Cam nang ON THI TOT NGHIEP. Hay

CẨM NANG CẨM NANG ÔN TẬP THI TỐT NGHIỆP ÔN TẬP THI TỐT NGHIỆP Name : Structures Examples 1. Mất bao nhiêu thời gian để … : It + Takes / Took + Object +Time+ To Infinitive . S + spend / spent + time + V-ing 2.The extra object “It” : S + V + It + Adj / Noun / Noun Phrase + To Infinitive . Verbs : think , made , find , feel , believe , consider , prove… 3. Clauses and phrases of purpose : Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ mục đích. @ Phrases of Purpose : cụm từ 3.1  Main clause + To / So as to / In order to + Verb ( bare infinitive ). 3.2 Main clause + Not to / So as not to / In order not to + Verb ( bare infinitive ). 3.3  Main clause + In order [ for + Object ]+ ( not ) to infinitive . ( Khác chủ ngữ ) @ Clauses of Purpose : mệnh đề can / could 3.4 Main clause + so that / in order that + S + (not)+Verb (bare infinitive). will / would 4. Clauses and phrases of result : Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ kết quả. 4.1 @ Clauses of result : * S + V + So + Adj / Adv + That + Clause.( S+ can / could + (not) +Verb ( bare infinitive) ) * S + V + Such + (A /An) + Adj + Noun + That + Clause. 4.2 @ Phrases of result : * S + V + Too + Adj / Adv + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive . * S + V + Adj / Adv + Enough + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive . ( Xem thêm phần bổ xung trang 10 ) 5. Wish Clauses : Mệnh đề ao ước. 5.1 @Future wish : S + wish + S + would / could + Verb ( bare inf ) . 5.2 @ Present wish : S + wish + S + were (not) / Verb (cột 2 / ed) / didn’t verb (bare infinitive) . 5.3 @ Past wish : S + wish + S + Had (not) + Verb (pp) . 6. Clauses and phrases of reason /concession : Mệnh đề&cụm từ chỉ lí do/ sự nhượng bộ  Because / although / though …  Because of / In spite of / despite 6.1 S + be + adj Possessive + noun 6.2 The / possessive +N+ be + adj The / possessive + adj + N 6.3 S + V (tenses ) + … ( Possessive ) + ( not ) + V-ing @Nếu 2 mệnh đề nối với nhau bằng “BUT” . Khi viết lại câu với Although / though , ta chỉ cần bỏ “BUT” rồi đưa although / though vào mệnh đề đầu. ( Xem thêm phần bổ xung trang 9 ) 1. Eg : She walks to school in thirty minutes. It takes her thirty minutes to walk to school.  She spends thirty minutes walking to school. 2. Eg : Translating into Vietnamese is a good method . I think It a good method to translate into Vietnamese. 3. Eg : 3.4@Banks are developed so that they can keep people’s money safe. 3.1 To keep people’s money safe , Banks are developed . 3.4@The farmer built a high wall around the garden in order that the fruits would not be stolen. 3.3 In order for the fruits not to be stolen , The farmer built a high wall around the garden. 3.2@My father drove carefully in order not to cause accidents. 3.4 My father drove carefully so that he would not cause accidents. Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ mục đích có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính . 4. Eg : @The exercises were so difficult that the students can’t finish them.  They were such difficult exercises that the students can’t finish them.  The exercises were too difficult for the students to finish them.  The exercises were not easy enough for the students to finish them. @The tea was too hot for him to drink .  The tea was so hot that he could not drink it.  It was such hot tea that he could not drink it.  The tea was not cold enough for him to drink. 5. Eg : 5.1 I can’t speak English fluently . I wish I could speak English fluently 5.2 My friends don’t take part in the game. I wish my friend took part in the game. 5.3 I didn’t know that Alice was ill. I wish I had known that Alice was ill. 6. Eg : 6.1 Because he is lazy , he often gets bad marks .  Because of his laziness , he often gets bad marks . 6.2 Because the husbands were absent ,women went to work in factories. Because of the absent husbands ,women went to work in factories. Because of the husbands’ absence , women went to work in factories. 6.3 Although she didn’t ask him , he helped her.  