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weight MEK (methyl ethyl ketone) deoiling. { waks liquid on the tray under consideration. Symbol- ized N We3 .{va ¯ иbər ¦nəmиbər thre ¯ }frakиshəna ¯ иshən} wax manufacturing [ CHEM ENG ] A petroleum web plate [ ENG ] A steel plate that forms the web of a beam, girder, or truss. { web pla ¯ t}refinery process similar to wax fractionation for the manufacture of oil-free waxes by chilling and wedge [ DES ENG ] A piece of resistant material whose two major surfaces make an acute angle.crystallization from a solvent. { waks manи əfakиchəиriŋ } [ ENG ] In ultrasonic testing, a device which di- rects waves of ultrasonic energy into the test wax master See wax original. { waks masиtər} wax original [ ENG ACOUS ] An originalrecording piece at an angle. { wej } wedge bit [ DES ENG ] A tapered-nose noncoringmade on a wax surface and used to make a mas- ter. Also known as wax master. { waks ərijи bit, used to ream out the borehole alongside the steel deflecting wedge in hole-deflection opera-ənиəl} way point See via point. { wa ¯ po ˙ int } tions. Also known as bull-nose bit; wedge reaming bit; wedging bit. { wej bit } ways [ CIV ENG ] 1. The tracks and sliding tim- bers used in launching a vessel. 2. The building wedge bonding [ ENG ] A type of thermocom- pression bonding in which a wedge-shaped toolslip or space upon which the sliding timbers or ways, supporting a vessel to be launched, travel. is used to press a small section of the lead wire onto the bonding pad of an integrated circuit. [ MECH ENG ] Bearing surfaces used to guide and support moving parts of machine tools; may be { wej ba ¨ ndиiŋ } wedge core lifter [ MECH ENG ] A core-grippingflat, V-shaped, or dovetailed. { wa ¯ z} wear [ ENG ] Deterioration of a surface due to device consisting of a series of three or more serrated-face, tapered wedges contained in slot-material removal caused by relative motion be- tween it and another part. { wer } ted and tapered recesses cut into the inner sur- face of a lifter case or sleeve; the case is threaded wearing course [ CIV ENG ] The top layer of sur- facing on a road. { werиiŋko ˙ rs } to the inner tube of a core barrel, and as the core enters the inner tube, it lifts the wedges up weather bar See water bar. { wethиər ba ¨ r} weathered joint See weather-struck joint. { ¦wethи along the case taper; when the barrel is raised, the wedges are pulled tight, gripping the core.ərd ¦jo ˙ int } weather observation radar See weather radar. { wej ¦ko ˙ r lifиtər} wedge photometer [ ENG ] A photometer in{ wethиər a ¨ bиzərva ¯ иshən ra ¯ da ¨ r} weatherometer [ ENG ] A device used to subject which the luminous flux density of light from two sources is made equal by pushing into thearticles and finishes to accelerated weathering conditions; for example, a rich ultraviolet source, beam from the brighter source a wedge of ab- sorbing material; the wedge has a scale indicat-water spray, or salt water. { wethиəra ¨ mиədиər} weatherproof [ ENG ] Able to withstand expo- ing how much it reduces the flux density, so that the luminous intensities of the sources may besure to weather without damage. { wethиər pru ¨ f } compared. { wej fəta ¨ mиədиər} wedge reaming bit See wedge bit. { wej re ¯ mи weather radar [ ENG ] Generally, any radar which is suitable or can be used for the detection of iŋbit } wedging [ ENG ] 1. A method used in quarryingprecipitation or clouds. Also known as weather observation radar. { wethиər ra ¯ da ¨ r } to obtain large, regular blocks of building stones; a row of holes is drilled, either by hand or by weather resistance [ ENG ] The ability of a mate- rial, paint, film, or the like to withstand the ef- pneumatic drills, close to each other so that a longitudinal crevice is formed into which a gentlyfects of wind, rain, or sun and to retain its appear- ance and integrity. { wethиərrizisиtəns } sloping steel wedge is driven, and the block of stone can be detached without shattering. weather strip [ BUILD ] A piece of material, such as wood or rubber, applied to the joints of a 2. The act of changing the course of a borehole by using a deflecting wedge. 3. The lodging ofwindow or door to stop drafts. { wethиər strip } weather-struck joint [ CIV ENG ] A horizontal two or more wedge-shaped pieces of core inside a core barrel, and therefore blocking it. 4. Thejoint in a course of masonry in which the mortar at the upper edge has been pressed in, forming material, moss, or wood used to render the shaft lining tight. { wejиiŋ }a convex surface that sheds water. Also known as weathered joint. { wethиər strək jo ˙ int } wedging bit See wedge bit. { wejиiŋbit } weep hole [ CIV ENG ] A hole in a wood sill, re- web [ CIV ENG ] The vertical strip connecting the upper and lower flanges of a rail or girder. taining wall, or other structure to allow accumu- lated water to escape. { we ¯ p ho ¯ l} [ MECH ENG ] For twist drills and reamers, the central portion of the tool body that joins the weighing rain gage [ ENG ] A type of recording rain gage, consisting of a receiver in the shapeloads. { web } web angle See chisel-edge angle. { web aŋиgəl } of a funnel which empties into a bucket mounted upon a weighing mechanism; the weight of the Weber number 3 [ CHEM ENG ] A dimensionless number used in interfacial area determination catch is recorded, on a clock-driven chart, as inches of precipitation; used at climatologicalin distillation equipment, equal to the surface tension divided by the product of the liquid den- stations. { wa ¯ иiŋra ¯ nga ¯ j} weight [ MECH ] 1. The gravitational force withsity, the acceleration of gravity, and the depth of 613 weight barometer which the earth attracts a body. 2. By exten- wellhead [ CIV ENG ] The top of a well. { wel hed } sion, the gravitational force with which a star, well logging [ ENG ] The technique of analyzing planet, or satellite attracts a nearby body. and recording the character of a formation pene- {wa ¯ t} trated by a drill hole in petroleum exploration weight barometer [ ENG ] A mercury barometer