UNIT 3 : ENERGY A ND NU T R IENTS 19 7) biome G. the process in plants by which carbon dioxide is converted into organic compounds using the energy of light 8) nutrient H. an animal that eats all types of food, especially both plants and meat 9) consumer I. an organism that produces organic compounds from simple substances 10) producer J. any animal uses the bodies of dead animals and plants for its food WORD STUDY A. RE- The prefix re- means “to do something again.” Here is an example: re- + read = reread (to read again) If you don’t understand a story the first time you read it, then you should reread it. EXERCISE Add the prefix re- to each word in the box. Then choose the correct word to complete each sentence. arrange do order tell build married take write 1) José made many mistakes in his first composition. Before he gives it to his teacher tomorrow, he is going to ……………………… it. 2) Dave and Susan Johnson got divorced 10 years ago. Last year Susan got ………………… and moved to Canada with her new husband. 3) I think I should ……………………… the furniture in my apartment. The way I have the tables and chairs now makes the room look crowded. 4) Children love to hear their grandparents tell stories! They often ask their grandparents to ……………………… their favorite stories many times. 5) The new waiter at the restaurant forgot our order for dinner, so we had to …………………… everything. 6) If you don’t get a good score on the TOEFL exam this weekend, you can …………………… it next month. 20 ENGLISH FOR ENVIRONMEN T A L STUDIES B. WORD FORMS: NOUNS Sometimes verbs and nouns have the same form. Sometimes we can change adjectives and verbs to nouns by adding a suffix or changing the form of the word. Look at the nouns below. Notice how they are related to other words. -ity same form adjective noun verb noun change control divorce change control divorce different form electric able national necessary possible electricity ability nationality necessity possibility marry choose marriage choice EXERCISE Practice using direct objects. Choose the correct noun form of the word in bold print to complete each sentence. electric 1) Yesterday there was a big storm and we lost the ……………………… at school. Everything was dark! national 2) Katarina was born in Spain. Her first language and her ………………… are Spanish. marry 3) Parents used to arrange the ……………………… of their child. Now people usually marry the person they love. control 4) After 1800 mothers usually stayed home and had ……………………… of the children and the home. necessary 5) An education is very important for a good life. Parents must explain this ……………………… to their children. able 6) My cousin is able to learn languages very quickly. She uses this ……………………… in her job as a tour guide. choose 7) You must choose which movie to see tonight. I chose the movie last week. Now it’s your ………………………. possible 8) Ali doesn’t know where to go on vacation. He might choose Mexico, but Puerto Rico is another ……………………… C. WORD FORMS: NOUNS Sometimes in English we can change an adjective to a noun by adding a suffix or changing the spelling. UNIT 3 : ENERGY A ND NU T R IENTS 21 Look at the examples. Complete the chart. -ness t ce adjective noun adjective noun smooth happy weak smoothness happiness …………………… important different ……………………… importance …………………… silence When we add a suffix to some verbs, we can make nouns. Sometimes a verb and a noun have the same form. Look at these examples. -ture -er same form verb noun verb noun verb noun mix sign furnish mixture signature furniture explore dry wash explorer dryer washer change work start change work start EXERCISE Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in bold print. change 1) The teacher explained the reason for the ……………………… in the class schedule. different 2) Modern and traditional clothes are different. Do you understand the ………………………? explore 3) James Cook is the name of an ………………………. furnish 4) What kind of ……………………… do you have in your apartment? happy 5) Money does not always bring ………………………. important 6) Social scientists do not understand the ……………………… of animal carvings in Eskimo society. mix 7) To make lemonade, mix lemon juice and water. Then add sugar to the ……………………… . sign 8) There is a place for your ……………………… at the bottom of the application. Please sign it. silent 9) You can almost hear the ……………………… in northern Canada. It is very peaceful there. smooth 10) Handling the carvings makes them smoother, and ……………………… improves them. start 11) The students finished their homework in the cafeteria only five minutes before the ……………………… of class. work 12) What kind of ……………………… did you do in your native country? 