In spite of her not asking him , he helped her. @ It was raining heavily , but the boys were playing football. Although/though It was raining heavily,the boys were playing football. Trang 1 7. Comparision of Adjectives and Adverbs : Câu so sánh 7.1 @ Equal Comparisions : S + V + as / so + adj / adv + as + noun / pronoun. 7.2 @ Unequal Comparisions : Short adj / adv + er S + V + + than + noun / pronoun. More + long adj / adv 7.3 @ Superlatives : Short adj / adv + EST S + V + the + + ( prepositional phrase ) Most + long adj / adv 7.4 @ Double comparations: so sánh kép : Càng … càng °The + short adj / adv + er + S + V , The + short adj / adv + er + S + V. °The more + long adj / adv + S + V , The more + long adj / adv + S + V. 8. Reported speech : Câu tường thuật 8.1 @Commands : (+) : S + asked / told + O + To Infinitive + O… (_) : S + asked / told + O + Not to Infinitive … 8.2 @Statements : S + told / said to + O + S + V ( lùi thì ) … 8.3 @Questions : 1° Yes / no questions : wanted to know S + asked + O + If/Whether + S + V ( lùi thì ) … wondered 2° Wh _ questions : wanted to know S + asked / told + O + Wh+ S + V ( lùi thì ) … wondered Notes : Khi gặp câu đk loại 2 & 3 , câu có thời gian xác đònh cụ thể không lùi thì . 9. Đổi thì khi viết câu : 9.1 @ Started/Began+to inf/V-ing+time ago. Has/have+V(3/ed) +since/for+time. Has/have+been+V-ing+since/for+time. 9.2 @ S + has / have + not + V ( 3 / ed ) +(O)+ since / for + time.  S + last + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + time ago.  It ‘s + time + since + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O).  The last time + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + was + time ago. 9.3 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + O + before. This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + O. 9.4 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N + before. This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N. This / It is the most + long adj + N + S + has / have + ever + V ( 3 / ed ) . the short adj + EST + N + S + has / have + ever + V ( 3 / ed ) . 7. Eg : @Mary is certainly more intelligent than her sister . Mary’s sister is certainly not so intelligent as Mary / her. @You don’t speak English as fluently as she . She speaks English more fluently than you (do). @Today is not sunny as yesterday . Yesterday is sunnier than today. @I know him better than you . You don’t know him so well as me. @Nobody in the team plays football so well as Tom. Tom is the best football player in the team. @The sooner you leave , the earlier you will arrive. The hotter it is , the more miserable I feel. Notes : 1. Good / well better  the best 2. Bad / badly worse  the worst 3. Many / much more  the most 4. Little less  the least 5. Far further/farther (KC)  the further/farther (KC) 8. Eg : 8.1 @“Hurry up , Lan” He told Lan To hurry up. 8.1 @“Don’t leave the room” He ordered them Not to leave the room. 8.1 @"Be modest if you are a good pupil”,said my father. My father told me to be modest if I was a good pupil. 8.2 @"I ‘ll take these with me”,he said. He said he would take those with him. 8.3 @"Did you phone me yesterday ?”Peter asked Mary. Peter asked Mary If/Whether she had phoned her the day before / the previous day. 8.3 @The teacher asked “Which book are you taking , John?”. The teacher wanted to know which book John was taking . Thay đổi trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn và thời gian cho phù hợp.  This  That  These  Those  Here  There  Now  Then  Today  That day  Ago  Before  Tonight  That night  Yesterday  The day before / The previous day  Tomorrow  The day after / The following day  Next week  The week after / The following week 9. Eg : 9.1 I started studying English six years ago.  I have ……………………………………………………………………… 9.2 They have not gone on a picnic for many months.  They last …………………………………………… 9.3 She has never seen him before.  It is the …………………………………………………………………………………… 9.2 The last time I met him was two weeks ago .  I …………………………………………………………………… 9.4 I have never heard such a beatiful song before.  