and exploitation work. { wel la ¨ gиiŋ } which measures atmospheric pressure by wellpoint [ CIV ENG ] A component of a wellpoint weighing the mercury in the column or the cis- system consisting of a perforated pipe about tern. { wa ¯ tbəra ¨ mиədиər} 4 feet (1.2 meters) long and about 2 inches weighting [ ENG ] The artificial adjustment of (5 centimeters) in diameter, equipped with a ball measurements to account for factors that, in the valve, a screen, and a jetting tip. { welpo ˙ int } normal use of the device, would otherwise be wellpoint system [ CIV ENG ] A method of keep- different from conditions during the measure- ing an excavated area dry by intercepting the ments. { wa ¯ dиiŋ } flow of groundwater with pipe wells located weighting network [ ENG ACOUS ] One of three around the excavation area. { welpo ˙ int sisи or more circuits in a sound-level meter designed təm} to adjust its response; the A and B weighting well-regulated system [ CONT SYS ] A system networks provide responses approximating the with a regulator whose action, together with that 40- and 70-phon equal loudness contours, re- of the environment, prevents any disturbance spectively, and the C weighting network provides from permanently driving the system from a state a flat response up to 8000 hertz. { wa ¯ dиiŋnet in which it is stable, that is, a state in which it wərk } retains its structure and survives. { wel ¦regи weightlessness [ MECH ] A condition in which yəla ¯ dиəd sisиtəm} no acceleration, whether of gravity or other force, well shooting [ ENG ] The firing of a charge of can be detected by an observer within the system nitroglycerin, or other high explosive, in the bot- in question. Also known as zero gravity. tom of a well for the purpose of increasing the { wa ¯ tиləsиnəs} flow of water, oil, or gas. { wel shu ¨ dиiŋ } weight-loaded regulator [ ENG ] A pressure-reg- well-type manometer [ ENG ] A type of double- ulator valve for pressure vessels or flow systems; leg, glass-tube manometer; one leg has a rela- the regulator is preloaded by counterbalancing tively small diameter, and the second leg is a weights to open (or close) at the upper (or lower) reservoir; the level of the liquid in the reservoir limit of a preset pressure range. { wa ¯ t ¦lo ¯ dиəd does not change appreciably with change of regиyəla ¯ dиər} pressure; a mercury barometer is a common ex- weight thermometer [ ENG ] A glass vessel for ample. { wel ¦tı ¯ pməna ¨ mиədиər} determining the thermal expansion coefficient welt [ BUILD ] 1. In sheet-metal roofing, a seam of a liquid by measuring the mass of liquid consisting of two joined sheets of metal whose needed to fill the vessel at two different tempera- edges have been folded over each other and tures. { wa ¯ t thərma ¨ mиədиər} fastened down flat. 2. A strip of wood fastened weir [ CIV ENG ] A dam in a waterway over which over a flush seam or joint for added strength. water flows, serving to regulate water level or [ ENG ] A strip that has been fastened to the measure flow. { wer } edges of plates that form a butt joint in a steam weld gage [ ENG ] A device used to check the boiler. { welt } shape and size of welds. { weld ga ¯ j} Wentworth quick-return motion See turning-block welding tip [ ENG ] A replaceable nozzle for a gas linkage. { wentwərth kwik ri¦tərn mo ¯ иshən} torch used in welding. { weldиiŋtip } Weston standard cell [ ELEC ] A standard cell welding torch [ ENG ] A gas-mixing and burning used as a highly accurate voltage source for cali- tool for the welding of metal. { weldиiŋto ˙ rch } brating purposes; the positive electrode is mer- weld-interval timer [ ENG ] A device used to con- cury, the negative electrode is cadmium, and the trol weld interval. { weld ¦inиtərиvəl tı ¯ mиər} electrolyte is a saturated cadmium sulfate solu- weld line See flow line. { weld lı ¯ n} tion; the Weston standard cell has a voltage of weld mark See flow line. { weld ma ¨ rk } 1.018636 volts at 20ЊC. { wesиtən stanиdərd weldment [ ENG ] An assembly or structure sel } whose component parts are joined by welding. Westphal balance [ ENG ] A direct-reading in- { weldиmənt } strument for determining the densities of solids well [ BUILD ] An open shaft in a building, ex- and liquids; a plummet of known mass and vol- tending vertically through floors to accommo- ume is immersed in the liquid whose density is date stairs or an elevator. [ ENG ] A hole dug to be measured or, alternatively, a sample of into the earth to reach a supply of water, oil, the solid whose density is to be measured is brine, or gas. { wel } immersed in a liquid of known density, and the well core [ ENG ] A sample of rock penetrated in loss in weight is measured, using a balance with a well or other borehole obtained by use of a movable weights. { westfo ˙ l balиəns } hollow bit that cuts a circular channel around a wet and dry bulb thermometer See psychrometer. central column or core. { wel ko ˙ r} { ¦wet ən ¦drı ¯ bəlb thərma ¨ mиədиər} well drill [ MECH ENG ] A drill, usually a churn wet blasting [ ENG ] Shot firing in wet holes. { wet blastиiŋ }drill, used to drill water wells. { wel dril } 614 wide-flange beam wet-bulb thermometer [ ENG ] A thermometer wetting agent [ CHEM ENG ] A substance that in- creases the rate at which a liquid spreads across having the bulb covered with a cloth, usually a surface when it is added to the liquid in small muslin or cambric, saturated with water. { wet amounts. { wedиiŋa ¯ иjənt } ¦bəlb thərma ¨ mиədиər} wet well [ MECH ENG ] A chamber which is used wet cell [ ELEC ] A primary cell in which there is for collecting liquid, and to which the suction a substantial amount of free electrolyte in liquid pipe of a pump is attached. { wet wel } form. { wet sel } whaler See waler. { wa ¯ lиər} wet classifier [ ENG ] A device for the separation wharf [ CIV ENG ] A structure of open construc- of solid particles in a mixture of solids and liquid tion built parallel to the shoreline; used by ves- into fractions, according to particle size or den- sels to receive and discharge passengers