Sat - MC Grawhill part 82 ppt

800 MCGRAW-HILL’S SAT 6 6 666 6 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE Questions 10–16 are based on the following passage. The following passage was written by a natural- ist about his studies of the wildlife in the African plains, particularly Serengeti National Park in Tanzania. How can so many wild animals manage to survive in the Serengeti? Their migrations of course tell part of the story. By moving from place to place with the changing seasons, they do not overuse and damage the grass in any one area. But other, less obvious factors also are involved. Here on the eastern plains in January, it is clear that most of the animals are eating the abundant grass that springs up like a well- mown lawn between low clumps of Sodom apple and indigo plants. Nearly all of them, from 1,500-pound eland bulls to tiny 10-pound Thomson’s gazelle calves, are grazers, rather than browsers, which feed on shrubs or the leaves of trees. Singly or in pairs, long lines, or little groups, they move over the green pastures, never remaining long in one place. Where the grass is all short, as it will be when it has been heavily grazed, all the animals ap- parently eat much the same sort of grass. But where the grass is of varied lengths and tough- ness, we can see that each animal copes dif- ferently with the available fodder. The herds of zebras tend to roam in areas separate from the rest of the grazing multi- tude. Unlike all the other grazers on the plain, they have teeth in both jaws. This enables them to deal with taller, coarser grass than can the other herbivores. All the rest are various species of antelope, which nip off the grass be- tween their lower incisors and toothless upper palates. Thus, the zebras eat down the longer grasses to a certain level and then move on. Following the zebras come the wildebeests and, in better-wooded areas, hartebeests. These animals eat the grass down a stage fur- ther, until it is really short. (They also eat new growth before it has had a chance to grow tall.) Then the Thomson’s gazelles take over. With their tails flicking constantly, they nibble at the individual leaves of the tussocks and on the tiny plants that grow between them. By the time all of them have finished, the plain resem- bles a closely but rather unevenly mown lawn. Thus, one species or another of animal often predominates over a great expanse of the plain, depending on the height to which the grass has grown or has been grazed. Finally, when all has been eaten down rather short, most of the grazers leave the area altogether. Two or three weeks later, when more rain has brought on fresh growth, the herds may return to feed over the area again. Perhaps they move about in response to the intensity of local showers, which can vary a good deal over a distance of only a mile or two. In any case, the result of their returning again and again to the same areas is to keep the grass green and short, just as the repeated mowing of a lawn in summer does. If, as a result of badly drawn park bound- aries or some other cause, the migrant herds of Serengeti were confined to either the west- ern woodlands or the eastern short-grass plains, they would be forced to return to the same areas too often and would eventually so weaken the grass that it would die out. But as they eat it down, they move away and the grass recovers. 10. As a whole, this passage is primarily con- cerned with (A) criticizing human intervention in a nat- ural habitat (B) describing the life cycle of particular plants (C) suggesting a way to avert a natural disaster (D) showing how to distinguish grazers from browsers (E) describing how a particular ecosystem works Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Excerpted from The Life of the African Plains, Leslie Brown, McGraw-Hill, 1972. Reprinted with permission of The McGraw-Hill Companies. CHAPTER 16 / PRACTICE TEST 4 801 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 11. Lines 22–24 (“Where the grass . . . the available fodder”) discuss the relationship between (A) what they eat (B) the seasons and relative animal populations (C) plant size and dietary variety (D) zebras and antelopes (E) climate and plant health 12. According to the passage, browsers differ from grazers primarily in terms of (A) what they eat (B) how quickly they eat (C) their weight (D) how they digest their food (E) the season in which they migrate 13. The passage indicates that the various species of antelope that graze on the Serengeti (A) feed on shrubs and leaves of trees (B) lack upper teeth (C) can easily eat tall and coarse grass (D) usually graze with zebras (E) tend to consume all of the vegetation in an area before moving on 14. The passage suggests that the sequence of graz- ers described in lines 25–45— zebras followed by wildebeests followed by Thomson’s gazelles— is generally maintained UNLESS (A) the grazers arrive at a new pasture (B) the grass is of various lengths and textures (C) there are browsers among them (D) fresh rains have fallen (E) all of the available grass is short 15. According to the passage, rain affects the feeding habits of Serengeti grazers primarily by (A) flooding and destroying some of the pastures (B) forcing the browsers to take shelter under trees (C) rendering the plants edible again (D) weakening the grass (E) confining the herds to high plateaus 6 6 666 6 16. The final paragraph suggests that maintaining the grasslands of the Serengeti requires (A) freedom of the grazers to move as they wish (B) frequent rainless periods (C) frequent removal of dead plants (D) the restriction of grazers to the woodlands (E) a separation of grazers and browsers Questions 17–24 are based on the following passage. The following is an excerpt from an essay by George Bernard Shaw, written in 1889, on the economic basis of socialism. All economic analyses begin with the culti- vation of the earth. To the mind’s eye of the astronomer the earth is a ball spinning in space without ulterior motives. To the bodily eye of the primitive cultivator it is a vast green plain, from which, by sticking a spade into it, wheat and other edible matters can be made to spring. To the eye of the sophisticated city man this vast green plain appears rather as a great gaming table, your chances in the game depending chiefly on the place where you de- posit your stakes. To the economist, again, the green plain is a sort of burial place of hidden treasure, where all the forethought and indus- try of man are set at naught by the caprice of the power which hid the treasure. The wise and patient workman strikes his spade in here, and with heavy toil can discover nothing but a poor quality of barley, some potatoes, and plentiful nettles, with a few dock leaves to cure his stings. The foolish spendthrift on the other side of the hedge, gazing idly at the sand glittering in the sun, suddenly realizes that the earth is offering him gold—is dancing it be- fore his listless eyes lest it should escape him. Another man, searching for some more of this tempting gold, comes upon a great hoard of coal, or taps a jet of petroleum. Thus is Man mocked by Earth his stepmother, and never knows as he tugs at her closed hand whether Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 802 MCGRAW-HILL’S SAT GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 6 6 666 6 it contains diamonds or flints, good red wheat or a few clayey and blighted cabbages. Thus too he becomes a gambler, and scoffs at the theorists who prate of industry and honesty and equality. Yet against this fate he eternally rebels. For since in gambling the many must lose in order that the few may win; since dis- honesty is mere shadow-grasping where everyone is dishonest; and since inequality is bitter to all except the highest, and miserably lonely for him, men come greatly to desire that these capricious gifts of Nature might be intercepted by some agency having the power and the goodwill to distribute them justly according to the labor done by each in the collective search for them. This desire is Socialism; and, as a means to its fulfillment, Socialists have devised communes, kingdoms, principalities, churches, manors, and finally, when all these had succumbed to the old gambling spirit, the Social Democratic State, which yet remains to be tried. As against Socialism, the gambling spirit urges man to allow no rival to come between his private in- dividual powers and Stepmother Earth, but rather to secure some acres of her and take his chance of getting diamonds instead of cab- bages. This is private property or Unsocialism. Our own choice is shown by our continual aspiration to possess property, our common hailing of it as sacred, our setting apart of the word Respectable for those who have attained it, our ascription of pre-eminent religiousness to commandments forbidding its violation, and our identification of law and order among men with its protection. Therefore is it vital to a living knowledge of our society that Private Property should be known in every step of its progress from its source in cupidity to its end in confusion. 17. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of this passage? (A) Socialism provides the best means for humanity to manage the capriciousness of nature. (B) Astronomers, farmers, and economists have much to learn from each other. (C) Patient and diligent farmers will always be rewarded. (D) Foolish people are often just as lucky as industrious workers. (E) All people properly aspire to own prop- erty and earn respectability. 18. The “primitive cultivator” (line 5) is (A) a supernatural creator (B) an astronomer (C) a farmer (D) a machine (E) a philosopher 19. According to the passage, the perspective of the “astronomer” (line 3) differs primarily from the perspective of the “foolish spendthrift” (line 21) in that the astronomer views the earth as (A) generous, while the spendthrift views the earth as stingy (B) a beautiful gem, while the spendthrift views the earth as a dull, sandy expanse (C) dangerously capricious, while the spend- thrift views the earth as a source of un- limited riches (D) lacking regard for humankind, while the spendthrift views the earth as generous (E) moving in an orderly fashion, while the spendthrift views the earth’s movements as dangerously random 20. The “closed hand” in line 30 refers to (A) the strength of the farmer (B) the tendency of the earth to hide its treasures (C) the abundance of resources that spring from the earth (D) the laziness of the foolish spendthrift (E) the fact that the earth is inanimate and lacking will 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 George Bernard Shaw, and H. G. Wilshire. Various authors. See Contents. Fabian Essays in Socialism. New York: Humboldt Publishing Co., ed. George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wilshire, and W. D. P. Bliss, 1891. [Online] available from www. econlib.org/library/ CHAPTER 16 / PRACTICE TEST 4 803 21. The author mentions “industry and honesty and equality” (lines 34–35) in order to make the point that (A) some moral habits are not as valuable as many claim (B) fate tends to favor those who are virtuous (C) too many people disdain ethical behavior (D) the natural order reflects a moral order (E) hard work and morality are their own reward 22. The “fate” mentioned in line 35 is the fate of (A) the hard-working farmer (B) the theorist who preaches honesty and equality (C) the gambler (D) the owner of private property (E) the socialist 6 6 666 6 23. The author qualifies his view of the “Social De- mocratic State” by indicating that it (A) appeals to the gambling instinct (B) will discourage workers from being industrious (C) places a high value on selfishness (D) encourages people to be wasteful (E) has not yet been attempted 24. The sentence “Our own choice . . . its protec- tion” (lines 59–66) suggests that most people of the author’s era (A) are deeply religious (B) are becoming skeptical of the concept of respectability (C) place a high value on the concept of pri- vate property (D) desire a socialist democratic state (E) are not as industrious as they believe themselves to be STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section of the test. 804 MCGRAW-HILL’S SAT GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 7 7 777 7 1. If 3x + 5x + 8x = 32, what is the value of x? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5 2. If (6x) = 8, then x = (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5 1 3x x ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ 3. If 5b − 10 ≥ 15, which of the following expresses all of the possible values of b? (A) b ≥ 5 (B) b ≥ 1 (C) b ≥ 9 (D) b ≤ 1 (E) b ≤ 5 4. If t% of 60 is equal to 30% of 50, what is the value of t? (A) 12 (B) 15 (C) 25 (D) 30 (E) 35 SECTION 7 Time—20 minutes 16 questions Turn to Section 7 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. Directions: For this section, solve each problem and decide which is the best of the choices given. Fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. You may use any available space for scratchwork. 1. The use of a calculator is permitted. 2. All numbers used are real numbers. 3. Figures that accompany problems in this test are intended to provide information useful in solv- ing the problems. They are drawn as accurately as possible EXCEPT when it is stated in a spe- cific problem that the figure is not drawn to scale. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated. 4. Unless otherwise specified, the domain of any function f is assumed to be the set of all real num- bers x for which f(x) is a real number. The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360. The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180. NotesReference Information r A = πr 2 C=2πr ᐉ w A = ᐉw V = ᐉwh V = πr 2 h Special right triangles c 2 = a 2 + b 2 A = 1 / 2 bh h b ᐉ w h r h b c a 2x x x s s s 3 2 30° 60° 45° 45° CHAPTER 16 / PRACTICE TEST 4 805 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 8. Which of the following graphs best represents the data presented in the table above? 