This is ………………………… Trang 2 10. Các cấu trúc liên quan đến “USE” : 10.1 @Be used to / get used to + V-ing / Noun : Quen với 10.2 @Be used to + V (bare inf) / Be used for + V-ing : Được dùng để 10.3 @Used to + V (bare inf) : Đã từng 10.4 @Use sth up / Be used up : Sử dụng / được sử dụng hết 10.5 @Use sth + To infinitive : Sử dụng để 11. Inversion : Cấu trúc đảo ngữ. Khi các trạng từ mang nghóa phủ đònh ( Seldom , Rarely , Never , No sooner , Hardly , Not until , No longer … ) được đặt ở đầu câu. Phải đảo ngữ trợ từ. 12. Subject and Verb agreement : Hòa hợp chủ ngữ & động từ 12.1  Singular subjects  Singular verbs : chủ ngữ số ít  đ.từ số ít  Plural subjects  Plural verbs : chủ ngữ số nhiều  đ.từ số nhiều 12.2 @ Chủ ngữ số ít :  Các danh từ chỉ : tiền , khoảng cách , thời gian , bệnh tật ( measles ,mumps ,rickets…) , môn học ( physics , mathematics , economics , politics , statistics ,linguistics , athletics …) , danh từ riêng (Athens, the Philippines, Wales , the United Nations , the United States, Brussels …) ,tựa đề của sách/truyện ( TOM and JERRY ) ,các danh từ không đếm được , V-ing / To infinitive phrases , mệnh đề , Each / every… / no… / one … Động từ chia số ít : is , was , has , does not , V s/es. 12.3 @ Chủ ngữ số nhiều :  Các danh từ tận cùng bằng“S”(trừ những trường hợp trên ) : clothes-trousers- jeans… , the+Adj (the deaf ,the rich , the poor …) , People / police / poultry / cattle / team / staff / chilren / women / public / audience … , Both / many / several / few / some / a large number - a mount of … Động từ chia số nhiều : are , were , have , do not , V (inf.) 12.4 @ Các trường hợp dùng từ nối :  Either or Neither + S 1 + nor + S 2 V depends on S 2 Not only but also  S 1 + with / together with + S 2 V depends on S 1 as well as / along with  S 1 + in / on / of + S 2 V depends on S 1  A number of + Noun  Plural verb The number of + Noun  Singular verb  There + be + Noun  Be phụ thuộc vào Noun  All / some / none / plenty / half / most / the rest / a lot / lots + of + Plural noun  Plural verb All / some / none / plenty / half / most / the rest / a lot / lots + of + Singular noun  Singular verb 10. Eg: He gets up early in the morning and he is used to it . 10.1  He is used to getting up in the morning. Originally, tennis was an indoor game. 10.3  Tennis used to be an indoor game. English coversation in class. 10.1  Those students are used to English coversation in class. People use gold for guaranteeing the value of the paper money. 10.2  Gold is used for guaranteeing the value of the paper money. 10.4  Some people believed that the world’s resources could be used up. 10.5  We can use this knife to cut … 11. Eg : I seldom come there at night. Seldom do I come there at night . People didn’t discover Aids until 1981. Not until 1981 did people discover Aids. We have never seen such a wonderful sight before. Never have we seen such a wonderful sight before. She had not gone to bed until her father got home from work. Not until her father got home from work had she gone to bed. 12. Eg : 1. A box of cigarettes (contain) 20 pipes. 2. There (be) very few cultural activites here. 3. My trousers (be) too long. 4. None of the students (finish) the exam yet. 5. Physics (study) mechanics,heat,light,sound and electricity. 6. That you like the food I cook (encourage) me very much. 7. A number of the students (fail) in the exam. 8. The United States (have) the population of 250 million. 9. Collecting stamps (be) my brother’s hobby. 10. The singer , along with her manager (be) going to the party tonight. 11. Cattle (be) allowed to graze on the village common. 12. Two years (be) a long time to be without a job. 13. Neither his parents nor his teacher (be) satisfied with his result. 14. Three miles (be) too much to run in a day. 15. Writing letter (make) her happy. 16. “Romeo and Juliet” (be) shown at Dong Khoi Cinema last month. 17. Not only my brother but also my sisters (be) here. 18. Nobody (have) cleaned the floor for months. 19. The production of dyes,perfumes and explosives (have) made a lot of progress. 