and sity by methods other than screening; operates cargo. { wo ˙ rf } by the difference in the settling rate between Wheatstone bridge [ ELEC ] A four-arm bridge coarse and fine or heavy and light particles in a circuit, all arms of which are predominately re- tank-confined liquid. { wet klasиəfı ¯ иər} sistive; used to measure the electrical resistance wet collector See scrubber. { wet kəlekиtər} of an unknown resistor by comparing it with a wet cooling tower [ MECH ENG ] A structure in known standard resistance. Also known as which water is cooled by atomization into a resistance bridge; Wheatstone network. { we ¯ t stream of air; heat is lost through evaporation. sto ¯ n brij } Also known as evaporative cooling tower. { wet wheel [ DES ENG ] A circular frame with a hub at ku ¨ lиiŋtau ˙ иər} the center for attachment to an axle, about which wet drill [ MECH ENG ] A percussive drill with a it may revolve and bear a load. { we ¯ l} water feed either through the machine or by wheelbarrow [ ENG ] A small, hand-pushed ve- means of a water swivel, to suppress the dust hicle with a single wheel and axle between the produced when drilling. { wet ¦dril } front ends of two shafts that support a boxlike wet engine [ MECH ENG ] An engine with its oil, body and serve as handles at the rear. Also liquid coolant (if any), and trapped fuel inside. known as barrow. { we ¯ lbarиo ¯ } { wet enиjən} wheel base [ DES ENG ] The distance in the di- wet grinding [ MECH ENG ] 1. The milling of ma- rection of travel from front to rear wheels of a terials in water or other liquid. 2. The practice vehicle, measured between centers of ground of applying a coolant to the work and the wheel contact under each wheel. { we ¯ l ba ¯ s} to facilitate the grinding process. { wet wheel dresser [ ENG ] A tool for cleaning, re- ¦grı ¯ ndиiŋ } sharpening, and restoring the mechanical accu- wet hole [ ENG ] A borehole that traverses a racy of the cutting faces of grinding wheels. water-bearing formation from which the flow of { we ¯ l dresиər} water is great enough to keep the hole almost wheeled crane [ MECH ENG ] A self-propelled full of water. { wet ho ¯ l} crane that rides on a rubber-tired chassis with wet mill [ MECH ENG ] 1. A grinder in which the power for transportation provided by the same solid material to be ground is mixed with liquid. engine that is used for hoisting. { we ¯ ld kra ¯ n} 2. A mill in which the grinding energy is devel- wheel load capacity [ CIV ENG ] The capacity of oped by a fast-flowing liquid stream; for exam- airfield runways, taxiways, parking areas, or road- ple, a jet pulverizer. { wet mil } ways to bear the pressures exerted by aircraft or wet scrubber [ ENG ] A device designed to clean vehicles in a gross weight static configuration. a gas stream by bringing it into contact with a { we ¯ l lo ¯ dkəpasиədиe ¯ } liquid. { wet skrəbиər} wheel sleeve [ DES ENG ] A flange used as an wet sleeve [ MECH ENG ] A cylinder liner which adapter on precision grinding machines where is exposed to the coolant over 70% or more of the hole in the wheel is larger than the machine its surface. { wet sle ¯ v} arbor. { we ¯ l sle ¯ v} wet slip [ CIV ENG ] An opening between two white coat [ BUILD ] The finishing coat in plas- wharves or piers where dock trials are usually tering. { wı ¯ t ko ¯ t} conducted, and the final fitting out is done. Whitworth screw thread [ DES ENG ] A British { wet slip } screw thread standardized to form and dimen- wetted-wall column [ CHEM ENG ] A vertical col- sion. { witwərth skru ¨ thred } umn that operates with the inner walls wetted whr See watt-hour. by the liquid being processed; used in theoretical wicket dam [ CIV ENG ] A movable dam con- studies of mass transfer rates and in analytical sisting of a number of rectangular panels of wood distillations; an example is a spinning-band col- or iron hinged to a sill and propped vertically; umn. { wedиəd ¦wo ˙ l ka ¨ lиəm} the prop is hinged and can be tripped to drop wet-test meter [ ENG ] A device to measure gas the wickets flat on the sill. { wikиət dam } flow by counting the revolutions of a shaft upon wicking [ ENG ] The flow of solder under the in- which water-sealed, gas-carrying cups of fixed sulation of covered wire. { wikиiŋ } capacity are mounted. { wet ¦test me ¯ dиər} wide band [ ELECTR ] Property of a tuner, ampli- wetting [ ELECTR ] The coating of a contact sur- fier, or other device that can pass a broad range face with an adherent film of mercury. { wedи of frequencies. { wı ¯ d ¦band } wide-flange beam See H beam. { ¦wı ¯ d ¦flanj be ¯ m}iŋ } 615 Wiese formula Wiese formula [ ENG ] An empirical relationship than the other; often used in spiral staircases. { wı ¯ nиdər} for motor fuel antiknock values above 100 in wind guard [ CIV ENG ] A building component relation to performance numbers; basis for the that protects the building or some part of it American Society for Testing and Materials scale, against the wind, for example, a chimney cap. in which octane numbers above 100 are related { winga ¨ rd } to increments of tetraethyllead added to isooc- winding [ ELEC ] 1. One or more turns of wire tane. { ve ¯ иzəfo ˙ rиmyəиlə } forming a continuous coil for a transformer, relay, Wild fence [ ENG ] A wooden enclosure about 16 rotating machine, or other electric device. 