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shabby 282 sharpen shabby shabby /ʃbi/ adjective ( of clothes ) used about clothes which are of poor quality or look worn out ć He wore a shabby coat with two buttons missing. shade shade /ʃed/ noun 1. a variety of a par- ticular colour ć Her hat is a rather pret- ty shade of green. 2. a dark place which is not in the sun ć Let’s try and find some shade – it’s too hot in the sun. ć The sun’s so hot that we’ll have to sit in the shade. shadow shadow /ʃdəυ/ noun a dark place be- hind an object where light is cut off by the object ć In the evening, the trees cast long shadows across the lawn. ć She saw his shadow move down the hall. ć They rested for a while, in the shadow of a large tree. shaft shaft /ʃɑft/ noun 1. the long handle of a tool such as a spade ć The shaft of the spade was so old it snapped in two. 2. a thin beam of light ć Tiny particles of dust were dancing in a shaft of sunlight. 3. a deep hole connecting one place to another ć The shaft had become blocked with rubbish. shake shake /ʃek/ verb to move something from side to side or up and down ć Shake the bottle before pouring. ć The house shakes every time a train goes past. ć His hand shook as he opened the envelope. (NOTE: shakes – shaking – shook / ʃυk/ – shaken) shall shall /ʃəl, ʃl/ modal verb 1. used to make the future tense ć We shall be out on Saturday evening. ć I shan’t say an- ything – I shall keep my mouth shut! ć Tomorrow we shan’t be home until after 10 o’clock. 2. used to show a suggestion ć Shall we open the windows? ć Shall I give them a ring? (NOTE: shall is mainly used with I and we. The negative is shan’t / ʃɑnt/. The past tense is should, should not usually shoul- dn’t.) shallow shallow /ʃləυ/ adjective not far from top to bottom ć Children were playing in the shallow end of the pool. ć The riv- er is so shallow in summer that you can walk across it. shame shame /ʃem/ noun the feeling you have when you know you have done some- thing bad or wrong ć She went bright red with shame. ć To my shame, I did nothing to help. shampoo shampoo /ʃm pu/ noun 1. liquid soap for washing your hair or for wash- ing things such as carpets or cars 2. the action of washing the hair ć She went to the hairdresser’s for a shampoo. shape shape /ʃep/ noun the form of how something looks ć A design in the shape of a letter S. ć The old table was a funny shape. í verb to make into a certain form ć He shaped the pastry into the form of a little boat. shaped shaped /ʃept/ adjective with a certain shape share share /ʃeə/ noun a part of something that is divided between two or more people ć Did he get his share of the prize? ć Take your share of the cake and leave me the rest. ć She should have paid her share of the food bill. ć There’s a lot of work to do, so everyone must do their share. í verb 1. also share out to di- vide up something among several peo- ple ć Let’s share the bill. ć In her will, her money was shared out among her sons. 2. to use something which some- one else also uses ć We share an office. ć We shared a taxi to the airport. shark shark /ʃɑk/ noun a large dangerous fish which lives in the sea and can kill peo- ple sharp sharp /ʃɑp/ adjective 1. with an edge or point which can easily cut or pass through something ć For injections, a needle has to have a very sharp point. ć The beach is covered with sharp stones. ć This knife is useless – it isn’t sharp enough. 2. sudden and great ć There was a sharp drop in interest rates. ć The road makes a sharp right-hand bend. ć He received a sharp blow on the back of his head. ć We had a sharp frost last night. 3. bitter ć Lemons have a very sharp taste. 4. quick to notice things ć He has a sharp sense of justice. ć She has a sharp eye for a bargain. ć He’s pretty sharp at spotting mistakes. í ad- verb 1. exactly ć The coach will leave the hotel at 7.30 sharp. 2. suddenly, at an angle ć The road turned sharp right. sharpen sharpen /ʃɑpən/ verb to make some- thing sharp Basic.fm Page 282 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM shave 283 shift shave shave /ʃev/ noun the act of cutting off the hair on your face with a razor ć He decided to have a shave before going out to dinner. í verb 1. to cut off the hair on your face with a razor ć He cut himself shaving. 2. to cut the hair on your head or, on a part of your body, so that it is very short ć I didn’t recognise him with his head shaved. she she /ʃi/ pronoun used for referring to a female person, a female animal and sometimes to cars, ships and countries ć She’s my sister. ć She and I are going on holiday to France together. ć I’m angry with her – she’s taken my motorbike. ć She’s a sweet little cat, but she’s no good at catching mice. ć The customs officers boarded the ship when she docked. (NOTE: When it is the object, she becomes her: She hit the ball or the ball hit her . When it follows the verb to be, she usually becomes her: Who’s that? – It’s her, the girl we met yesterday .) shed shed /ʃed/ noun a small wooden building ć They kept the mower in a shed at the bottom of the garden. í verb to lose something which you are carrying or wearing ć In autumn, the trees shed their leaves as soon as the weather turns cold. ć A lorry has shed its load of wood at the roundabout. ć We shed our clothes and dived into the cool water. (NOTE: sheds – shedding – shed) sheep sheep /ʃip/ noun a common farm ani- mal, which gives wool and meat ć a flock of sheep ć The sheep are in the field. (NOTE: The plural is sheep.) sheer sheer /ʃə/ adjective 1. used for empha- sizing something ć It was sheer heaven to get into a hot bath after skiing. ć She was crying out of sheer frustration. ć It’s sheer madness to go out without a coat in this weather. 