) ᭿ Provisions on casing for mounting two accelerometers P-118 Power Transmission FIG. P-65 Design principle of MAAG freestanding synchronous clutch couplings. (Source: MAAG Gear Company.) Power Transmission P-119 FIG. P-66 Clutch assembly and components. (Source: MAAG Gear Company.) FIG. P-67 Clutch coupling MS-36-J in a working assembly. (Source: MAAG Gear Company.) P-120 Power Transmission FIG. P-68 MS-14 clutch coupling assembly. (Source: MAAG Gear Company.) FIG. P-69 Schematic of MS-14 clutch coupling in a working assembly. (Source: MAAG Gear Company.) Power Transmission P-121 Hydrodynamic Power Transmission* Types of power transmission 1. Mechanical transmission (power-grip toothed-belt drive) (see Fig. P-72) 2. Hydrostatic power transmission (displacement-type transmission) (see Fig. P-73) 3. Hydrodynamic power transmission (converter) (see Fig. P-74) The circular/elliptical shapes in Figs. P-73 and P-74 symbolize some fluid particles. Their shape is meant to illustrate: ᭿ Utilization of the pressure in hydrostatic power transmissions. ᭿ Utilization of the mass forces in hydrodynamic power transmissions. FIG. P-70 Basic gear designs. (Source: MAAG Gear Company.) * Source: J.M. Voith GmbH, Germany. P-122 Power Transmission FIG. P-71 Examples of geared systems. (Source: MAAG Gear Company.) Power Transmission P-123 Hydrodynamic power transmissions—also called turbotransmissions or hydrokinetic drives—are hydraulic converters. These converters change the speed and torque between input and output shafts steplessly and automatically. The energy is transmitted by a fluid as medium power transmissions fundamentally differ from all other power transmissions. This applies in particular to all mechanical power transmissions. Fluids readily fill any available space, move easily, and can transmit pressure in all directions. These peculiarities have, for a long time already, made fluids the most valuable agents to transmit and transform energy for technical applications. While it is typical of hydrostatic power transmissions to transmit pressure (displacement-type transmission), it is a main characteristic of the hydrodynamic power transmissions that they utilize the mass forces of circulating operating fluids. Figures P-75 and P-76 are a simplified schematic arrangement of the blading of a hydrodynamic power transmission (torque converter). Fig. P-75: pump impeller (inner varied annulus) and turbine wheel (outer bladed annulus) Fig. P-76: guide blades (reaction member) (aerofoil shapes illustrated) The guide blades of this converter are rigidly connected to the converter shell (casing). The casing is filled with the operating fluid. Pump impeller and turbine wheel are rigidly attached on the shafts. FIG. P-72 Mechanical transmission (power-grip toothed-belt drive). (Source: J. M. Voith GmbH.) P-124 Power Transmission FIG. P-73 Hydrostatic power transmission (displacement-type transmission). (Source: J. M. Voith GmbH.) [...]... shaft) 1, primary wheel; 2, secondary wheel; 3, shell; 4, scoop tube housing; 5, oil sump; 6, oil circulation pump; 7, scoop tube (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) TABLE P- 13 Coupling Types in Service Quantity Type 10 3 3 10 2 4 2 3 2 3 1 562SVLIII R17K R15K550 866SVNL R10K-API R12K 315 -API R12K 315 -API R15K550-API 464SVL-API 464SVL-API R12K 315 -API Power of Each Pump 2700 31 34 4000 14 60 802 512 6 83 2980 11 93 13 8 8... Power Transmission 10 4 10 5 10 6 P -1 43 10 7 FIG P -10 4 The converter circuit (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) FIGS P -10 5, P -10 6, P -10 7 GmbH.) Three methods of influencing the converter circuit (Source: J M Voith P -14 4 Power Transmission 10 8 10 9 11 0 11 1 FIGS P -10 8, P -10 9, P -11 0, P -11 1 Influencing the converter circuit using mechanical elements (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) Power Transmission P -14 5 FIG P -11 2 A simplified... FIG P -10 1 Compressor drive in a coal-pilot gasification plant Type R18KGS—API, ne = 14 90 rpm, P = 7 .3 MW, na = 10 ,548 rpm (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) FIG P -10 2 Design of a Voith