20. Every boy and girl in this room (know) the answer. 21. The news that I listened to on the radio last night (be) very interesting. Trang 3 13. Active and passive voice : Câu bò động Tenses Active  Passive 1. Simple present 2. Simple past ° S + V ( s/es ) + O ° S + V ( 2 / ed ) + O ° S + am / is / are + V ( pp ) ° S + was / were + V ( pp ) 3. Present continuous 4. Past continuous ° S + AM / IS / ARE + V- ing ° S + WAS / WERE + V- ing ° S+Am/Is/Are + Being +V ( pp ) ° S+Was/Were + Being +V ( pp ) 5. Present/past perfect ° S + HAS / HAVE + V ( pp ) HAD ° S+ Has / Have + Been+ V ( pp ) Had 6. Modal verbs ° S + MODAL + V ( bare inf ) ° S + MODAL + Be +V ( pp ) Modals : can,could,will,would,shall,should,may,might,must,used to,have to,has to,had to… 13.1 Chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là :I,we,you,he,she,it,they,people,someone,somebody… Khi đổi sang câu bò động là: by me,us,you,him,her,it,them,people,somebody….thì bỏ đi. 13.2 Chủ ngữ câu chủ động là anybody , anyone , anything … khi đổi sang câu bò động phải chuyển thành nobody , no one , nothing … và chuyển động từ sang ngược thể . 13.3 Nếu trong câu chủ động có 2 tân ngữ, một trong 2 tân ngữ có thể làm chủ ngữ trong câu bò động. 13.4 By + O đứng trước trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và đứng sau trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn trong câu bò động . 13.5 Nếu tân ngữ trong câu bò động chỉ sự vật , sự việc thì dùng giới từ “with” thay cho “by” trước tân ngữ đó . 13.6  Dạng nhờ bảo ( Causative forms ) : Active : S + have + O ( người ) + bare infinitive + O ( vật ). S + get + O ( người ) + to infinitive + O ( vật ). Passive :  S + have / get + O ( vật ) + V (pp) + by O (người). 14. Relative clauses : Mệnh đề liên hệ 14.1 @ WHO : used for people ( Subject )  WHO + Verb 14.2 @ WHOM : used for people ( Object )  WHOM + S + Verb him,her,them,you,us,me… 14.3 @ WHOSE : used to show possession  WHOSE + Noun his,her,their,your,our,my… 14.4 @ WHICH : used for things ( Subject / Object )  WHICH + ( S ) + Verb 14.5 @ WHERE : used to modify a place  At / In / On + WHICH , there 14.6 @ WHEN : used to modify a noun of time  At / In / On + WHICH , then 14.7 @ WHY : used to introduce a reason  The reason , for the reason Notes :1. Nếu có các cụm từ : Neither of them ,All of them ,Some of them , Any of them …  Neither of / All of / Some of / Any of … + which / whom 2. Chỉ sử dụng WHOM or WHICH sau các giới từ. 13. Eg : @ People speak Enghish all over the world.  Enghish is spoken all over the world. @ Is she making a new dress for her mother ?  Is a new dress being made for her mother ? @ The boys broke the window and took away some pictures .  The window was broken and somes pictures were taken away by the boys . @ You must clean the wall before you paint it .  The wall must be cleaned before it is painted . Eg: 13.1& 13.2 He can’t see anything. > Nothing can be seen ( by him ) . Eg: 13.3 John gave me a present. > I was given a present by John . > A present was given for me by John. Eg: 13.4 Alice saw Ann last week. > Ann was seen by Alice last week. Mr Smith found the boy in the park. > The boy was found in the park by Mr Smith. Eg :13.5 Smoke filled the room > The room was filled with smoke . Eg : 13.6 I had him repair my bicycle yesterday. > I had my bicycle repaired ( by him ) yesterday. Eg : 13.6 I get her to make some coffee. > I get some coffee made ( by her ). 14. Eg : 1. I don’t know the reason . She left school fot it.  I don’t know the reason ( for Which ) ……………………. she left school . 2. This is the house . We often stay in this house in the summer.  This is the house ( in WHICH ) ……………………. we often stay in the summer . 3. Can you arrange the time ? We can have another discussion at that time.  Can you arrange the time ( at WHICH ) …………………. we can have another discussion ? 4. The man is my father . I respect his opinion best.  The man ……………………. opinion I respect most is my father . 5. The taxi driver is friendly . He took me to yhe airport.  The taxi driver ……………………. took me to the airport is friendly . 