Constituent structure andrew carnie tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớn về tất cả các l...
[...]... hand pause to think about the nature of the relationship between words and the representation of these relationships in terms of constituent structure 2 Constituent Structure 2.1 Constituent structure as simple concatenation Let us start our consideration of constituent structure by considering a few simple hypotheses about the nature of our grammars’ word-combination mechanisms Outside of linguistics,... cross-theoretically, on the topic of constituent structure In the next few chapters, I review some fundamentals of constituent structure In Chapter 2, I present the basic empirical evidence for constituent structure (constituency tests), and I discuss the related notions of compositionality and ambiguity We will see that simple theories of concatenation fail to capture the basic facts about phrase structure and that... Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory (1975) constituent structure 11 (7) (Nemo È ( ate È ( Dory’s È seaweed))) However, it gives us the wrong result if the subject of the sentence is contains more than one word: (8) (The È (Wsh È (ate È (Dory’s È seaweed)))) This structure misses the intuition that Wsh is more tightly linked to the than to ate Judgments about what goes together indicate that the Structured-Concatenation... probably structured more like (9): The fish ate Dory’s seaweed Note that the structure represented in (9) cannot be created by a procedure that relies strictly and solely on linear order (such as the concatenation-as-addition and the structured-concatenation procedures) Instead, we need a richer hierarchical structure (such as that in (9)) to represent which words go together This hierarchical structure. .. This page intentionally left blank Part 1 Preliminaries This page intentionally left blank 1 Introduction 1.1 What this book is about The study of phrase or constituent structure explores the combination of words into phrases and sentences Constituent structure provides the roadmap that determines which words can be combined with which other words This book is about the many, and varied, attempts to explain... tradition, whether instantiated in a formalist or functionalist framework, this kind of closeness is indicated by ‘‘phrase’’ (or ‘ constituent ’) structure The graphic representation of phrase structure has about as many variants as there are theories about syntax, but roughly converge on structures like those given in (2) as a tree (a) or a bracketed diagram (b): (a) My cat eats at really fancy restaurants... queries to reading all or some of the manuscript Here’s a partial list, ´ in alphabetical order: Anne Abeille, Ash Asudeh Andy Barss, Bob Berwick, Tom Bever, Sherrylyn Branchaw, Jean Carnie, Fiona Carnie, Morag Carnie, Robert Carnie, Robert Chametzky, Noam Chomsky, John Davey, Andrea Dauer, Malcolm Elliott, Yehuda Falk, Georgia Green, Heidi Harley, Michael Hammond, Richard Hudson, Peter Kahrel, Tibor Kiss,... controversies in treatments of constituent structure Two of these chapters (8 and 11) focus almost exclusively on recent proposals in the Minimalist Program variety of P&P Chapter 8 traces the development of Bare Phrase Structure and related notions including Antisymmetry and derived X-bar theory Chapter 12 addresses questions about the categorial and structural content of constituent systems It discusses... provide researchers and graduate students concerned with syntax, morphology, and related aspects of grammar, communication, and cognition with a vital source of information and reference Andrew Carnie s Constituent Structure surveys one of the most fundamental areas of syntax It encompasses a variety of views and proposals, both within the Chomskyan tradition and outside of it, and in this regard it... domain of sentence structure Perhaps the simplest theory of phrase structure would be one of linear concatenation On such an approach, phrase structure simply corresponds to the order of speech from the beginning of the utterance to the end (or from left to right on the printed page.) Consider the following sentence: (1) Nemo ate Dory’s seaweed In our concatenation approach, the structure would be . derivations 160 8.4.3.1 Bottom-to-top derivations 161 8.4.3.2 Top-to-bottom derivations 161 8.4.4 Derived X-bar theory 163 8.4.5 Label-free and projection-free structures 167 9. Dependency and. (often ¼ IP or TP) S’ ‘‘S-bar’’ (¼ CP) SAI Subject-Aux Inversion SCT structure- changing transformation slash ‘‘slash feature’’ (indicates a gap in structure) SOV Subject-Object-Verb order subcat subcategorization. some X-bar theoretic properties from the LCA 149 8.3.3 Adjunction 150 8.4. Bare Phrase Structure 154 8.4.1 The basics of BPS 155 8.4.2 Adjunction in BPS 158 8.4.3 Bottom-to-top and top-to-bottom