2. very steep ć It was a sheer drop to the beach below. sheet sheet /ʃit/ noun 1. a large piece of thin cloth which is put on a bed, either to lie on or to cover you ć She changed the sheets on the bed. 2. a large flat piece of something such as paper, metal, ice or plastic ć Can you give me another sheet of paper? shelf shelf /ʃelf/ noun a flat piece of wood at- tached to a wall or in a cupboard on which things can be put ć He put up or built some shelves in the kitchen. ć The shelves were packed with books. ć Put that book back on the shelf. ć Can you reach me down the box from the top shelf? ć The plates are on the top shelf in the kitchen cupboard. (NOTE: The plural is shelves.) shell shell /ʃel/ noun 1. the hard outside part which covers some animals such as snails or tortoises ć The children spent hours collecting shells on the beach. 2. the hard outside part of an egg or a nut ć I found a big piece of shell in my ome- lette. 3. a metal tube which is fired from a gun and explodes when it hits some- thing ć A shell landed on the hospital. shelter shelter /ʃeltə/ noun 1. protection ć We stood in the shelter of a tree waiting for the rain to stop. ć On the mountain there was no shelter from the pouring rain. ˽ to take shelter to go somewhere for protection ć When the gunmen start- ed to shoot we all took shelter behind a wall. 2. a structure or building which protects you from bad weather or dan- ger ć People stood in the bus shelter out of the rain as they waited for the bus to come. í verb to go somewhere for pro- tection ć Sheep were sheltering from the snow beside the hedge. shelves shelves /ʃelvz/ plural of shelf sheriff sheriff /ʃerf/ noun US an official in charge of justice in a particular part of a state ć the sheriff of Orange County shield shield /ʃild/ noun a large plate held in one hand, carried by people such as po- lice as a protection ć The policemen cowered behind their plastic shields. í verb to protect someone or something from being reached or seen ć He tried to shield her from the wind. shift shift /ʃft/ noun a change of something such as position or direction ć The com- pany is taking advantage of a shift in the market towards higher priced goods. ć There has been a shift of emphasis from opposition to partnership. ć I don’t un- derstand this shift in attitude. í verb to change position or direction ć We’ve shifted the television from the kitchen Basic.fm Page 283 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM shin 284 shopping into the dining room. ć My opinion has shifted since I read the official report. shin shin /ʃn/ noun the front part of your leg below the knee ć He scraped his shin climbing over the wall. ć They kicked him in the shins. shine shine /ʃan/ verb 1. to be bright with light ć The sun is shining and they say it’ll be hot today. ć She polished the ta- ble until it shone. ć The wine glasses shone in the light of the candles. ć Why do cats’ eyes shine in the dark? ć The moon shone down on the waiting crowd. 2. to make light fall on something ć He shone his torch into the cellar. (NOTE: shines – shining – shone / ʃɒn/) shiny shiny /ʃani/ adjective which shines (NOTE: shinier – shiniest) ship ship /ʃp/ noun a large boat for carrying passengers and goods on the sea ć She’s a fine ship. ć How many ships does the Royal Navy have? ć The first time we went to the United States, we went by ship. (NOTE: A ship is often referred to as she or her.) shirt shirt /ʃt/ noun a light piece of clothing which you wear on the top part of the body ć The teacher wore a blue suit and a white shirt. ć When he came back from the trip he had a suitcase full of dirty shirts. ć It’s so hot that the work- ers in the fields have taken their shirts off. shiver shiver /ʃvə/ verb to shake with cold or fear ć She shivered in the cold night air. ć He was coughing and shivering, so the doctor told him to stay in bed. í noun the action of shaking because of feeling cold or frightened shock shock /ʃɒk/ noun a sudden unpleasant surprise ć It gave me quite a shock when you walked in. ć He’s in for a nasty shock. ˽ in a state of shock reacting badly to a sudden unpleasant surprise ć She was in a state of shock after hearing of the accident. í verb to give someone a sudden unpleasant surprise ć The con- ditions in the hospital shocked the in- spectors. shocked shocked /ʃɒkt/ adjective having an un- pleasant surprise shocking shocking /ʃɒkŋ/ adjective very un- pleasant, which gives someone a sudden surprise shoe shoe /ʃu/ noun a piece of clothing which is worn on your foot ć She’s bought a new pair of shoes. ć He put his shoes on and went out. ć Take your shoes off if your feet hurt. (NOTE: The plural is shoes.) shone shone /ʃɒn/ past tense and past participle of shine shook shook /ʃυk/ past tense of shake shoot shoot /ʃut/ noun a new growth of a plant, growing from a seed or from a branch ć One or two green shoots are already showing where I sowed my let- tuces. ć After pruning, the roses will send out a lot of strong new shoots. í verb 1. to fire a gun ć Soldiers were shooting into the woods. 2. to hit or kill a person or animal by firing a gun ć One of the robbers was shot by a policeman when he tried to run away. ć We went out hunting and shot two rabbits. 