Constituent structure andrew carnie

... out to be more diYcult. First, 20 The term ‘ constituent ’ must be distinguished from ‘ constituent of’’, which boils down to domination: B is a constituent of A if and only if A dominates B. basic ... McCawley (1982) distinguishes two distinct conditions, one that requires that the structure be rooted, and the other requires that the structure be connected. These are collapsed into th...

Ngày tải lên: 17/10/2013, 23:15

... Binding theory and Minimalism). Nevertheless, these are inXuential ideas about the role of constituent structure, so it is worth discussing them here. 4.2 Command, kommand, c-command, and m-command We ... the later chapters of this book, we examine the various mechanisms at work in determining constituent structure, and we will see all of these properties questioned. 44 preliminaries th...

Ngày tải lên: 20/10/2013, 19:15

... Watson i with a picture of himself i . Assuming that the constituent structure of the VP in this sentence is the partly binary branching structure in (32) (the V’ notation will be explained in ... preliminaries Kayne notes that c-command and unambiguous paths diVer in how many branches are allowed in constituent structure. In the tree in (28), all the nodes c-command one another, but...

Ngày tải lên: 20/10/2013, 19:15

... describing constituent structure in some detail. We have not yet, however, discussed the ways constituent structure might be constructed. Nor have we really discussed what kinds of information constituent ... what kinds of information constituent structures represent. In the next chapter we turn to one simple mechanism for deriving constituent structures, namely, phrase structu...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 17:15

... markers and reduced phrase markers Although tree structures are the easiest form for viewing constituency, Chomsky’s original conception of constituent structure was set theor- etic (See Lasnik 2000: ... inXuence on Chomsky’s (1957) formalization of phrase structure grammars. 5.2 Phrase structure grammars In his early unpublished work (the Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory (LSL...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 17:15

... equating structural notions (right edge of constituent, left edge of constituent, etc.) with lexical items. This kind of approach also (intentionally) disrupts the constituent construction eVects of ... complex feature structures. Trees, to the extent that they have any formal status in HPSG at all, amount to little more than proof structures that show the resultant root feature structur...

Ngày tải lên: 29/10/2013, 00:15

... similarities to structure- changing transformations end. GTs are structure- building operations. They take two phrase markers (called ‘‘kernels’’) and join them together, building new structure. For ... consider Chomsky’s Wrst extensions to PSGs: two kinds of transformational rule: structure- changing transformations (SCTs) and structure- building ‘‘generalized transformations’’ (GTs). T...

Ngày tải lên: 29/10/2013, 00:15

... extension to the constituent structure (or c -structure as it is called in LFG): the f -structure, which is similar to the feature structures of GPSG, but without extended phrase structure grammars ... mismatch between constituent structure and meaning is dealt with semantic rules of this type rather than as a mapping between two syntactic structures. 6.7.2 Functional equations, f...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 23:15

... approaches—actually leads to the elimination of PSGs as the primary means of generating constituent structure. extended phrase structure grammars 111 Under one reading of this sentence, without exception ... theory 117 7 X-bar Theory 7.1 Introduction Phrase structure grammars and their extensions provide us with powerful tools for describing constituent structures, but the range and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 23:15

... of structure operate in a binary manner.10 That is, as we add layers of structure, new material is added one element at a time to the existing structure, thus creating a binary branching tree structure. ... of how this insight is retained in the minimalist non-X-bar-theoretic Bare Phrase Structure system. 120 phrase structure grammars and x-bar (57) (a) two or three books (b) *two or...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 23:15