2. A feet (4.8 meters) square and 8 feet (2.4 meters) conductive path, usually of wire, that is induc- high with a precipitation gage in its center; the tively coupled to a magnetic storage core or cell. function of the fence is to minimize eddies { wı ¯ ndиiŋ } around the gage, and thus ensure a catch which winding engine See hoist. { wı ¯ ndиiŋenиjən} will be representative of the actual rainfall or windmill [ MECH ENG ] Any of various mecha- snowfall. { wı ¯ ld fens } nisms, such as a mill, pump, or electric genera- Willans line [ MECH ENG ] The line (nearly tor, operated by the force of wind against vanes straight) on a graph showing steam consumption or sails radiating about a horizontal shaft. (pounds per hour) versus power output (kilowatt { winmil } or horsepower) for a steam engine or turbine; windmill anemometer [ ENG ] A rotation ane- frequently extended to show total fuel consumed mometer in which the axis of rotation is horizon- (pounds per hour) for gas turbines, internal com- tal; the instrument has either flat vanes (as in the bustion engines, and complete power plants. air meter) or helicoidal vanes (as in the propeller { wilиənz lı ¯ n} anemometer); the relation between wind speed winch [ MECH ENG ] A machine having a drum and angular rotation is almost linear. { winmil on which to coil a rope, cable, or chain for haul- anиəma ¨ mиədиər} ing, pulling, or hoisting. { winch } windmilling [ MECH ENG ] The rotation of a pro- winch operator See hoistman. { winch a ¨ pи peller from the force of the air when the engine əra ¯ dиər} is not operating. { winmilиiŋ } windage [ MECH ] 1. The deflection of a bullet or window [ BUILD ] An opening in the wall of a other projectile due to wind. 2. The correction building or the body of a vehicle to admit light made for such deflection. { winиdij } and usually to permit vision through a transpar- windage loss [ ENG ] In a ventilating or air-con- ent or translucent material, usually glass. ditioning system, the decrease in the water con- [ ELECTR ] A material having minimum absorp- tent of the circulating air due to the loss of en- tion and minimum reflection of radiant energy, trained droplets of water; expressed as a percent- sealed into the vacuum envelope of a microwave age of the rate of circulation. { winиdij lo ˙ s} or other electron tube to permit passage of the wind box [ ENG ] A plenum chamber that sup- desired radiation through the envelope to the plies air for combustion to a stoker, gas burner, output device. { winиdo ¯ } or oil burner. { wind ba ¨ ks } window bar [ BUILD ] 1. A bar for securing a case- windbreak [ ENG ] Any device designed to ob- ment window or window shutters. 2. A bar that struct wind flow and intended for protection prevents ingress or egress through a window. against any ill effects of wind. { winbra ¯ k} 3. See sash bar. { windo ¯ ba ¨ r} wind cone [ ENG ] A tapered fabric sleeve, wind power [ MECH ENG ] The extraction of ki- shaped like a truncated cone and pivoted at its netic energy from the wind and conversion of it larger end on a standard, for the purpose of into a useful type of energy: thermal, mechanical, indicating wind direction; since the air enters or electrical. { win pau ˙ иər} the fixed end, the small end of the cone points wind pressure [ MECH ] The total force exerted away from the wind. Also known as wind upon a structure by wind. Also known as veloc- sleeve; wind sock. { win ko ¯ n} ity pressure. { win preshиər} wind correction [ ENG ] Any adjustment which windshield [ ENG ] A transparent glass screen must be made to allow for the effect of wind; that protects the passengers and compartment especially, the adjustments to correct for the ef- of a vehicle from wind and rain. { winshe ¯ ld } fect on a projectile in flight, on sound received wind shield See rain-gage shield. { win she ¯ ld } by sound ranging instruments, and on an aircraft wind sleeve See wind cone. { win sle ¯ v} flown by dead reckoning navigation. { win wind sock See wind cone. { win sa ¨ k} kərekиshən} wind tee [ ENG ] A weather vane shaped like the wind deflection [ MECH ] Deflection caused by letter T or like an airplane, situated on an airport the influence of wind on the course of a projectile or landing field to indicate the wind direction. in flight. { win diflekиshən} Also known as landing tee. { win te ¯ } wind-direction indicator [ ENG ] A device to indi- wind tunnel [ ENG ] A duct in which the effects of cate the direction from which the wind blows; airflow past objects can be determined. { win an example is a weather vane. { win də¦rekи tənиəl} shən inиdəka ¯ dиər} wind-tunnel instrumentation [ ENG ] Measuring winder [ BUILD ] A step, generally wedge- devices used in wind-tunnel tests; in addition to conventional laboratory instruments for fluidshaped, with a tread that is wider at one end 616 wire train flow, thermometry, and mechanical measure- essentially of a buoyed wire towed at the desired depth by two launches. { wı ¯ r drag }ments, there are sensing devices capable of pre- cision measurement in the small-scale environ- wire-fabric reinforcing [ CIV ENG ] Reinforcing concrete or mortar with a welded wire fabric.ment of the test setup. { win tənиəl inиstrəи mənta ¯ иshən} {wı ¯ r ¦fabиrik re ¯ иənfo ˙ rsиiŋ } wire flame spray gun [ ENG ] A device which uti- windup [ MECH ENG ] The twisting of a shaft un- der a torsional load, usually resulting in vibration lizes the heat from a gas flame and material in the form of wire or rod to perform a flame-spray-and other undesirable effects as the shaft re- laxes. { wı ¯ ndəp } ing operation. { wı ¯ r ¦fla ¯ m spra ¯ gən} wire fusing current [ ELEC ] The electric current wind vane [ ENG ] An instrument used to indi- cate wind direction, consisting basically of an which will cause a wire to melt. { wı ¯ r ¦fyu ¨ zиiŋ kəиrənt }asymmetrically shaped object mounted at its center of gravity about a vertical axis; the end wire gage [ DES ENG ] 1. A gage for measuring the diameter of wire or thickness of sheet metal.which offers the greater resistance to the motion of air moves to the downwind position; the direc- 2. A standard series of sizes arbitrarily indicated by numbers, to which the diameter of wire ortion of the wind is determined by reference to an attached oriented compass rose. { win va ¯ n } the thickness of sheet metal is usually made, and which is used in describing the size or thickness. wing dam See groin. { wiŋdam } wingless abutment [ CIV ENG ] A straight-sided { wı ¯ r ga ¯ j} wire lath [ ENG ] A netting formed of weldedbridge abutment designed to resist pressure in back and provide a bridge seat. { wiŋиləs wire, usually with a paper backing, and used as a base for plaster. { ¦wı ¯ r lath }əbətиmənt } wing nut [ DES ENG ] An internally threaded fas- wire line [ DES ENG ] 1. Any cable or rope made of steel wires twisted together to form thetener with wings to permit it to be tightened or loosened by finger pressure only. Also known strands. 