3. to go very fast ć When the bell rang she shot down the stairs. ć He started the engine and the car shot out of the ga- rage. 4. in some sports, to aim a ball at the goal ć He shot, and the ball bounced off the post. (NOTE: shoots – shooting – shot / ʃɒt/) shop shop /ʃɒp/ noun a place where you can buy things ć Quite a few shops are open on Sundays. ć I never go to that shop – it’s much too expensive. ć The sweet shop is opposite the fire station. í verb to look for and buy things in shops ć She’s out shopping for his birthday present. ć Mum’s gone shopping in town. ć They went shopping in Oxford Street. ć Do you ever shop locally? (NOTE: shops – shopping – shopped) shopkeeper shopkeeper /ʃɒpkipə/ noun a person who owns a shop shopping shopping /ʃɒpŋ/ noun 1. the activity of buying things in a shop ć We do all our shopping at the weekend. ć He’s gone out to do the weekly shopping. 2. things which you have bought in a shop ć Put all your shopping on the table. ć She was carrying two baskets of shop- Basic.fm Page 284 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM shore 285 show ping. (NOTE: no plural: some shopping , a lot of shopping ) shore shore /ʃɔ/ noun land at the edge of the sea or a lake ć She stood on the shore waving as the boat sailed away. short short /ʃɔt/ adjective 1. not long ć Have you got a short piece of wire? 2. ( of dis- tance ) not far ć She only lives a short distance away. ć The taxi driver wanted to take me through the high street, but I told him there was a shorter route. ć The shortest way to the railway station is to go through the park. 3. ( of time ) not lasting a long time ć He phoned a short time ago. ć We had a short holiday in June. ć She managed to have a short sleep on the plane. 4. not tall ć He is only 1m 40 – much shorter than his brother. shortage shortage /ʃɔtd/ noun the fact that you do not have something you need ć a shortage of skilled staff ć During the war, there were food shortages. shortly shortly /ʃɔtli/ adverb soon shot shot /ʃɒt/ noun 1. the action of shooting ć The police fired two shots at the car. ć Some shots were fired during the bank robbery. 2. a kick or hit to try to score a goal ć He kicked but his shot was stopped by the goalkeeper. í past tense and past participle of shoot should should /ʃυd/ modal verb 1. used in giv- ing advice or warnings for saying what is the best thing to do ć You should go to the doctor if your cough gets worse. ć I should have been more careful. ć She shouldn’t eat so much if she’s trying to lose weight. ć Should I ask for more cof- fee? ć Why should I clean up your mess? (NOTE: Ought to can be used in- stead of should.) 2. used to say what you expect to happen ć If you leave now you should be there by 4 o’clock. ć Their train should have arrived by now. ć There shouldn’t be any more prob- lems now. (NOTE: Ought to can be used instead of should.) 3. used to show a possibility ć If the President should die in office, the Vice-President automatically takes over. ć I’ll be in the next room should you need me. 4. same as would ( dated ) ć We should like to offer you our congratulations. ć If I had enough money I should like to buy a new car. shoulder shoulder /ʃəυldə/ noun the part of the body at the top of the arm ć The police- man hurt me on the shoulder. ć Look over your shoulder, he’s just behind you. shout shout /ʃaυt/ noun a loud cry ć She gave a shout and dived into the water. ć Peo- ple came running when they heard the shouts of the children. í verb to make a loud cry or to speak very loudly ć They stamped on the floor and shouted. ć I had to shout to the waitress to get served. ć They were shouting greetings to one another across the street. shove shove /ʃv/ noun a sudden push ć She gave the car a shove and it rolled down the hill. í verb to push someone or something roughly ć He shoved the pa- pers into his pocket. ć Stop shoving – there’s no more room on the bus. show show /ʃəυ/ noun 1. an exhibition ć The Hampton Court Flower Show opens to- morrow. ć She has entered her two cats for the local cat show. 2. a play or other performance which is on at a theatre ć ‘Cats’ is a wonderful show. ć We’re g o- ing to a show tonight. ć The show starts at 7.30, so let’s have dinner early. í verb 1. to let someone see something ć He wanted to show me his holiday pho- tos. ć She proudly showed me her new car. ć You don’t have to show your pass- port when you’re travelling to Ireland. 2. to point something out to someone ć Show me where the accident happened. ć He asked me to show him the way to the railway station. ć The salesman showed her how to work the photocopi- er. ć My watch shows the date as well as the time. 3. to be seen, or to be obvious ć The repairs were badly done and it shows. ć Her rash has almost disap- peared and hardly shows at all. (NOTE: shows – showing – showed – shown / ʃəυn/) ȣ on show arranged for everyone to see ć Is there anything new on show in this year’s exhibition? show off phrasal verb 1. to show how much better than other people you think you are ć Don’t watch her dancing about like that – she’s just showing off. 2. to let a lot of people see something Basic.fm Page 285 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM shower 286 shut which you are proud of ć He drove past with the radio on very loud, showing off his new car. show up phrasal verb 1. to do some- thing which shows other people to be worse than you ć She dances so well that she shows us all up. 2. to be seen clearly ć When I ride my bike at night I wear an orange jacket because it shows up clearly in the dark. 3. to come to or arrive in a place ( informal ) ć We invited all our friends to the picnic but it rained and only five of them showed up. shower shower /ʃaυə/ noun 1. a slight fall of rain or snow ć In April there’s usually a mixture of sunshine and showers. ć There were snow showers this morning, but it is sunny again