6. Mary and Margaret are twins . You met them yesterday.  Mary and Margaret , ……………………. you met yesterday , are twins . 7. I look at the moon . It was very bright that evening.  I look at the moon ……………………. was very bright that evening . 9. That is the man to ……………………. I spoke this morning. Trang 3. Không được dùng THAT trong mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn.(có dấu phẩy ) 15. Conditional clauses : If clauses Main clauses  Real condition : Có thật S + V(s/es) / am,is,are S + will/shall/can/may (not) + V(bare inf)  Present unreal condition : Không thật ở hiện tại S + V(2/ed) / were(not) S + would/could/should/might (not) + V(bare inf) Didn’t + V(bare inf)  Past unreal condition : Không thật ở quá khứ S + had (not ) + V(3/ed) S + would/could/should/might (not) + have + V(3/ed) Notes : 1. Đối với câu điều kiện loại 2 (were) hoặc loại 3 ( had+V 3/ed ) , ta có thể đảo ngữ và bỏ “IF”. 2.  Unless = If … not : If clauses  Unless Thể phủ đònh  khẳng đònh ( mệnh đề chính không đổi ) Thể khẳng đònh  khẳng đònh (đổi động từ trong mệnh đề chính sang ngược thể ) 3.  V (bare inf) + O + or + Clause  If + Clause ( phủ đònh ) , Clause Clause + by + V-ing  If + Clause ( khẳng đònh ) , Clause Without + N / N phrase ,Clause  If there be not + N / N phrase ,Clause 16. Phrasal Verbs : Cụm động từ - apply to sb for sth: nộp đđơn đđến. . . xin. . . - ask sb for sth: hỏi xin ai/ yêu cầu ai về - take after: resemble: trông giống như - call back: gọi lại - call up : goi dien - catch up ( with) :đđuổi kịp, bắt kịp - come up : xay ra, phat sinh - cool off: nguội lạnh đđi, giảm đđi ( nhiệt tình) - discuss sth with sb = have a discussion about sth: thảo luận về - drop in: ghe tham - explain sth to sb: giải thích - fall behind: bị tụt đđằng sau - fill in : đđiền vào ( mẫu đđơn) - fill up: do day - find out: discover information - get along (with): have a good relation ship with - get in / on : enter a car/ taxi. . .buoc len - get over : recover : bình phục - get off: leave a bus/ train. . . buoc xuong - listen to sb/ sth: lắng nghe - get through (with): ket thuc - get up: thức dậy - give back: tra lai - give in: nhượng bộ, chịu thua - lie down: nằm xuống( đđể nghỉ ngơi) - leave out : omit - look after = take care of = to care for : chăm sóc, trông nom - look out (for): be careful - look sth up: tra cứu - make up : invent a story:bịa ra - make up of : chiem, tao thanh - make use of : su dung - pay back: tra lai - pick up : nhat, don - point at/ to sb/ sth: chỉ - put away: dat cho khac - put back: dat tro lai 17. Verb + Noun phrase + Preposition :  Catch sight of : ………………………………………  Lose sight of : ………………………………………  Make fun of : ………………………………………  Make use of : ……………………………………  Take account of : ………………………………………  Take care of : ………………………………………….  Take notice of : …………………………………….….  Take advantage of : ………………………………… 4 15. Eg :  If you are not careful , you will cut yourself with that knife.  If I knew the answer , I would tell you .  If we had had a map , we would not have got lost . 1.  If you had learnt / learned hard , you wouldn’t have failed the exam last year .  Had you learnt / learned hard , you wouldn’t have failed the exam last year . 2.  If she does not water these trees , they will die .  Unless she waters these trees , they will die . If we had more rain , our crops would grow faster.  Unless we had more rain , our crops would not grow faster. 3.  Be calm , or you will make a wrong decision.  If you are not calm , you will make a wrong decision. Without the sun , man would live in the darkness.  If there were not the sun , man would live in the darkness.  