2. A steel wire rope 5/16 inch (7.94 millimeters) or less in diameter. [ ELECTR ] as butterfly nut. { wiŋnət} wing screw [ DES ENG ] A screw with a wing- One or more current-conducting wires or cables, used for communication, control, or telemetry.shaped head that can be turned manually. { wiŋskru ¨ }{wı ¯ r lı ¯ n} wire nail [ DES ENG ] A nail made of wire and winterization [ ENG ] The preparation of equip- ment for operation in conditions of winter having a circular cross section. { wı ¯ r na ¯ l} wire recorder [ ENG ACOUS ] A magnetic re-weather; this applies to preparation not only for cold temperatures, but also for snow, ice, and corder that utilizes a round stainless steel wire about 0.004 inch (0.01 centimeter) in diameterstrong winds. { winиtəиrəza ¯ иshən} wire [ ELEC ] A single bare or insulated metallic instead of magnetic tape. { wı ¯ rriko ˙ rdиər} wire recording [ ENG ACOUS ] Magnetic re-conductor having solid, stranded, or tinsel con- struction, designed to carry current in an electric cording by use of a magnetized wire. { wı ¯ rri ko ˙ rdиiŋ }circuit. Also known as electric wire. { wı ¯ r} wire bonding [ ELEC ] Lead-covered tie used to wire rope [ ENG ] A rope formed of twisted strands of wire. { wı ¯ r ro ¯ p}connect two cable sheaths until a splice is per- manently closed and covered. [ ELECTR ] 1. A wire saw [ MECH ENG ] A machine employing one- or three-strand wire cable, up to 16,000 feetmethod of connecting integrated-circuit chips to their substrate, using ultrasonic energy to weld (4900 meters) long, running over a pulley as a belt; used in quarries to cut rock by abrasion.very fine wires mechanically from metallized ter- minal pads along the periphery of the chip to { wı ¯ r so ˙ } wire scratcher See wire comb. { wı ¯ r skrachиər}corresponding bonding pads on the substrate. 2. The attachment of very fine aluminum or gold wiresonde [ ENG ] An atmospheric sounding in- strument which is supported by a captive balloonwire (by thermal compression or ultrasonic weld- ing) from metallized terminal pads along the and used to obtain temperature and humidity data from the ground level to a height of a fewperiphery of an integrated circuit chip to corres- ponding bonding pads on the surface of the kilometers; height is determined by means of a sensitive altimeter, or from the amount of cablepackage leads. { wı ¯ r ba ¨ ndиiŋ } wire cloth [ DES ENG ] Screen composed of wire released and the angle which the cable makes with the ground, and the information is teleme-crimped or woven into a pattern of squares or rectangles. { wı ¯ r klo ˙ th } tered to the ground through a wire cable. { wı ¯ rsa ¨ nd } wire comb [ ENG ] A tool for roughening a base coat of plaster in order to improve bonding of wire stripper [ ENG ] A hand-operated tool or special machine designed to cut and remove thethe next coat. Also known as wire scratcher. { ¦wı ¯ r ¦ko ¯ m } insulation for a predetermined distance from the end of an insulated wire, without damaging the wire drag [ ENG ] An apparatus for surveying rocky underwater areas where normal sounding solid or stranded wire inside. { wı ¯ r stripиər} wire tack [ DES ENG ] A tack made from wiremethods are insufficient to ensure the discovery of all existing submerged obstructions, small stock. { wı ¯ r tak } wire train [ ENG ] An assembly that normallyshoals, or rocks above a given depth or for de- termining the least depth of an area; it consists consists of an extruder, a crosshead and die, a 617 wireway means of cooling, and feed and take-up spools banded with wire, metal collars, and inserted for the wire; used to coat wire with resin. joints, used largely for municipal water supply, { wı ¯ r tra ¯ n} outfall sewers, and mining irrigation. { wu ˙ d wireway [ ENG ] A trough which is lined with sta ¯ v pı ¯ p} sheet metal and has hinged covers, designed to woofer [ ENG ACOUS ] A large loudspeaker de- house electrical conductors or cables. signed to reproduce low audio frequencies at { wı ¯ rwa ¯ } relatively high power levels; usually used in com- wire weight gage [ ENG ] A river gage in which a bination with a crossover network and a high- weight suspended on a wire is lowered to the frequency loudspeaker called a tweeter. water surface from a bridge or other overhead { wu ˙ fиər} structure to measure the distance from a point word concatenation system [ ENG ACOUS ] The of known elevation on the bridge to the water simplest form of voice response system, which surface; the distance is usually measured by retrieves previously spoken versions of words or counting the number of revolutions of a drum phrases and carefully forms them into a se- required to lower the weight, and a counter is quence without pauses, to approximate normally provided which reads the water stage directly. spoken word sequences. { wo ˙ rd kənkatиəna ¯ и { wı ¯ r wa ¯ t ga ¯ j} shən sisиtəm} wiring [ ELEC ] The installation and utilization of work [ ELEC ] See load. [ IND ENG ] The physi- a system of wire for conduction of electricity. cal or mental effort expended in the performance Also known as electric wiring. [ ENG ] A form- of a task. [ MECH ] The transference of energy ing process in which the edge of a sheet-metal that occurs when a force is applied to a body part is rolled over a wire to produce a tubular that is moving in such a way that the force has rim containing the wire. { wı ¯ rиiŋ } a component in the direction of the body’s wiring diagram See circuit diagram. { wı ¯ rиiŋdı ¯ и motion; it is equal to the line integral of the əgram } force over the path taken by the body. { wərk } wiring harness [ ELEC ] An array of insulated work breakdown structure [ IND ENG ] A hierar- conductors bound together by lacing cord, metal chy designed to organize, define, and display all bands, or other binding, in an arrangement suit- the work that must be performed in order to able for use only in specific