now. 2. a piece of equipment in a bathroom, usually fixed high up on the wall, which sends out water to wash your whole body 3. an oc- casion when you wash your body with a shower ć She went up to her room and had a shower. ć He has a cold shower every morning. ć You can’t take a show- er now, there’s no hot water. í verb to wash yourself under a shower ć He showered and went down to greet his guests. shown shown /ʃəυn/ past participle of show shrank shrank /ʃrŋk/ past tense of shrink shred shred /ʃred/ noun a long narrow piece torn off something ć She tore his news- paper to shreds. ć The curtains were on the floor in shreds. í verb 1. to tear or cut paper into long thin pieces, which can then be thrown away or used as packing material ć They sent a pile of old invoices to be shredded. ć She told the police that the manager had told her to shred all the documents in the file. 2. to cut something into very thin pieces ć Here’s a utensil for shredding vegeta- bles. ć Add a cup of shredded carrot. (NOTE: shreds – shredding – shred- ded) shrink shrink /ʃrŋk/ verb 1. to make smaller ć The water must have been too hot – it’s shrunk my shirt. 2. to get smaller ć My shirt has shrunk in the wash. ć The mar- ket for typewriters has shrunk almost to nothing. (NOTE: shrinks – shrinking – shrank / ʃrŋk/ – shrunk /ʃrŋk/) shrivel shrivel /ʃrv(ə)l/ verb to make the sur- face of something become dry and creased, or to become like this (NOTE: shrivels – shrivelling – shrivelled) shrunk shrunk /ʃrŋk/ past participle of shrink shuffle shuffle /ʃf(ə)l/ verb 1. to walk drag- ging your feet along the ground ć He shuffled into the room in his slippers. 2. to mix the playing cards before starting a game ć I think he must have done something to the cards when he was shuffling them. shut shut /ʃt/ adjective not open ć Some shops are shut on Sundays, but most big stores are open. ć We tried to get into the museum but it was shut. ć She lay with her eyes shut. ć Come in – the door isn’t shut! í verb 1. to close something which is open ć Can you please shut the window – it’s getting cold in here. ć Here’s your present – shut your eyes and guess what it is. 2. to close for busi- ness ć In Germany, shops shut on Sat- urday afternoons. ć The restaurant shuts at midnight. (NOTE: shuts – shut- ting – shut) shut down phrasal verb 1. to close completely ć The factory shut down for the holiday weekend. 2. to switch off an electrical system ć They had to shut down the factory because pollution lev- els were too high. shut in phrasal verb to lock someone inside a place shut off phrasal verb 1. to switch something off ć Can you shut off the water while I mend the tap? 2. to stop access to ć We can shut off the dining room with folding doors. ć The house is shut off from the road by a high wall. shut out phrasal verb 1. to lock some- one outside a place ć I was shut out of the house because I’d left my keys in- side. ć If the dog keeps on barking you’ll have to shut him out. 2. to stop light getting inside, or to stop people seeing inside ć Those thick curtains should shut out the light from the chil- dren’s room. ć A high wall shuts out the view of the factory. 3. to stop thinking about something ć Try to shut out the memory of the accident. Basic.fm Page 286 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM shutter 287 sign shut up phrasal verb 1. to close some- thing inside a place ć I hate being shut up indoors on a sunny day. 2. an impo- lite way of telling someone to stop talk- ing or to stop making a noise ć Tell those children to shut up – I’m trying to work. ć Shut up! – we’re tired of listen- ing to your complaints. ć Once he starts talking it’s impossible to shut him up. shutter shutter /ʃtə/ noun 1. a folding wooden or metal cover for a window ć Close the shutters if the sunlight is too bright. 2. the part of a camera which opens and closes very quickly to allow the light to go on to the film ć He released the shut- ter and took the picture. shy shy /ʃa/ adjective nervous and afraid to speak or do something ć He’s so shy he sat in the back row and didn’t speak to anyone. sick sick /sk/ adjective 1. not in good health ć He’s been sick for months. ć We have five staff off sick. 2. ˽ to be sick to bring up food from the stomach into the mouth ć The last time I ate oysters I was sick all night. ˽ to feel sick to feel ill be- cause you want to bring up food from the stomach ć When I got up this morn- ing I felt sick and went back to bed. ć The greasy food made her feel sick. 3. ˽ to make someone sick to make some- one very annoyed ć All my friends earn more than I do – it makes me sick! 4. in- volving subjects or behaviour that many people are upset or offended by ć a sick joke í noun the contents of the stomach when they come out through the mouth ( informal ) side side /sad/ noun 1. one of the four parts which with the top and bottom make a solid object such as a box ć Stand the box upright – don’t turn it onto its side. 2. one of the two parts which with the front and back make a building ć The garage is attached to the side of the house. 3. one of the surfaces of a flat ob- ject ć Please write on both sides of the paper. 4. one of two or more parts or edges of something ć Our office is on the opposite side of the street to the bank. ć London’s Heathrow Airport is on the west side of the city. ć The hitch- hikers were standing by the side of the road. ć She sat to one side of the fire- place. 5. one of two parts separated by something ć She jumped over the fence to get to the other side. ć In the UK, cars drive on the left-hand side of the road. 6. a sports team ć The local side was beaten 2 – 0. 