as if / as though : dường như S + V + as if / as though + S + V 2 hay had +V 3/ed Ex: She talked as if she were my mother. She talked as though she had just met a ghost. - give up: stop doing / having sth: ngưng, từ bỏ - glance at sb/ sth: take a quick look at: liếc nhìn - go away: đđi khỏi - go by : trôi qua ( time ) - go off: nổ ( bomb ), bắn ( gun), reo ( clock ) - go on: continue : tiếp tục - go out: stop burning/ shining: tắt - grown up: become an adult - hold up : làm trở ngại - hurry up: làm nhanh - invite sb to/ for sth: mời - jot down = note down : ghi tom tat - keep on = continue : tiep tuc - keep up : giữ vững duy trì, tiếp tục - laugh at sb/ sth: cười, trêu chọc, chế nhạo - leave somewhere for. . .: rời - talk to / with sb about/ of sb/ sth: nói, bàn, thảo luận - throw sth at sb/ sth: ném, chọi vào - throw away: discard vứt, ném, liệng - throw sth to sb: chuyền - try out : test : thử nghiệm - turn down: giam, khong chap nhan - take off : cất cánh, cởi ra - turn off: switch off : tắt (đèn, quạt. ), shut off - turn on: switch on: mở (đèn, quạt . . ) - turn round: quay lại - turn up : mo lon, đđến - wash up: wash the dishes: rửa chén - watch out (for): be careful - write to sb: viết thư gởi ai - put on: dress yourself in sth: mặc vào - put off = call of : postpone - run into = come across : tinh co gap - speak up : nói to lên - search sb/ sth for sb/ sth: khám, xét, tìm - sit down: ngồi xuống - speak to/ with sb about/ of sb/ sth: nói với ai về  Lose track of : ………………………………………  Give place to : ………………………………………  Give way to : ………………………………………  Put a stop to : ………………………………………  Pay attention to : ………………………………………  Lose touch with : ………………………………………  Make room for : ………………………………………  Make a fuss over / about : ………………………………………  Make allowance for : ………………………………………  Keep pace with : ………………………………………  Set fire to : ……………………………………………  Take note of : …………………………… …………… 18. Prepositions following adjectives : Các giới từ theo sau tính từ  With At : clever , present , quick , skilful. … + AT  With With : acquainted , crowded , friendly , popular…. +WITH  With In : interested , rich , successful…… + IN  With From : absent , different , safe…… + FROM 19. Two – word verbs with “GO” :  Go over : look at sth carefully , inspect sth.  Go out : stop burning , be extinguished.  Go on :  take place,happen.  continue without changing.  continue speaking,after a short pause.  Go off : be fired , explode.  Go by : ( of time ) pass.  Go back : return.  Go away : leave a place.  Go along : progress,develop.  Go ahead :  be carried out , take place.  begin to do sth without hesitation.  Go after : chase or pursue somebody.  Go up : (of prices) become higher.  Go down : (of prices) become lower. 20. Prepositions : In In , , At , At , On On  In is used with : years,centuries,parts of the day,decades,seasons,months.  At is used with : times,holidays,weekends.  On is used with : dates,days of the week,special days.  No preposition is used with : Expressions with Ago , Tonight , This morning … , tomorrow , tomorrow morning … , yesterday , yesterday morning … , last … , next … . 21. Since & For :  Since + a point in time. [ mốc thời gian ]  For + a period of time. [ khoảng thời gian ] 22. Pronunciation : 22.1  “-ED”: a,When the verbs ends in /t / or /d / sounds,we pronounce the final syllable as:“id” Eg: needed , wanted , decided , posted , added , waited , included , provided … b, After / s , S , tS , k , p , f, x / sounds , we pronounce the final syllable as :“t” Eg: stopped,cooked, missed , laughed , pushed , wacthed , packed , washed , boxed c, Another sounds , we pronounce the final syllable as :“d” Eg: pulled , happened , married , smiled , opened … Exercises :  worked  combed  described  arranged  Put an end to : ……………………………………… Trang 5  With To : acceptable , accustomed , agreable , contrary , harmful , kind , likely , lucky , open , pleasant, important , similar. …… + TO  With Of : afraid , ahead , aware , capable , confident , full…… + OF  With For : difficult , late , useful , perfect , available. … + FOR  With About : sad , confused , serious … + ABOUT 19. Eg : 1 As time go , my memory seems to get worse. 2 He went the burglars. 3 We are going for a few days for the holiday. 4 The price of petrol is going because the cost of the exploitation is too high. 5 Go your composition carefully before you hand it in. 6 The dog wanted to go toward the fire. 7 Despite the bad weather , the picnic will go 8 The gun went by accident. 9 The fire has gone . 