equipment for which accomplish the objectives of a project. { ¦wərk the harness was designed; it may include termi- ¦bra ¯ kdau ˙ n strəkиchər} nations. { wı ¯ rиiŋha ¨ rиnəs} work cycle [ IND ENG ] A sequence of tasks, op- Wobbe index [ THERMO ] A measure of the erations, and processes, or a pattern of manual amount of heat released by a gas burner with a motions, elements, and activities that is re- constant orifice, equal to the gross calorific value peated for each unit of work. { wərk sı ¯ иkəl} of the gas in British thermal units per cubic foot work design See job design. { wərk dizı ¯ n} at standard temperature and pressure divided worked penetration [ ENG ] Penetration of a by the square root of the specific gravity of the sample of lubricating grease immediately after gas. { wa ¨ иbəindeks } it has been brought to a specified temperature wobble friction [ ENG ] A force that occurs in pre- and subjected to strokes in a standard grease stressed concrete when the prestressing tendon worker. { wərkt penиətra ¯ иshən} deviates from its specified profile. { wa ¨ bиəl work element [ IND ENG ] In planning a manufac- frikиshən} turing process, a single task that cannot be sub- wobble wheel roller [ MECH ENG ] A roller with divided. { wərk elиəиmənt } freely suspended pneumatic tires used in soil work function See free energy. { wərk fəŋkиshən} stabilization. { wa ¨ bиəl ¦we ¯ l ro ¯ иlər} workhead See headstock. { wərkhed } Wollaston wire [ ENG ] An extremely fine plati- working area [ IND ENG ] A portion of the work- num wire, produced by enclosing a platinum wire place in which a worker moves about while fulfill- in a silver sheath, drawing them together, and ing work tasks. { wərkиiŋerиe ¯ иə } using acid to dissolve away the silver; used in working envelope [ MECH ENG ] The surface electroscopes, microfuses, and hot-wire instru- bounding the maximum extent and reach of a ments. { wu ˙ lиəиstən wı ¯ r} robot’s wrist, excluding the tool tip. Also wood-carving tools [ DES ENG ] The tools nor- known as working profile. { wərkиiŋenи mally used in wood carving; they consist of ad- vəlo ¯ p} zes, chisels, gouges, files, and rasps, all of which working life See work life. { wərkиiŋlı ¯ f} vary in size and shape. { wu ˙ d ¦ka ¨ rvиiŋtu ¨ lz } working load [ ENG ] The maximum load that Woodruff key [ DES ENG ] A self-aligning ma- any structural member is designed to support. chine key made by a side-milling cutter in the { wərkиiŋlo ¯ d} form of a segment of a disk. { wu ˙ иdrəf ke ¯ } working pressure [ ENG ] The allowable op- wood screw [ DES ENG ] A threaded fastener erating pressure in a pressurized vessel or con- with a pointed shank, a slotted or recessed head, duit, usually calculated by ASME (American and a sharp tapered thread of relatively coarse Society of Mechanical Engineers) or API (Ameri- pitch for use only in wood. { wu ˙ d skru ¨ } can Petroleum Institute) codes. { wərkиiŋ woodstave pipe [ DES ENG ] A pipe made of nar- row strips of wood placed side by side and preshиər} 618 wrench working profile See working envelope. { wərkиiŋ work stress [ IND ENG ] Any external force that acts on the body of a worker during the perfor- pro ¯ fı ¯ l} mance of a task. { wərk stres } working Q See loaded Q. { wərkиiŋkyu ¨ } work task [ IND ENG ] A specified amount of working space-volume [ MECH ENG ] The vol- work, set of responsibilities, or occupation as- ume enclosed by a robot’s working envelope. signed to an individual or to a group. { wərk { wərkиiŋspa ¯ s va ¨ lиyəm} task } working voltage See voltage rating. { wərkиiŋ work tolerance [ IND ENG ] A time period during vo ¯ lиtij } which a worker can effectively perform a task work-kinetic energy theorem [ MECH ] The theo- without a rest period while maintaining accept- rem that the change in the kinetic energy of a able levels of physiological and emotional well- particle during a displacement is equal to the being. { wərk ta ¨ lиəиrəns } work done by the resultant force on the particle work unit [ IND ENG ] An amount of work or the during this displacement. { wərk kinedиik ¦enи result of an amount of work that is treated as ərиje ¯ thirиəm} an integer (a single piece of information) when work life [ CHEM ENG ] The period of time a resin work is being characterized quantitatively. or an adhesive will remain usable after it is mixed { wərk yu ¨ иnət} with a catalyst and other ingredients. Also world coordinates [ CONT SYS ] A robotic coordi- known as pot life; working life. { wərk lı ¯ f} nate system that is fixed with respect to the work measurement [ IND ENG ] 1. Determina- Earth. { wərld ko ¯ o ˙ rdиənиəts } tion of the difficulty of a given task by using both world modeling [ CONT SYS ] Robot program- physiologic and biomechanical parameters to ming that allows the system to perform complex evaluate compatibility of available motions with tasks, based on stored data. { wərld ma ¨ dиəlи motions required to perform the task. 2. See iŋ } ergonometrics. { wərk mezhиərиmənt } worm [ DES ENG ] A shank having at least one work of adhesion See adhesional work. { wərk əv complete tooth (thread) around the pitch sur- adhe ¯ иzhən} face; the driver of a worm gear. { wərm } work package [ IND ENG ] The amount of work worm conveyor See screw conveyor. { wərm required to complete a given job that falls within kənva ¯ иər} the responsibility of a single unit of the organiza- worm gear [ DES ENG ] A gear with teeth cut on an angle to be driven by a worm; used to connect tion handling the project. { wərk pakиij } nonparallel, nonintersecting shafts. { wərm work physiology [ IND ENG ] An aspect of indus- gir } trial engineering that takes into account meta- worm wheel [ DES ENG ] A gear wheel with bolic cost, measurement and prevention of work curved teeth that meshes with a worm. strain, and other ergonomic factors in the design { wərm we ¯ l} of tasks and workplaces. { wərk fizиe ¯ a ¨ lиəиje ¯ } wow [ ENG ACOUS ] A low-frequency flutter; workpiece [ IND ENG ] An object that is being when caused by an off-center hole in a disk re- manufactured. { wərkpe ¯ s} cord, occurs once per revolution of the turnta- workpiece program [ CONT SYS ] A program that ble. { wau ˙ } directs the machining of a component under nu- wrap-around grasp [ IND ENG ] A basic grasp merical or computer control. { wərkpe ¯ s pro ¯ whereby an object is held against the palm by gram } the fingers wrapped around it, with the thumb work sampling [ IND ENG ] A technique to meas- opposing the index finger. { rapиərau ˙ nd ure work activity as related to delays consisting grasp } of intermittent observations of actual work and wrap forming See stretch forming. { rap fo ˙ rmи delays. Also known as activity sampling; fre- iŋ } quency study; ratio delay study. { wərk samи wrapper sheet [ MECH ENG ] 1. The outer plate pliŋ } enclosing the firebox in a fire-tube boiler. work standardization [ IND ENG ] The establish- 2. The thinner sheet of a boiler drum having two ment of uniformity of working conditions, tools, sheets. { rapиər she ¯ t} equipment, technical procedures, administrative wrecking ball See skull cracker. { rekиiŋbo ˙ l} procedures, workplace arrangements, motion se- wrecking bar See ripping bar. { rekиiŋba ¨ r} quences, materials, quality requirements, and wrecking strip [ CIV ENG ] A small section that similar factors which affect the performance of is fitted into a form for poured concrete and is work. { wərk stanиdərиdəza ¯ иshən} easily removed before the main panels to facili- work station [ IND ENG ] A workplace that is in- tate disassembly of the main components of the cluded in a production system or on a piece of form. { rekиiŋstrip } equipment at which an individual worker may wrench [ ENG ] A manual or power tool with spend only a portion of a working shift. { wərk adapted or adjustable jaws or sockets either at sta ¯ иshən} the end or between the ends of a lever for holding work station independence [ CONT SYS ] Prop- or turning a bolt, pipe, or other object. [ MECH ] erty of a numerical control or robot program The combination of a couple and a force which which does not depend on the nature of the work is parallel to the torque exerted by the couple. { rench }station. { wərksta ¯ иshən inиdəpenиdəns } 619 wrench-head bolt wrench-head bolt [ DES ENG ] A bolt with a plates are replaced by charged knife-edges. 2. An electrometer in which two conducting fi- square or hexagonal head designed to be bers are placed side by side, and their separation gripped between the jaws of a wrench. { rench upon charging is measured. { ¦wu ˙ lf ilektra ¨ mи ¦hed bo ¯ lt } ədиər} wringing fit [ DES ENG ] A fit of zero-to-negative Wulff process [ CHEM ENG ] A chemical process allowance. { riŋиiŋfit } to make acetylene and ethylene by cracking a wrist [ MECH ENG ] A set of rotary joints to which hydrocarbon gas (for example, butane) with the end effector of a robot is attached. Also high-temperature steam in a regenerative fur- known as wrist socket. { rist } nace. { wu ˙ lf pra ¨ иsəs} wrist pin See piston pin. { ris pin } Wurster process See air-suspension encapsula- write head [ ELECTR ] Device that stores digital tion. { wərиstər pra ¨ иsəs} information as coded electrical pulses on a mag- wye [ ELEC ] Polyphase circuit whose phase dif- netic drum, disk, or tape. { rı ¯ t hed } ferences are 120Њ and which when drawn resem- W-truss [ CIV ENG ] A truss having upper and bles the letter Y. [ ENG ] A pipe branching off lower chords joined by web members that form a straight main run at an angle of 45Њ. Also a shape resembling the letter W. { dəbиəlyu ¨ known as Y; yoke. { wı ¯ } trəs} wye branch See Y branch. { wı ¯ branch } Wulf electrometer [ ENG ] 1. A variant of the wye fitting See Y fitting. { wı ¯ fı ¯ dиiŋ } wye level See Y level. { wı ¯ levиəl}string electrometer in which charged metal 620 X x-radiation for chemical analysis and for magnifi- X engine [ MECH ENG ] An in-line engine with cation of 100–1000 diameters; it is based on the cylinder banks so arranged around the crank- contact or projection microradiography, reflec- shaft that they resemble the letter X when the tion x-ray microscopy, or x-ray image spectrogra- engine is viewed from the end. { eks enиjən} phy. { eks ra ¯ mı ¯ иkrəsko ¯ p} X frame [ DES ENG ] An automotive frame which x-ray monochromator [ ENG ] An instrument in either has side rails bent in at the center of the which x-rays are diffracted from a crystal to pro- vehicle, making the overall form that of an X, or duce a beam having a narrow range of wave- has an X-shaped member which joins the side lengths. { eks ra ¯ ¦ma ¨ nиə¦kro ¯ ma ¯ dиər} rails with diagonals for added strength and x-ray telescope [ ENG ] An instrument designed resistance to torsional stresses. { eks fra ¯ m} to detect x-rays emanating from a source outside x-ray diffractometer [ ENG ] An instrument used the earth’s atmosphere and to resolve the x-rays in x-ray analysis to measure the intensities of into an image; they are carried to high altitudes the diffracted beams at different angles. { eks by balloons, rockets, or space vehicles; although ra ¯ difrakta ¨ mиədиər} several types of x-ray detector, involving gas x-ray goniometer [ ENG ] A scale designed to counters, scintillation counters, and collimators, measure the angle between the incident and re- have been used, only one, making use of the fracted beams in x-ray diffraction analysis. phenomenon of total external reflection of x-rays { eks ra ¯ go ¯ иne ¯ a ¨ mиədиər} from a surface at grazing incidence, is strictly an x-ray machine [ ENG ] The x-ray tube, power sup- x-ray telescope. { eks ra ¯ telиəsko ¯ p} ply, and associated equipment required for pro- x-ray thickness gage [ ENG ] A thickness gage ducing x-ray photographs. { eks ra ¯ məshe ¯ n} used for measuring and indicating the thickness x-ray microscope [ ENG ] 1. A device in which of moving cold-rolled sheet steel during the roll- an ultra-fine-focus x-ray tube or electron gun ing process without making contact with the produces an electron beam focused to an ex- sheet; an x-ray beam directed through the sheet tremely small image on a transmission-type is absorbed in proportion to the thickness of the x-ray target that serves as a vacuum seal; the material and its atomic number. { eks ra ¯ thikи magnification is by projection; specimens being nəs ga ¯ j} examined can thus be in air, as also can the XY recorder [ ENG ] A recorder that traces on a photographic film that records the magnified im- chart the relation of two variables, neither of which is time. { ¦eks¦wı ¯ riko ˙ rdиər}age. 2. Any of several instruments which utilize Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. This page intentionally left blank. [...]