7. the part of the body between the top of the legs and the shoulder ć I can’t sleep when I’m lying on my right side. ć The policemen stood by the prisoner’s side. ć They all stood side by side. í adjective which is at the side ć There is a side entrance to the shop. ć Can you take that bucket round to the side door? sidewalk sidewalk /sadwɔk/ noun US a pave- ment ć A girl was walking slowly along the sidewalk. ć We sat at a sidewalk café. sideways sideways /sadwez/ adverb to the side or from the side ć Crabs walk sideways. ć Take a step sideways and you will be able to see the castle. ć If you look at the post sideways you’ll see how bent it is. sigh sigh /sa/ noun a long deep breath, show- ing feelings such as sadness or showing that you feel tired ć She gave a deep sigh and put the phone down. ć You could hear the sighs of relief from the audience when the hero was saved. í verb to breathe with a sigh ć He sighed and wrote out another cheque. sight sight /sat/ noun 1. the sense that is the ability to see ć My grandfather’s sight isn’t very good any more. 2. the fact of being able to see something ć He can’t stand the sight of blood. ć We caught sight of an eagle up in the mountains. ć She kept waving until the car disap- peared from sight. ć The fog cleared and the mountains came into sight. ć They waved until the boat was out of sight. 3. something, especially some- thing famous, which is interesting to see ć They went off on foot to see the sights of the town. ć The guidebook lists the main tourist sights in Beijing. (NOTE: Do not confuse with site.) sign sign /san/ noun 1. a movement of the hand which means something ć He made a sign to us to sit down. 2. some- thing such as a drawing or a notice which advertises something ć The shop Basic.fm Page 287 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM signal 288 simply has a big sign outside it saying ‘for sale’. ć A ‘no smoking’ sign hung on the wall. 3. something which shows that something is happening or has hap- pened ć There is no sign of the rain stopping. ć The economy is showing signs of improvement. ć The police can find no sign of how the burglars got into the office. ć He should have arrived by now, but there’s no sign of him. 4. a printed character ć the pound sign (£) ć the dollar sign ($) í verb to write your name in a special way on a document to show that you have written it or that you have approved it ć Sign on the dotted line, please. ć The letter is signed by the managing director. ć A cheque is not valid if it has not been signed. signal signal /sn(ə)l/ noun 1. a sign or movement which tells someone to do something ć I’ll give you a signal to start singing. 2. a piece of equipment used to tell someone to do something ć The signal was at red so the train had to stop. í verb to make signs to tell some- one to do something ć The driver sig- nalled to show that he was turning right. ć She signalled to me that we were run- ning out of time. (NOTE: signals – sig- nalling – signalled. The US spelling is signaling – signaled.) signature signature /sntʃə/ noun a name writ- ten in a special way by someone to show that a document has been officially ac- cepted ć He found a pile of cheques on his desk waiting for his signature. ć Her signature doesn’t look like her name at all. ć The shopkeeper looked very closely at her signature and compared it with the one on the credit card. significant significant /s nfkənt/ adjective im- portant or noticeable ć It is highly sig- nificant that everyone else was asked to the meeting, but not the finance director. ć There has been a significant improve- ment in his condition. silence silence /saləns/ noun a situation which is quiet, without any noise ć I love the silence of the countryside at night. ć The crowd of tourists waited in silence. ć The mayor held up his hand and asked for silence. ć There was a sudden si- lence as she came in. ć There will be a minute’s silence at 11 o’clock. silent silent /salənt/ adjective not talking or making any noise ć He kept silent for the whole meeting. ć This new washing machine is almost silent. ć They showed some old silent films. silk silk /slk/ noun cloth made from fibres produced by insects ć She was wearing a beautiful silk scarf. ć I bought some blue silk to make a dress. silly silly /sli/ adjective stupid in an annoy- ing way ć Don’t be silly – you can’t go to the party dressed like that! ć She asked a lot of silly questions. ć Of all the silly newspaper articles that must be the silliest. (NOTE: sillier – silliest) silver silver /slvə/ noun a precious white met- al often used for making jewellery ć Gold is worth more than silver. ć How much is an ounce of silver worth? í ad- jective of a shiny white colour, like sil- ver ć The car has been resprayed with silver paint. ć She wore silver sandals to match her handbag. similar similar /smlə/ adjective very much like someone or something but not ex- actly the same ć The two cars are very similar in appearance. ć Our situation is rather similar to yours. similarity similarity /sm lrti/ noun being similar (NOTE: The plural is similari- ties.) similarly similarly /smləli/ adverb in a similar way ć All these infections must be treat- ed similarly. ć He always writes a nice thank you letter, and similarly so does his sister. simple simple /smpəl/ adjective 1. easy to do or understand ć The machine is very simple to use. 2. not unusual, special or complicated ć They had a simple meal of bread and soup. ć It’s a very simple pattern of lines and squares. simply simply /smpli/ adverb 1. in a simple way ć He described very simply how the accident had happened. ć She al- ways dresses very simply. 