10 The alarm clock went at five o’lock. 11 There was a power failure and all the lights went 12 The bomb went in a crowded street. 13 Tom is a very studious pupil.He always goes all his leson every day. 14 Why don’t you go working.The examination has drawn near. 20. Examples :  In 1994 , In the nineteenth century , In the morning , In the 1970s , In summer , In November  At 7.00 , At midnight , At Christmas , At Easter , At the weekend…  On 19 July , On Monday , On Sunday evening , On my birthday , On Christmas Day… 21. Eg : I have lived here for 2 years / since 1991. Complete the phrases with For or Since : ______ 1984 ______ two o’clock ______ ten years ______ then ______ a long time ______ Wednesday ______ hours ______ my birthday ______ last week 22.2  “-S / -ES”: a, We pronounce the final syllable as : “s” after / p , k , f , t , H / sounds. Eg: tapes , cakes , froofs , pets , months … b, we pronounce the final syllable as : “iz” after / z , dZ , S , tS , s , ks / sounds. Eg: mazes-noses,oranges-bridges , dishes-crashes , matches-speches , buses-classes , taxes-boxes. c, Another sounds , we pronounce the final syllable as :“z” Eg: songs , tables , hands , lessons , dreams … Exercises :  baths  windows  knocks  skirts  names  educated  smiled  reached  printed  bathed  naked  showed  thanked  included  boxed  provided  camped 23. TO INFINITIVE – GERUND – & BARE INFINITIVE Verbs followed by To-infinitive: Theo sau bởi động từ To - infinitive  Verbs followed by A (pro) noun + an infinitive:  1. Would Like : thích 2. Be Able : có thể làm 3. Be Willing : sẵn lòng 4. Be going to : sẽ 5. Desire : ao ước 6. Hope : hi vọng 7. Decide : quyết đònh 8. Want : muốn 9. Intend : có ý đònh 10. Expect : mong chờ 11. Promise : hứa 12. Command : ra lệnh/yêu cầu 13. Instruct : chỉ dẫn 14. Order : ra lệnh 15. Remind : nhắc nhở 16. Manage : cố gắng xoay sở 17. Refuse : từ chối 18. Believe : tin tưởng 19. Agree : đồng ý 20. Arrange : sắp xếp 21. Invite : mời 22. Offer : đề nghò 23. Demand : đòi hỏi/yêu cầu 24. Deserve : xứng đáng 25. Seem : dường như 26. Mean : muốn / có ý 27. Pretend : dặn dò/giả vờ 28. Ask : yêu cầu/hỏi 29. Beg : cầu xin 30. Appear : xuất hiện  Verb + noun / pronoun + to infinitive 1.Advise She advise me to wait until tomorrow 2.Allow He allowed me to use his car 3. Ask I asked John to help us 4. Forbid I forbid you to tell him 5. Permit He permitted the chilren to stay up late 6. Remind She reminded me to lock the door 7. Teach My brother taught me to swim 8. Warn I warned you to be happy 9. Encourage He encouraged me to try again 10. Invite Harry invited the Johnsons to come to his party 11. Require Our teacher requires us to be on time 12. Expect I expect you to be on time ………… @Chú ý: Nếu sau động từ không có Object thì dùng: V-ing  They allowed smoking here .  31. Threaten : đe dọa 32. Volunteer : tình nguyện 34. Hesitate : do dự / ngần ngại 33. Wish : ao ước 35. Encourage : khuyến khích 36. Warn : cảnh báo/báo trước 37. Need : cần 38. Attempt : cố gắng 39. Prepare : chuẩn bò 40. Sau các tính từ  Verbs followed by Bare - Infinitive: Theo sau bởi động từ nguyên mẫu 1. Sau các động từ giác quan : See - Hear - Smell - Feel - Taste - Watch - Notice - Touch … 2. Sau các động từ : Would please , would rather , had better ,Let ,Help, Make , Observe , … 3. Sau các động từ khiếm khuyết : Can / could / may / might / must / have to / ought to / …. 4. Would rather + S + V 2/ed ,  masses  pages  spoons  depths  matches  noises  bells  babies  thiefs  potatoes Trang 6  Verbs followed by Gerund: Theo sau bởi động từ V-ing  Verbs followed by Either the Infinitive or the Gerund : cả hai hình thức 1, Like / Dislike / Prefer / Hate / Detest V – ing : thích / ghét thật sự To-infinitive : thích vì cho là tốt nên làm Eg : I like lying on the beach ( Tôi thích thật sự , tôi thấy vui khi nằm ) I like to lie on the beach ( Tôi cho là điều tốt , tôi thấy cần nằm ) 2. Stop V – ing : ngừng làm 1 công việc mà ta đang làm To – infinitive : ngừng làm công việc này sang làm một công việc khác Eg : She stopped going to classes when she got