22 ENGLISH FOR ENVIRONMEN T A L STUDIES STRUCTURE STUDY THE CAUSATIVE Form have object past participle I am having How often do you have We had Simon has just had You should have Are you going to have a garage your hair our computer a suit your eyes new carpets built at the moment. cut ? serviced last week. made . tested . fitted in your flat? Use We use the structure have something done to talk about something which we arrange for someone else to do for us. Compare: ,¶m building a garage at the moment. (I am building the garage myself.) ,¶m having a garage built at the moment. (I arranged for someone else to do this for me.” We can also use have something done when we do not arrange for someone else to do something for us. I had my leg broken in a football match. We had our fence blown down in a storm last week. We often use have something done un this way when something unpleasant or unexpected happens to someone. Note that we can often use get something done instead of have something done especially in an informal style e.g. I must get this jacket cleaned. EXERCISE Complete the sentences using the correct form of having something done . 1) Are you going to ……………………………………… or shall I throw them away? (these shoes / repair) 2) My neighbors are ……………………………………… onto their house at the moment. (an extension / build) 3) I must ……………………………………… They keep falling off. (my glasses / mend) 4) Where do you …………………………………? It always looks very nice. (your hair / do) UNIT 3 : ENERGY A ND NU T R IENTS 23 5) I ……………………………………… on my car last month. (four new tires / fit) 6) I’ve just ……………………………………… (my suit / dry-clean) 7) Peter ……………………………………… while he was out at work. (his flat / burgle) 8) Mr. and Mrs. Woods ……………………………………… in a storm. (the roof of their house / damage) 9) Kate ……………………………………… from her bag while she was out shopping. (her wallet / steal) 10) My brother ……………………………………… in a football match. (his nose / break) Figure 7 24 ENGLISH FOR ENVIRONMEN T A L STUDIES UNIT 4 IMBALANCES WARM-UP 1) Have you ever heard of the phrase ‘imbalances in the ecosystem’? 2) What effects do you think acid rain has on ecosystems? 3) Do you know why agricultural lands must be fertilized?? READING Within an ecosystem nutrients are cycled internally. But there are leakages or outputs, and these must be balanced by inputs, or the ecosystem will fail to function. Nutrient inputs to the system come from weathering of rocks, from windblown dust, and from precipitation, which can carry material great distances. Varying quantities of nutrients are carried from terrestrial ecosystems by the movement of water and deposited in aquatic ecosystems and associated lowlands. Erosion and the harvesting of timber and crops remove considerable quantities of nutrients that must be replaced. The failure to do so results in an impoverishment of the ecosystem. This is why agricultural lands must be fertilized. Figure 8 : Polluted River UNIT 4 : IMB A L A CES 25 If inputs of any nutrient greatly exceed outputs, the nutrient cycle in the ecosystem becomes stressed or overloaded, resulting in pollution. Pollution can be considered an input of nutrients exceeding the capability of the ecosystem to process them. Nutrients eroded and leached from agricultural lands, along with sewage and industrial wastes accumulated from urban areas, all drain into streams, rivers, lakes, and estuaries. These pollutants destroy plants and animals that cannot tolerate their presence or the changed environmental conditions caused by them; at the same time they favor a few organisms more tolerant to changed conditions. Thus, precipitation filled with sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen from industrial areas converts to weak sulfuric and nitric acids, known as acid rain, and falls on large areas of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This upsets acid-base relations in some ecosystems, killing fish and aquatic invertebrates, and increasing soil acidity, which reduces forest growth in northern and other ecosystems that lack limestone to neutralize the acid. Figure 9 : Air Pollution and Acid Rain 26 ENGLISH FOR ENVIRONMEN T A L STUDIES READING COMPREHENSION A. QUESTIONS Answer the questions about the reading. 1) When will the ecosystem fail to function? 2) What carries nutrients from terrestrial ecosystems? 3) Why must agricultural land be fertilized? 4) What effects do the pollutants have on plants and animals? 5) Do nutrients remain in agricultural lands when pollution happens? B. TRUE-FALSE Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false. 