2. only ć He did it simply to annoy everyone. ć She gave a new look to the room simply by painting one wall red. 3. used for em- phasis ć Your garden is simply beauti- Basic.fm Page 288 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM since 289 site ful. ć It’s simply terrible – what shall we do? since since /sns/ preposition during the peri- od after ć She’s been here since Mon- day. ć We’ve been working non-stop since four o’clock – can’t we have a rest? í conjunction 1. during the period after ć He has had trouble borrowing money ever since he was rude to the bank manager. ć Since we got to the ho- tel, it has rained every day. 2. because ć Since he’s ill, you can’t ask him to help you. ć Since it’s such a fine day, let’s go for a walk. í adverb during the period until now ć She phoned on Sunday and we haven’t heard from her since. ć He left England in 1990 and has lived abroad ever since. sincere sincere /sn sə/ adjective very honest and real, not false or pretended sincerely sincerely /sn səli/ adverb honestly or really sing sing /sŋ/ verb to make music with your voice ć She was singing as she worked. ć Please sing another song. ć He al- ways sings in the bath. ć She sang a fun- ny song about elephants. ć The birds were singing in the garden. (NOTE: sings – singing – sang / sŋ/ – sung / sŋ/) singer singer /sŋə/ noun a person who sings single single /sŋ(ə)l/ adjective 1. one alone ć He handed her a single sheet of paper. ć There wasn’t a single person I knew at the party. ć The single most important fact about him is that he has no money. 2. for one person only ć Have you got a single room for two nights, please? ć We prefer two single beds to a double bed. 3. not married ć She’s twenty-nine and still single. ć Are there any single men on the course? singular singular /sŋjυlə/ adjective showing that there is only one thing or person ć ‘She’ is a singular pronoun. sink sink /sŋk/ noun a fixed container for wa- ter in which you wash things such as dishes in a kitchen ć The sink was piled high with dirty dishes. ć He was wash- ing his hands at the kitchen sink. í verb 1. to go down to the bottom of some- thing such as water or mud ć The ferry sank in 30m of water. ć The paper boat floated for a few minutes, then sank. ć You should tie a piece of lead to your fishing line to make it sink. 2. to fall sud- denly ć She was so upset that she just sank into an armchair and closed her eyes. ć My heart sank when I heard the news. (NOTE: sinks – sinking – sank / sŋk/ – sunk /sŋk/) sip sip /sp/ noun the act of drinking a small amount ć She took a sip of water, and went on with her speech. í verb to drink something taking only a small amount at a time ć The girl was sipping her drink quietly. (NOTE: sips – sipping – sipped) sir sir /s/ noun 1. a polite way of speaking to a man, e.g. a man who is a customer in a shop ć Would you like a drink with your lunch, sir? ć Please come this way, sir. 2. ˽ Dear Sir a polite way of begin- ning a letter to a man you do not know 3. the title given to a baronet or knight siren siren /sarən/ noun a piece of equip- ment which makes a loud warning sig- nal sister sister /sstə/ noun 1. a girl or woman who has the same father and mother as someone else ć His three sisters all look alike. ć My younger sister Louise works in a bank. ć Do you have any sisters? 2. a senior female nurse in charge of a ward ć The sister told me my son was getting better. (NOTE: The male equiva- lent is charge nurse.) sit sit /st/ verb 1. to be resting with your bottom on something ć Mother was sit- ting in bed eating her breakfast. 2. ( of a bird ) to rest on something ć The robin always comes and sits on the fence when I’m digging. (NOTE: sits – sitting – sat / st/) sit down phrasal verb to sit on a seat sit up phrasal verb 1. to sit with your back straight ć Sit up straight! 2. to move from a lying to a sitting position ć He’s too weak to sit up. ć He sat up in bed to eat his breakfast. 3. to delay go- ing to bed or to go to bed later than usual ć We sat up playing cards until 2 a.m. site site /sat/ noun 1. a place where some- thing is or will be ć This is the site for the new factory. 2. a place where some- Basic.fm Page 289 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM sitting room 290 skill thing happened, or where something once existed ć This was the site of the Battle of Hastings in 1066. ć They’re trying to locate the site of the old Roman fort. sitting room sitting room /stŋ rum/ noun a com- fortable room in a house for sitting in situation situation /stʃu eʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the position which someone or something is in because of things which have hap- pened ć What’s your opinion of the company’s present situation? ć I won- der how she got herself into this situa- tion? 2. a place where something is ć The hotel is in a very pleasant situation by the sea. six six /sks/ noun the number 6 ć He’s six (years old). ć We’re having some people round for drinks at six (o’clock). ć There are only six chocolates left in the box – who’s eaten the rest? sixteen sixteen /sks tin/ noun the number 16 ć He’ll be sixteen next month. ć The train leaves at seventeen sixteen (17.16). sixteenth sixteenth /sks tinθ/ adjective number 16 in a series ć She came sixteenth in the race. ć Her sixteenth birthday is on Tuesday. í noun the thing that is number 16 in a series ć Today is July the sixteenth or the sixteenth of July (July 16th). sixth sixth /sksθ/ adjective number 6 in a se- ries ć His office is on the sixth floor. ć What is the sixth letter of the alphabet? ć Tomorrow is her sixth birthday. í noun 1. the thing that is number 6 in a series ć Today is September the sixth or the sixth of September (September 6th). 