... oz 231 57.75 1728 1 61 .0 237 4 0. 061 0 237 4 35 .2 739 6 32 000 35 2 73. 96 16 1 in .3 4 6. 10 237 4 ϫ 10 0. 035 2 739 6 3. 785412 0.94 63 5 29 28 .31 68 5 0.01 63 8 7 06 1 10 10 3 liter lb 3 0. 133 68 06 0. 033 42014 1 0. 062 5 2.20 46 23 2204 .6 23 2000 Ϫ4 5.787 037 ϫ 10 0. 035 31 467 Ϫ5 3. 531 467 ϫ 10 2.20 46 23 ϫ 10 1 3 35 .31 467 ϫ 10 ft3 3 ton 3. 125 ϫ 10Ϫ5 5 ϫ 10Ϫ4 2. 834 952 ϫ 10Ϫ5 4. 535 924 ϫ 10Ϫ4 0.9071847 1 1.10 231 1 1.10 231 1 ϫ 10 3 10 3 1... 10 13 J 1J 1 g mass ϭ 1 (energy equiv) G Units of energy g mass Units (energy equiv) 2.1 466 40 ϫ 10 13 calIT 64 11 86. 5 859845.2 251.9958 1 0.99 933 12 24.217 26 46. 662 95 24.201 06 46. 63 1 74 0 .32 404 83 0 .32 3 831 5 64 161 5 .6 860 420.7 252. 164 4 1.00 066 9 1 3. 8292 93 3.8 26 733 ϫ 10Ϫ20 ϫ 10Ϫ20 0. 239 0057 0. 238 8459 2.1480 76 ϫ 1 03 cal 0.0 96 037 57 0.1850497 1.285 067 ϫ 10 3 2544 .33 34 12.142 1 3. 96 832 1 ϫ 10 3 3. 965 667 ϫ 10 3 1.518570... yd2 mi2 3. 22 830 6 ϫ 10Ϫ7 1 3. 09 76 ϫ 1 06 2.78784 ϫ 107 3. 587007 ϫ 10Ϫ8 2.490977 ϫ 10Ϫ10 3. 861 022 ϫ 10Ϫ7 3. 861 022 ϫ 10Ϫ11 1 5 .68 1818 ϫ 10Ϫ4 1.8 939 39 ϫ 10Ϫ4 1.5782 83 ϫ 10Ϫ5 6. 2 137 12 ϫ 10Ϫ4 6. 2 137 12 ϫ 10 6 mi 1 0.1111111 7.7 160 49 ϫ 10Ϫ4 1.195990 1.195990 ϫ 10Ϫ4 1 760 1 0 .33 333 33 0.02777777 1.0 9 36 13 0.010 9 36 13 yd 9 1 6. 944444 ϫ 10 3 10.7 63 9 1 1.07 63 9 1 ϫ 10 3 5280 3 1 0.0 833 333 3 3. 280840 0. 032 80840 ft... 1.10 231 1 ϫ 10 6 10 metric ton 1 0.25 7.480520 4 .32 9004 ϫ 10 3 0. 264 1721 2 .64 1721 ϫ 10Ϫ4 264 .1721 gal 6 4 1 2.992208 0.01 731 60 2 1.0 566 88 1.0 566 88 ϫ 10 1.0 566 88 qt Appendix ϭ1 ϭ 1.729994 ϭ 27 .67 991 1 oz и in. 3 3 63 2 1 1 06 10 132 50 ϭ 0.1 ϭ 105 ϭ 10 132 5 1 dyn и cmϪ2 1 bar 1 atm 98 066 5 33 8 63 . 88 ϭ 33 86 .38 8 ϭ 68 94.757 1 in Hg 1 lbf и in.Ϫ2 68 947.57 133 3.224 ϭ 133 .32 24 1 mmHg (torr) 1 kgf и cm ϭ 98 066 .5 Ϫ2... 0.1198 264 1 lb и galϪ1 F Units of pressure Units Pa, N и mϪ2 ϭ 0.0 160 1847 1 lb и ft 3 1 lb и in ϭ 10 3 1 g и LϪ1, kg и m 3 g и cm 3 1 g и cm 3 E Units of density Units 0. 068 94757 0. 033 8 63 8 8 1 .33 3224 ϫ 1 03 0.98 066 5 1.0 132 5 1 10 6 10Ϫ5 bar 119.8 264 16. 01847 2 767 9.91 1729.994 1 1000 g и LϪ1, kg и m 3 1.0197 16 ϫ 10 6 1.0197 16 ϫ 10Ϫ5 1 1. 033 227 0. 068 045 96 0. 033 42105 0.07 030 69 6 0. 034 531 55 1 .35 9510 ϫ 10 3 1 .31 5789... 2.8145 83 ϫ 10Ϫ5 5.4 232 72 ϫ 10Ϫ5 3. 766 161 ϫ 10Ϫ7 0.74 569 98 1 2. 930 711 ϫ 10Ϫ4 1.1 63 ϫ 10 6 1. 162 2222 ϫ 10 6 4.450490 ϫ 10Ϫ 26 2.777777 ϫ 10Ϫ7 2.4 965 42 ϫ 107 kWh 3. 774419 ϫ 10Ϫ5 7.272727 ϫ 10Ϫ5 5.050505 ϫ 10Ϫ7 1 1 .34 1022 3. 930 148 ϫ 10Ϫ4 1.55 960 9 ϫ 10 6 1.558 562 ϫ 10 6 5. 968 2 06 ϫ 10Ϫ 26 3. 725 062 3. 347918 ϫ 107 hp-h 4 .6 033 88 ϫ 1011 74. 733 49 144 1 1980000 265 5224 778. 16 93 3.088025 3. 085 960 0.5189825 1 6. 944444... base of logarithms n 1 n Ί2 ϭ 1.41421 35 6 23 730 95 0488 3 ϭ 1. 732 05 08075 68 877 2 935 Ί5 ϭ 2. 2 36 06 79774 99789 69 64 3 Ί2 ϭ 1.25992 1050 3 3 ϭ 1.44224 9570 5 Ί2 ϭ 1.14 869 835 5 5 3 ϭ 1.245 73 0940 e ϭ 23. 14 069 2 63 2 7 79 269 0 06 e ϭ 22.45915 771 83 61 045 4 734 2 715 e e ϭ 15.154 26 22414 79 264 190 log10 2 ϭ 0 .30 102 999 56 63 9 81 19521 37 389 log10 3 ϭ 0.47712 12547 1 966 2 437 29... ϫ 10 3 7.50 061 7 ϫ 10Ϫ4 51.714 93 25.4 1 735 .5592 760 in Hg 2. 0 36 021 1 0. 039 37008 28.959 03 29.921 26 29.52999 2.952999 ϫ 10Ϫ5 2.952999 ϫ 10Ϫ4 7.480519 1 1728 108 0. 062 42795 7.50 061 7 ϫ 10 3 750. 061 7 lb и ft 3 62 .42795 mmHg (torr) 4 .32 9004 ϫ 10 3 5.787 037 ϫ 10Ϫ4 1 0. 062 5 3. 61 2728 ϫ 10Ϫ5 kgf и cmϪ2 1.0197 16 lb и in. 3 0. 0 36 12728 0. 967 8411 1 0.9 869 233 9. 869 233 ϫ 10Ϫ7 9. 869 233 ϫ 10 6 atm 4.749 5 36 ϫ 10 3 9.259259... ϫ 10 3 137 50 1 834 9. 06 5.4 039 53 2.144 462 ϫ 10Ϫ2 2.1 430 28 ϫ 10Ϫ2 1.181705 8.2 062 83 ϫ 10Ϫ19 ϫ 10Ϫ22 liter-atm 1 1.9 268 47 0.0 133 8088 264 94.15 35 529.24 10.41259 0.04 132 050 0.04129287 1.581225 ϫ 10Ϫ21 9. 869 233 ϫ 10 3 8.870024 ϫ 1011 ft3 и lbf и in.Ϫ2 0. 737 562 2 5.121 960 ϫ 10 3 6. 628878 ϫ 10 13 ft-lbf Appendix Appendix Special constants ϭ 3. 14159 26 535 897 93 238 46 26 43 e ϭ 2.71828 18284 59045 235 36 0287... 9.259259 ϫ 10 3 16 1 5.78 0 36 5 ϫ 10Ϫ4 0.578 0 36 5 oz и in. 3 Conversion factors for the U.S Customary System, metric system, and International System (cont.) 1 1 0.4911541 0.01 933 67 8 14.2 233 4 14 .69 595 14.5 037 7 1.45 037 7 ϫ 10Ϫ5 1.45 037 7 ϫ 10Ϫ4 lbf и in.Ϫ2 0. 133 68 06 231 14. 437 5 8 .34 54 03 ϫ 10 3 8 .34 54 03 lb и galϪ1 Appendix 63 3 4.1 868 1055.0 56 36 00000 238 4519 1 .35 5818 ϭ 4 .65 84 43 ϫ 10Ϫ14 ϭ 1.1 739 08 ϫ 10Ϫ11 ϭ . 28.959 03 14.2 233 4 1 mmHg (torr) ϭ 133 .32 24 133 3.224 1 .33 3224 ϫ 10 3 1 .31 5789 ϫ 10 3 1 .35 9510 ϫ 10 3 1 0. 039 37008 0.01 933 67 8 1 in. Hg ϭ 33 86 .38 8 33 8 63 . 88 0. 033 8 63 8 8 0. 033 42105 0. 034 531 55 25.4 1 0.4911541 1. length Units cm m in. ft yd mi 1cm ϭ 1 0.01 0 .39 37008 0. 032 80840 0.010 9 36 13 6. 2 137 12 ϫ 10 6 1m ϭ 100. 1 39 .37 008 3. 280840 1.0 9 36 13 6. 2 137 12 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 1 in. ϭ 2.54 0.0254 1 0.0 833 333 3 0.02777777 1.5782 83 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 1ft ϭ 30 .48 0 .30 48 12. 1 0 .33 333 33. 10 Ϫ5 1.0 566 88 ϫ 10 3 2 .64 1721 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 1 liter ϭ 10 3 1000. 1 61 .0 237 4 0. 035 31 467 1.0 566 88 0. 264 1721 1 in. 3 ϭ 1. 63 8 7 06 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 16 .38 7 06 0.01 63 8 7 06 1 5.787 037 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 0.01 731 60 2 4 .32 9004 ϫ 10 3 1ft 3 ϭ
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