1) 2) _ Nutrient inputs do not come from windblown dust but from weathering of rocks and from precipitation. A significant number of nutrients are taken away by erosion and the harvesting of timber and crops. 3) _ Pollution results from the overload of the nutrient cycle in the 4) _ ecosystem. Acid rain is filled with sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. 5) _ Acid rain has adverse effects on ecosystems. VOCABULARY Choose the best word from the box for each of the following sentences and put it in the correct form. convert erosion accumulate terrestrial deposit weather impoverish estuary tolerance precipitation 1) They feared the oceanic climate with increased ……………… and strong winds. 2) Dinosaurs are extinct, chiefly ……………… reptile that live in the Mesozoic Era. 3) They are making attempts to reduce the soil ………………. 4) Intensive cultivation has ……………… the soil. 5) Dust and dirt soon ……………… if a house is not cleaned regularly. 6) ……………… is a wide area of water where a river flows into the sea. 7) It is the enemy who can truly teach us to practice the virtues of compassion and ………………. UNIT 4 : IMB A L A CES 27 8) That is a process for ……………… waste into usable fuel. 9) Rocks ……………… by wind and water. 10) The Nile floods the fields and ……………… mud on them. WORD STUDY A. WORD FORMS: NOUN ENDINGS So far you have studied many common noun endings. Look at the word list below and notice how the nouns are related to the other words. noun adjective verb 1) similarity similar — 2) crowd crowded crowd 3) excellence excellent excel 4) payment — pay 5) equipment — equip 6) popularity popular popularize 7) weakness weak weaken 8) pleasure pleasant please EXERCISE Choose the correct word form to complete each sentence. Some nouns may need to be made plural. Use a word from line 1 in sentence 1, and so on. 1) There are several major …………………… between life in the United States and in Canada. 2) Lots of people went to the movie theater last night. There was a big ……………………… waiting outside to buy tickets. 3) Keiko had no mistakes on her test yesterday. The teacher wrote “……………………!” on the top of her test. Keiko was very happy. 4) If you take a loan from the bank to buy a car, you must make a …………………… every month until you pay all the money back. 5) Tennis shoes and other sports …………………… are usually very expensive. 6) It’s hard to understand the …………………… of video games. Many people play them, but I don’t like them. 7) David is very good at speaking and reading English. His major …………………… is writing, so he practices all the time. 8) I was so happy when I received a letter from my best friend at home. It is such a …………………… to get mail when you are far away from family and friends. 28 ENGLISH FOR ENVIRONMEN T A L STUDIES B. - LESS The suffix ±less means ³ without ´ or ³ not having something. ´ Here is an example: The number of English words to learn is endless. (“without end”) EXERCISE Add the suffix -less to each word. Then choose the best word for each sentence. care ……………………………… change ……………………………… hop e ……………… …… … ……… wo rth ……………………………… he lp ……………… …… … ……… thought ……………………………… end ……………………………… sleep ……………………………… 1) Babies cannot take care of themselves. Someone must help them because they are ……………………. 2) Stephan found an old coin. He thought it was gold, but it wasn’t. In fact, it had no value. It was ……………………. 3) You must take your time and be careful when you write. If you try to hurry, you will make …………………… mistakes. 4) Michael was sick last night so he could not sleep. Today in class he was very tired after such a …………………… night. 5) Helen said something that hurt my feelings. I know she didn’t want to hurt my feelings. She just wasn’t thinking. She made a …………………… mistake. C. WORD FORMS: NOUNS Some common noun endings are -sion, -tion, -ation, and -t. Look at this list of verbs and nouns. Notice how the nouns are related to the verbs. verb noun verb noun divide introduce explore educate prevent division introduction exploration education prevention populate complicate inform produce fly population complication information production flight . 3) I must ……………………………………… They keep falling off. (my glasses / mend) 4) Where do you …………………………………? It always looks very nice. (your hair / do) UNIT 3 : ENERGY A ND NU T R IENTS 23 . you understand the ………………………? explore 3) James Cook is the name of an ………………………. furnish 4) What kind of ……………………… do you have in your apartment? happy 5) Money does not always. your native country? 22 ENGLISH FOR ENVIRONMEN T A L STUDIES STRUCTURE STUDY THE CAUSATIVE Form have object past participle I am having How often do you have We had Simon