First Certificate language practice with key 20 pot

FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 3 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. a) Tony was not only late, but he had left all his books behind. Not only was Tony late, but he had left all his books behind. b) I had no sooner gone to bed than someone rang my doorbell. No sooner c) I have seldom stayed in a worse hotel. Seldom '. d) I have never heard such nonsense! Never e) I realised only then that I had lost my keys. Only then f) The economic situation has rarely been worse. Rarely g) The manager not once offered us an apology. Not once h) You should not send money to us by post under any circumstances. Under no circumstances i) I understood Hamlet only after seeing it on the stage. Only after seeing Hamlet j) The embassy staff little realised that Ted was a secret agent. Little 4 Rewrite each sentence so that it begins with the word or words in italics. a) The best time to buy a house is now. b) The bus came round the comer. c) The price of petrol went up. d) The Parthenon stands on the top of the Acropolis. e) The wheels of the engine went round and round. f) Winston Churchill lived in this house. g) The flag went down. h) The best part of the story comes now. 184 GRAMMAR 31 INVERSION AND QUESTION TAGS 1) A are you B is it C do you D isn't it 2) A No sooner B After C Not only D As soon as 3) A that B but C and D than 4) A Not only B Seldom C Not once D Only then 5) A than B but C so D and 6) A can't I B won't I C will I D can I 7) A It goes B Goes it C Goes there D There goes 8) A isn't it B haven't you C didn't you D don't you 9) A do we B don't it C shall we D aren't we 10) A don't you B isn't it C can't you D won't you 11) A on comes B comes on C it comes on D comes it on 12) A does it B should it C shouldn't it D won't it 13) A isn't it B don't you C can't you D can't it 14) A Not only B Only then C Never D Under no circumstances 15) A isn't it B are you C don't you D aren't you Key points 1 In formal speech and writing it is possible to use inversion after negative adverbs. The adverb has to be at the beginning of the sentence or clause. 2 Intonation carries important meaning in question tags. Rising tags are questions, falling tags are checking information. (question) (checking) 185 5 Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space. Asking for advice You don't happen to know how this computer works, (1) C. ? (2) had I bought it (3) I regretted spending so much money! I haven't even got an instruction manual. (4) did I completely fail to understand the instructions, (5) then I accidentally threw the manual away. Now I'll never understand it, (6) , I said to myself. (7) my weekend, I thought, but then I remembered you. You've done a course on computers, (8) ? Let's look at it together, (9) , and try to understand it. You press this button first, (10) ? Then (11) this little light, and a message that says 'Error'. It shouldn't do that, (12) ? You can fix it, (13) ? Don't do that! This label says: '(14) should an unqualified person remove this panel'. Well, you are unqualified, (15) ? What do you mean, do it yourself! Explanations • Because, as and since As and since have the meaning of because and can begin a sentence. As/since it was late, we decided to go home. In formal, written language we can use for to mean because, but it cannot begin a sentence. Peter has given up sailing, for he doesn't have the time. • Because of, on account of, due to and owing to We can use all these words in place of because of. Everyone was depressed on account of/due to/owing to the bad weather. Note this difference: Sue's success was due to her hard work. (noun + be + due to) Sue succeeded owing to her hard work. (verb + owing to) Grammar 13 and the first part of this unit cover linking words that join clauses within a sentence. There are also linking words that join ideas across sentences and paragraphs. These are sometimes called 'text organizers' because they make clear the organization of what we say or write. They are more common in writing or formal speech. They usually come at the start of a sentence and have a comma afterwards, but can come after a comma in the middle of a sentence. • Sequencing We often number or order the points we are making. First (of all) , Secondly , Next , Then , Finally/lastly/last of all In narrative, the sequence of events can be introduced by: First , Then , After that , Finally/in the end • Adding We can introduce additional points. Furthermore , Moreover , In addition to , As well as this , Besides this • Giving opinions We can introduce personal opinions. Personally , In my own opinion/view • Giving examples We can introduce examples. For example , For instance We can also use such as to give an example, but it is not used at the beginning of a sentence. The factory produces electrical goods, such as food mixers and other kitchen appliances. Text organizers Reason 186 GRAMMAR 32 LINKING WORDS 2 • Showing a result Grammar 13 gave some informal ways to show a result. Formal ways include: Consequently , As a result , Thus • Making a contrast Grammar 13 gave some informal ways to make a contrast. Formal ways include: On the other hand , However , Nevertheless , In contrast , In comparison • Summarizing We can summarize all the points we have made. In conclusion , To sum up 187 FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE Underline the most suitable word or phrase in each sentence. a) Many people feel nervous about flying, and worry about the possibility of an accident. Furthermore/However, according to statistics, flying is actually safer than walking down the street. b) Our local supermarket no longer opens every day, as/on account of very few people live in our village. c) There are a number of objections to the planned motorway. As well as this/First of all, the new road will destroy valuable farming land. In contrast/In addition to this, it will bring thousands of vehicles and tourists. As a result/For example, our peaceful way of life will be destroyed forever. d) We conducted a survey of accommodation in the town, and came up with some interesting results. The hotels we saw were rather expensive, and consequently/moreover the actual facilities on offer were not always impressive. Besides this/In contrast, there were many guest houses, offering just bed and breakfast, which were not only good value but also had much better rooms than the hotels did. Finally/Personally, I would recommend The Oaks, a particularly impressive guest house in Long Harbour Road. e) Owing to/Since the increased demand for parking spaces, the company has decided to enlarge the car park. Consequently/Nevertheless the exit road on the west side of the car park will be closed from Monday to allow building work to begin. 