hydrodynamic geared variable-speed coupling R1KGS (API) and coupling selection chart (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) P -14 1 P -14 2 Power Transmission FIG P -1 03 Compressor drive in an ethylene process plant Type R16KGS—API, ne = 14 90 rpm,... of particular interest for the drive of crude-oil and liquidgas pumps: P -15 0 Power Transmission FIG P -12 1 A bulk oil cargo terminal in the desert with a Voith type R17KGL geared variable-speed coupling Pa = 7,000 kW, na = 13 7 2 rpm (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) FIG P -12 2 A bulk cargo oil loading station in Juaymah with a Voith R19KGL geared variable-speed coupling designed for the following data: Pa = 11 ,000... dynamic pressure P -14 6 Power Transmission FIG P -1 13 Power diagram for type SVNL variable-speed couplings (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) FIG P -11 4 Cross-section of a type SVL hydrodynamic variable-speed coupling 1, primary wheel; 2, secondary wheel; 3, shell; 4, coupling housing; 5, oil sump; 6, oil circulation pump; 7, scoop tube; 8, circulation control valve (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) FIG P -11 5 Power diagram... P -12 9 P- 13 0 Power Transmission FIG P-78 Hydrodynamic power transmission: operating principle cutaway (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) Power Transmission FIG P-79 Gears: force-locked connection between gears (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) FIG P-80 Hydrodynamic power transmission: circulating fluid provides connection between input and output ends (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) P- 13 1 P- 13 2 Power Transmission 82 81 83. .. 89 93 90 94 91 95 92 96 FIGS P-89, P- 93, P-97 Power absorbed by converters is constant (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) FIGS P-90, P-94, P-98 Power absorbed by converters drops at certain speeds (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) FIGS P- 91, P-95, P-99 Power absorbed by converters drops (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) FIGS P-92, P-96, P -10 0 Power absorbed by converters increases (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) P- 13 8 97 98 99 10 0... (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) FIGS P-92, P-96, P -10 0 Power absorbed by converters increases (Source: J M Voith GmbH.) P- 13 8 97 98 99 10 0 P- 13 9 P -14 0 Power Transmission the plant designer and the coupling manufacturer at the beginning of the project See also Figs P -10 1 through P -1 03 Scope for varying the characteristics and the connection of hydrodynamic power transmissions The simplest version of a hydrodynamic... 2700 31 34 4000 14 60 802 512 6 83 2980 11 93 13 8 8 6 83 kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW Pump Speed 34 95 rpm 410 2 rpm 6000 rpm 14 45 rpm 8950 rpm 5295 rpm 5026 rpm 6200 rpm 35 85 rpm 35 64 rpm 5026 rpm directly from the primary shaft by means of a mechanical gear Deviations from this standard arrangement are sometimes necessary and can be provided in order to meet particular plant conditions Connections to the... flexible connecting couplings that allow for angular displacement Figure P -1 13 illustrates transmission capacities in relation to speed Type SVL Type SVL variable-speed couplings are suitable for driving fastrunning machines of high power, such as boiler feed pumps, centrifugal compressors, and pipeline pumps (see Figs P -11 4 and P -11 5) To meet such requirements, the design features of this type of coupling . J. M. Voith GmbH.) FIG. P- 83 As oil has no teeth, hydrodynamic converters provide vibrational isolation. (Source: J. M. Voith GmbH.) 81 82 83 Power Transmission P- 13 3 FIG. P-84 Schematic component. M. Voith GmbH.) P- 13 2 Power Transmission FIG. P- 81 Part of the tractive effort curve of a converter. (Source: J. M. Voith GmbH.) FIG. P-82 Hydrodynamic power can run driven equipment steplessly. P-68 MS -14 clutch coupling assembly. (Source: MAAG Gear Company.) FIG. P-69 Schematic of MS -14 clutch coupling in a working assembly. (Source: MAAG Gear Company.) Power Transmission P -12 1 Hydrodynamic