2. one part of six equal parts ć Ten min- utes is a sixth of an hour. sixtieth sixtieth /skstəθ/ adjective number sixty in a series ć his sixtieth birthday í noun the thing that is number sixty in a series sixty sixty /sksti/ noun the number 60 ć She’s sixty (years old). ć Over sixty players took part in the competition. size size /saz/ noun the measurements of something, or how big something is ć Their garage is about the same size as our house. ć The school has an Olympic size swimming pool. ć He takes size ten in shoes. ć What size collars do you take? ć The size of the staff has doubled in the last two years. sizzle sizzle /sz(ə)l/ verb to make a sound like food cooking in oil or fat skate skate /sket/ noun a boot with a blade at- tached to the bottom which you wear for sliding over ice ć a pair of skates í verb to move wearing skates ć She skated across the frozen lake. (NOTE: skates – skating – skated) skateboard skateboard /sketbɔd/ noun a board with two pairs of wheels underneath, which you stand on to move about skeleton skeleton /skelt(ə)n/ noun all the bones which make up a body ć They found the skeleton of a rabbit in the gar- den shed. ć He demonstrated joints us- ing the skeleton in the biology lab. skeptical skeptical /skeptk(ə)l/ adjective US spelling of sceptical sketch sketch /sketʃ/ noun a rough quick draw- ing ć He made a sketch of the church. í verb to make a rough quick drawing of something ć She was sketching the old church. ć He sketched out his plan on the back of an envelope. sketchbook sketchbook /sketʃbυk/ noun a book of drawing paper for sketching ski ski /ski/ noun one of two long flat ob- jects which are attached to your boots for sliding over snow ć We always hire skis when we get to the ski resort. ć Someone stole my new pair of skis. í verb to travel on skis ć The mountain rescue team had to ski to the site of the avalanche. ć We skied down to the bot- tom of the slope without falling. ć She broke her arm skiing. (NOTE: skis – ski- ing – skied) skiing skiing /skiŋ/ noun the sport of sliding on skis skilful skilful /sklf(ə)l/ adjective showing a lot of skill skilfully skilfully /sklfυli/ adverb in a skilful way ć It was difficult but he did it very skilfully. skill skill /skl/ noun the ability to do some- thing well as a result of training or expe- rience ć Portrait painting needs a lot of Basic.fm Page 290 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM skilled 291 slaughter skill. ć This job will help you develop management skills. skilled skilled /skld/ adjective 1. able to do something well, using a particular skill ć She’s a skilled therapist. ć We need skilled programmers. 2. needing a par- ticular skill ć nursing and other skilled professions skillful skillful /sklf(ə)l/ adjective US spelling of skilful skim skim /skm/ verb 1. to remove things floating on a liquid ć Skim the soup to remove the fat on the surface. 2. to move quickly over the surface of something ć Flies skimmed across the surface of the lake. (NOTE: skims – skimming – skimmed) skin skin /skn/ noun 1. the outer surface of the body ć The baby’s skin is very smooth. 2. the outer surface of a fruit or vegetable ć This orange has a very thick skin. ć You can cook these new potatoes with their skins on. skinny skinny /skni/ adjective too thin to be attractive ć A tall skinny guy walked in. ć She has very skinny legs. (NOTE: skin- nier – skinniest) skip skip /skp/ verb 1. to run along partly hopping and partly jumping ć The chil- dren skipped happily down the lane. 2. to jump over a rope which you turn over your head ć The boys played football and the girls were skipping. 3. to miss part of something ( informal ) ć She skipped the middle chapters and went on to read the end of the story. ć I’m not hungry, I’ll skip the pudding. (NOTE: skips – skipping – skipped) skirt skirt /skt/ noun a piece of clothing worn by women over the lower part of the body from the waist down ć She started wearing jeans to work, but was told to wear a skirt. skull skull /skl/ noun the bones which are joined together to form the head sky sky /ska/ noun a space above the earth which is blue during the day and where the moon and stars appear at night ć What makes the sky blue? ć It’s going to be a beautiful day – there’s not a cloud in the sky. ć The wind carried the glider high up into the sky. skyscraper skyscraper /skaskrepə/ noun a very tall building slab slab /slb/ noun a flat square or rectan- gular block of stone or concrete slack slack /slk/ adjective 1. not pulled tight or not fitting tightly ć The wind had dropped and the sails were slack. ć The ropes are slack – pull on them to make them tight. 