2 Put one suitable word in each space. a) In conclusion, I would like to thank you all for your help. b) it's too late to finish the work today, we'll come back tomorrow. c) The flight was delayed a result of the high winds. d) This radio is expensive, but the other hand it has very good reception. e) First all, I would like to welcome you to our annual dinner. f) John is a hard worker. As as this, he is completely reliable. g) Science has not entirely changed the way we think instance, we still speak of the 'sunrise' although we know it is the Earth that is moving. h) Although this building project seems attractive, in my it would be a mistake to spend so much money on it. 188 GRAMMAR 32 LINKING WORDS 2 3 Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space. Owning a car Owning a car has several advantages. (1) A you can go wherever you want, whenever you want. You don't have to depend on public transport and (2) you feel more independent. (3) you are able to give lifts to friends, or carry heavy loads of shopping. (4) , there can be problems, especially if you live in a city. Running a car can be expensive, and you have to spend money on items (5) petrol, servicing the car, and repairs. You might also have problems with parking, as everywhere is becoming more and more crowded with cars. (6) , most people feel that the advantages of owning a car outweigh the disadvantages. (7) most young people of my age start driving as soon as they can. (8) , I think that cars nowadays have become essential, but I also feel that they cause a lot of problems, (9) they are noisy and dirty. (10) , the large numbers of cars on the road means that most towns and cities are organized for the convenience of cars, and the needs of pedestrians are ignored. 1) A First of all B As a result C Personally D Besides this 2) A however B personally C since D as a result 3) A In contrast B In my view C Besides this D However 4) A On the other hand B To sum up C Thus D For example 5) A as B such as C owing to D then 6) A Finally B Secondly C However D As 7) A For B Next C As well as this D Consequently 8) A For example B Personally C Nevertheless D In comparison 9) A for example B however C thus D since 10) A As a result B Moreover C Personally D In comparison Text organizers help readers and listeners to follow the development of an argument. Most of the expressions listed are formal in use. Because text organizers make links across sentences, their meaning is only clear when you study the ideas that come before and after them (the whole context). Key points 1 2 189 190 Explanations It and there It generally refers to something already mentioned. There is used with be to say that something exists. There is a good film on tonight. It stars Kim Basinger. It is also used in some phrases which do not have a grammatical subject. It's raining again. It's half past six. It doesn't matter. It's time to go. It and adjectives It is also used in the pattern it + adjective + infinitive/-ing. It's good to see you. It was nice meeting you. In informal speech, it and the verb be are often left out. Good to see you. Nice meeting you. One - One can be used as a pronoun, and has a plural ones. I don't like this one. I only like green ones. • The phrase one another refers to two subjects. Martin and David can't stand one another. This means that Martin can't stand David, and David can't stand Martin. • In normal conversation we use you to refer to anybody. As you get older you tend to forget things. But in formal speech and writing we can use one with this meaning. This is considered over-formal by many speakers. What does one wear to a dinner of this kind? It's not pleasant to hear oneself described by one's employees. Someone, everyone, - -body can be used instead of -one without a change in meaning. anyone, somewhere, -Words beginning some or any follow the usual patterns for these words, with etc any words normally used in questions and after negatives. There's something under the desk. Can you see anything? But we can use some in a question if it is an offer or request. Are you looking for somewhere to stay? Could someone help me, please? And we use any in positive statements where we mean it doesn't matter which or there is no limit to the possibilities. Please sit anywhere you like. Anyone who's tall will do. GRAMMAR 33 PRONOUNS 191 What as a pronoun What can be used as a pronoun meaning the thing(s) that. What we need is a hammer. Whatever, whoever, • These words are used to add emphasis to the question word. wherever, whenever, What you are doing? -> Whatever are you doing? (shows more surprise) why ever, however • We also use these words to mean any at all. Whatever you say is wrong! (Anything at all you say ) Reflexive • Reflexive pronouns can be used for emphasis. pronouns Why don't you do it yourself? I paid for the tickets myself. • They are also used for some actions that we do to ourselves. Sue cut herself. I have hurt myself. Did you enjoy yourself? But other verbs are not normally used with a reflexive pronoun, even though they are in other languages. Examples include: change (clothes), complain, decide, dress, feel, meet, relax, remember, rest, sit down, stand up, wake up, wash, wonder, worry Possessives: parts When we talk about parts of the body we often use a preposition + the rather of the body than a preposition + a possessive adjective. Jack gave Bill a punch on the nose. I grabbed him by the arm. Jack punched Bill on the nose. I looked him in the eyes. FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that it has the same meani ng. • a) The person who stole the painting must have been tall. Whoever stole the painting must have been b) I don't mind what you do, but don't tell Jane I was here. Whatever c) What on earth is the time? Whatever d) I'd like to know why you told me a lie. Why ever e) Every time I go on holiday, the weather gets worse. Whenever f) Tell me where you have been! Wherever g) How on earth did you know I was going to be here? However h) I won't believe you, no matter what you say. Whatever 192 GRAMMAR 33 PRONOUNS 2 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. a) John patted my back, gave John gave me a pat on the back. b) Don't hold a rabbit's ears and pick it up. by Don't the ears. c) I'll never be able to look at Tanya's face again. in I'll never be able to look again. d) Sue grabbed the thief's arm. by Sue arm. e) Helen took the baby's hand. by Helen hand. f) The bee stung my arm. me The bee arm. g) Somebody gave me a black eye. punched Somebody eye. h) Jane patted the dog's head. on Jane head. i) 'It's my arm! I'm hit!' said Billy the Kid. wounded 'I'm ,' said Billy the Kid. j) I felt someone pat my shoulder. me I felt someone shoulder. 193 . FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 3 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the. Summarizing We can summarize all the points we have made. In conclusion , To sum up 187 FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE Underline the most suitable word or phrase in each sentence. a) Many people. grabbed him by the arm. Jack punched Bill on the nose. I looked him in the eyes. FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that it has the same meani