9. If the sum of seven integers is even, at most how many of these integers could be odd? (A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6 (E) 7 Miles per gallon age (years) Miles per gallon age (years) Miles per gallon age (years) Miles per gallon age (years) Miles per gallon age (years) (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 7 7 777 7 5. If it takes 40 minutes to write h holiday cards, then in terms of h, how many holiday cards can be written at that rate in 8 hours? (A) (B) 8h (C) 12h (D) (E) 6. Which of the labeled points on the number line above could represent the product −1.5 × 1.25? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E 7. If four people share 100 baseball cards and each person must receive a different positive whole number of cards, what is the greatest possible number of cards any one person may have? (A) 28 (B) 29 (C) 94 (D) 95 (E) 97 ABC D E –2 –1 0 1 2 12 h 5 h 5 h FUEL EFFICIENCY OVER TIME Miles per gallon Age of car (in years) 12345 36 35 31 26 20 806 MCGRAW-HILL’S SAT GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 10. In a particular year, if January 22 is the fourth Wednesday of the month, what is the date of the fourth Monday in January? (A) January 20 (B) January 21 (C) January 26 (D) January 27 (E) January 28 11. The graph above shows the number of teach- ers in Hamden who live in a house, the num- ber of teachers who live in an apartment, and the number of each who use gas or oil heat. Of the teachers who use gas heat, what fraction live in a house? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 12. If 5x + 7y = 18 and 2x − 4y = 6, what is the value of 7x + 3y? (A) 7 (B) 12 (C) 19 (D) 24 (E) 31 73 80 60 73 60 80 73 100 60 100 7 7 777 7 13. In the figure above, if l⏐⏐m, what is the value of x in terms of y and z? (A) y − z (B) z − y (C) z + y (D) 180 − y − z (E) 90 − z − y 14. Julie Ann commutes to work one morning at an average speed of 40 mph. She returns home along the same route at an average speed of 24 mph. If she spends a total of 2 hours traveling to and from work that day, how many miles is her commute to work? (A) 24 (B) 30 (C) 32 (D) 34 (E) 40 y ° z ° x ° l m house gas oil apartment 60 20 13 7 20 80 Hamden CHAPTER 16 / PRACTICE TEST 4 807 15. Given the graph of y = f(x) above, which of the following represents the graph of y = f(x − 2) + 4? y = f(x) y x (5,0) (0,5) O Note: Figure not drawn to scale. 16. Line segment BD –– is tangent to the circle with center O at point A. If DO = BO = 12, what is the area of the unshaded region of ΔBOD? (A) (B) (C) 36 − 12π (D) (E) 72 3 36− π 72 2 36− π 36 2 12− π 36 3 12− π B AD O 30 ° y x (5,0) (0,5) O (A) (C) y x (5,0) (0,5) O (B) (D) y x (5,0) (0,5) O y x (5,0) (0,5) O (E) y x (5,0) (0,5) O 7 7 777 7 STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section of the test. 808 MCGRAW-HILL’S SAT GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 2. The of James Joyce’s early works, which used clear prose to reveal the inner dimensions of his characters, gave way to and arcane style of writing in such books as Ulysses and Finnegans, Wake, which explored character through neologisms and obscure literary tricks. (A) inspiration . . an emotional (B) lucidity . . an opaque (C) vagueness . . a simple (D) popularity . . a concise (E) anachronism . . a derivative 3. Critics of former British Prime Minister Win- ston Churchill complained that he too often acted , choosing his strategies arbitrarily without much explanation. (A) diligently (B) impulsively (C) viciously (D) malevolently (E) savagely 4. Sixteenth-century British monarch Henry VIII was a king who demanded from his courtiers; he did not hesitate to execute anyone who acted irreverently. (A) insolence (B) impudence (C) truculence (D) deference (E) ignominy 1. The with which technology is advancing makes it difficult for businesses to stay current, and as a result, they often find themselves using equipment. (A) urgency . . progressive (B) swiftness . . conventional (C) torpidity . . antiquated (D) lassitude . . innovative (E) rapidity . . outdated 8 8 888 8 SECTION 8 Time—20 minutes 19 questions Turn to Section 8 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole. EXAMPLE: Rather than accepting the theory unquestion- ingly, Deborah regarded it with . (A) mirth (B) sadness (C) responsibility (D) ignorance (E) skepticism A C D E B CHAPTER 16 / PRACTICE TEST 4 809 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 5. In the 1600s, Italian scientist Galileo Galilei was and sentenced to life in prison for being a when, contrary to church teach- ings, he proposed that the sun, rather than the earth, was the center of the universe. (A) ostracized . . hermit (B) venerated . . demagogue (C) hallowed . . revisionist (D) denounced . . heretic (E) reviled . . luminary 6. Known for her and iconoclastic stance on most political matters, the senator had a hard time securing the votes of the more party members during her presidential campaign. (A) contentious . . orthodox (B) controversial . . litigious (C) disingenuous . . vituperative (D) dissident . . idolatrous (E) heretical . . polemical 8 8 888 8 heeding the injunction, cast down his bucket, and it came up full of fresh, sparkling water from the mouth of the Amazon River. To those of my race who depend upon bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underesti- mate the importance of cultivating friendly rela- tions with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neighbor, I would say: “Cast down your bucket where you are”—cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the peo- ple of all races by whom we are surrounded. Cast it down in agriculture, in mechanics, in commerce, in domestic service, and in the professions. And in this connection it is well to bear, when it comes to business, pure and simple, it is in the South that the Negro 1 is given a man’s chance in the commercial world, and in nothing is this Exposition more eloquent than in emphasizing this chance. Our greatest danger is that in the great leap from slavery to freedom we may overlook the fact that the masses of us are to live by the production of our hands, and fail to keep in mind that we shall prosper in proportion as we learn to dignify and glorify common labor and put brains and skill into the common oc- cupations of life; shall prosper in proportion as we learn to draw the line between the su- perficial and the substantial, the ornamental gew-gaws of life and the useful. No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dig- nity in tilling a field as in writing a poem. It is at the bottom of life we must begin, and not at the top. Nor should we permit our grievances to overshadow our opportunities. To those of the white race who look to the in- coming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, “Cast down your bucket where you are.” Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you know, whose fidelity and love you have tested in days when to have proved treacherous meant the ruin of your firesides. Cast down your bucket among these people who have, without strikes and labor wars, tilled your fields, cleared your Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 1 African American Questions 7–19 are based on the following passages. The following passages present two viewpoints on the assimilation of ex-slaves into American cul- ture in the late 19th century. Passage 1 is from a speech given by Booker T. Washington, an African American ex-slave and prominent educator, at the Atlanta Exposition in 1895. Passage 2 is an ex- cerpt from a paper entitled The Conservation of Races written by W. E. B. Du Bois in 1897. PASSAGE 1 A ship lost at sea for many days suddenly sighted a friendly vessel. From the mast of the unfortunate vessel was seen a signal, “Water, water; we die of thirst!” The answer from the friendly vessel at once came back, “Cast down your bucket where you are.” And a second, third and fourth signal for water were an- swered, “Cast down your bucket where you are.” The captain of the distressed vessel, at last The passages below are followed by questions based on their content; questions following a pair of related passages may also be based on the relationship between the paired passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage and in any in- troductory material that may be provided. . 800 MCGRAW-HILL’S SAT 6 6 666 6 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE Questions 10–16 are based on the following passage. The following passage was written by a natural- ist about his studies. a particular ecosystem works Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Excerpted from The Life of the African Plains, Leslie Brown, McGraw-Hill, 1972. Reprinted with permission of The McGraw-Hill. OVER TIME Miles per gallon Age of car (in years) 12345 36 35 31 26 20 806 MCGRAW-HILL’S SAT GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 10. In a particular year, if January 22 is the fourth Wednesday of the month, what