2. not busy ć Business is slack at the end of the week. ć January is always a slack period for us. slam slam /slm/ verb 1. to bang a door shut ć When he saw me, he slammed the door in my face. 2. to shut with a bang ć The door slammed and I was locked out. 3. to move, or to hit something, with great force ć The car slammed into a tree. ć He slammed his fist on the desk. (NOTE: slams – slamming – slammed) slang slang /slŋ/ noun popular words or phrases used by certain groups of peo- ple, but which are not used in formal sit- uations ć Don’t use slang in your essay. ć Slang expressions are sometimes dif- ficult to understand. slant slant /slɑnt/ noun a slope ć The garden is on a slant, which makes cutting the lawn difficult. í verb to slope ć The path slants down the side of the hill. ć The picture seems to be slanting to the right. slap slap /slp/ noun a blow given with your hand flat ć She gave him a slap in the face. í verb 1. to hit someone or some- thing with your hand flat ć She slapped his face. 2. to hit someone or something gently with your open hand as a sign of friendship ć They all slapped him on the back to congratulate him. (NOTE: slaps – slapping – slapped) slash slash /slʃ/ verb to make a long cut in something with a knife, often violently ć He slashed the painting with a kitchen knife. slate slate /slet/ noun a thin piece of this stone used to cover a roof ć The slates were already piled up on the roof ready for fixing. slaughter slaughter /slɔtə/ noun 1. the killing of many people ć the terrible slaughter of innocent people in the riots 2. the killing Basic.fm Page 291 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM [...].. .Basic. fm Page 292 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM sleek 292 slope of animals ć These lambs will be ready for slaughter in a week or so í verb 1 to kill many people or animals at the same time ć Thousands of civilians... long cut or narrow opening ć She peeped through a slit in the curtains slope /sləυp/ noun a surface or piece of ground that has one end higher than the slip slippers slippery slit slope Basic. fm Page 293 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM slot 293 other ć The land rises in a gentle slope to the church ć They stopped halfway down the slope í verb to have one end higher than the other ć The road slopes down... – I’m taking a picture! smoke /sməυk/ noun a white, grey or smoke black substance produced by something that is burning ć The restaurant was full of cigarette smoke ć Clouds of smoke Basic. fm Page 294 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM smooth 294 were pouring out of the upstairs windows ć Two people died from inhaling toxic smoke ć Smoke detectors are fitted in all the rooms í verb 1 to produce smoke... into the prison by a someone visiting a prisoner ć We’ll never know how they smuggled the letter out sneak /sni k/ verb to go somewhere quisneak etly without being seen ć She sneaked Basic. fm Page 295 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM sneer 295 into the room ć The burglar sneaked up to the house, hidden by the trees sneer /snə/ noun an unpleasant smile ć He held the whip in his hand and looked at her... sobbing on the bed ć The little girl sobbed herself to sleep (NOTE: sobs – sobbing – sobbed) í noun a short breath like a hiccup, made by someone who is crying so soak soaking soap soar sob Basic. fm Page 296 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM soccer 296 ć You could hear the sobs as she lay on her bed ć He gave a sob, and put the phone down soccer / sɒkə/ noun a game played between two teams of eleven players... on a solid base of property and shares 3 not hollow ć Cricket is played with a solid ball 4 made only of one material ć The box is made of solid silver í noun a hard subsolicitor solid Basic. fm Page 297 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM solo 297 stance which is not liquid ć Many solids melt when heated and become liquids solo / səυləυ/ noun a piece of music played or sung by one person alone ć She played... soldiers marched along, singing a song some day somehow soon how we must get back home by 6 o’clock soon /su n/ adverb in a short time from soon now ć Don’t worry, we’ll soon be in Ox- Basic. fm Page 298 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM sooner 298 ford ć It will soon be time to go to bed ć The fire started soon after 11 o’clock sooner / su nə/ adverb earlier ć Can’t we meet any sooner than that? soprano... sow that they become plants ć Peas and beans should be sown in April ć Sow the seed thinly in fine soil (NOTE: Do not confuse with sew Note also: sows – sowing – sowed – sown /səυn/.) Basic. fm Page 299 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM space 299 space /spes/ noun 1 an empty place be- specialist sparkle / spɑ k(ə)l/ verb to shine bright- space sparkle tween other things ć There’s a space to park your... wants to speak to you about sales in Africa 2 to be able to say things in a particular language ć We need someone who can speak Russian ć He speaks English with an American accent ć You will have to brush up your Japanese as my mother speaks hardly any English spade speak (NOTE: speaks – speaking – spoke /spəυk/ – has spoken / spəυkn/) ȣ to speak your mind to say exactly what spaghetti you think speak... speʃəlst/ noun 1 a person who knows a lot about something ć You should go to a tax specialist for advice 2 a doctor who specialises in a certain speaker spear special specialise specialist Basic. fm Page 300 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM species 300 branch of medicine ć He was referred to a heart specialist species / spi ʃi z/ noun a group of living things such as animals or plants which can breed with . /sks tin/ noun the number 16 ć He’ll be sixteen next month. ć The train leaves at seventeen sixteen (17 .16) . sixteenth sixteenth /sks tinθ/ adjective number 16 in a series ć She came. to change position or direction ć We’ve shifted the television from the kitchen Basic. fm Page 283 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM shin 284 shopping into the dining room. ć My opinion has shifted. shop ć Put all your shopping on the table. ć She was carrying two baskets of shop- Basic. fm Page 284 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM shore 285 show ping. (NOTE: no plural: some shopping , a lot
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