sick. He stops to talk to his friends 3. Remember / Forget / Regret V – ing : một việc đã xảy ra To-infinitive : một việc chưa xảy ra / cần phải làm Eg : I remember seeing the Alps for the first time . The sight was impressive. Judy always remembers to lock the door before going out. Eg : I regret (hối hận) lending him some money. I regret (rất tiếc) to tell you that you failed the test. 4. Try V – ing : thử làm một việc gì To – infinitive : cố gắng làm một việc gì 1. Enjoy : thích 2. Avoid : tránh 3. Be Worth : đáng 4. Mind : làm phiền / ngại 5. Postpone / Delay : trì hoãn 6. Miss : lỡ / nhỡ 7. Be Busy : bận 8. It’s no use / good : chẳng có ích/ lợi 9. Hate = Detest : ghét 10. Can’t Bear / Stand : k o thể chòu được 11. Have fun / a good time 12. Consider : xem / coi như 13. Keep : giữ / vẫn 14. Be Accustomed To : quen với 15. Practice : luyện tập 16. Look forward to : mong chờ 17. Get used to / Be used to : quen với 18. Suggest : đề nghò 19. Forgive : tha thứ 20. Quit : thôi / ngừng 21. Discuss : thảo luận 22. Help / can’t help : có thể nhòn 23. Admit : thừa nhận 24. Recollect : hồi tưởng 25. Appreciate : thưởng thức 26. Resist : chòu đựng 27. Tolerate : tha thứ 28. Recall : nhớ lại 29. Mention : đề cập / nói đến 30. Have difficulty : gặp khó khăn 31. Waste : lãng phí 32. Complete : hoàn tất / thành 33. Deny : từ chối 34. Recommend : khuyên 35. Understand : hiểu / biết 36. Resent : không bằng lòng 37. Risk : mạo hiểm 38. Sau giới từ / mạo từ / tình từ sở hữu @Chú ý:  The verbs may be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund with little or no difference in meaning : Finish / Start / Begin / Love / Prefer / Hate/ Dislike / Like / Continue / Can’t Bear / Can’t Stand 24. The sequence of tenses : Phối hợp thì 1. Present simple tense 2. Simple future tense 3. past simple 4. past continuous/perfect 5. Present simple /continuous 6. past simple/continuous 7. Past simple tense 8. Past perfect tense 9. Present perfect tense 10. Past perfect tense WHEN / UNTIL WHEN / AS WHILE WHILE AFTER UNTIL SINCE BEFORE - present simple tense - present perfect tense - past simple tense - present continuous tense - past continuous tense - past perfect tense - past simple tense - past simple tense Past simple tense EXERCISE : Complete the sentences with suitable tense. 1. As soon as the visitors (leave) ……………, Mum made us tidy up the house. 2. After we (complete) …………………… ……… the test, the teacher gave us some English magazines to read. 3. The druggist (leave, already) ……………………………… for home when we got to the store yesterday. 4. Mr. Carlson (talk) ………… ……to another man when I saw him this morning. 5. We (wait) …………………………………for you right here when you return at 5: 30 p.m. tomorrow. 6. He said he (not, meet) ………………Mary when he (come) ………………… there last week. 7. By the time I (arrive) ……….…, the football match (already, start) …………………. 8. I’ll give him this parcel when he (come) …………………back here next week. 9. I’ll wait for her until she (finish) ……………………………………….…………the exam. 10. Mrs Brown cut her finger while she (slice) ……………………….……………the bread. 11. After I (ask) ………………………her twice, she finally (tell) ……………… me her name. 12. I (ask) ……………………… the teacher a question after the class has been over. 13. What you (learn) …………………… …… since you (come) ……………….…………here ? 14. Sam (already, leave) ……………………………… … when we get back. 15. Gary will come soon. I (wait) …………………… here until he (come) ……………………. 16. When I (arrive)………………… at his house last night, he still (sleep) ……………………. 17. As we (cross) ……………………the street, the policeman (shout) …………………at us. 18. After they (go) …………………………………, we (sit) down and (rest) ……………….……………. 19. When I asked her, she (say) ……………………that she (already, see) ………………… Dr. Rice. 20. The light (go) ………………………… out while we (have ) ………………………………dinner. Eg : I am trying to learn English . The room was hot.I tried opening the window,but that didn’t help. so I tried turning on the fan. Trang 7 25. Bảng Tóm Tắt Cấu Trúc Một Số Thì. THỂ THÌ KHẲNG ĐỊNH S + ( V ) PHỦ ĐỊNH S + ( NOT + V ) NGHI VẤN S + ( V ) ? TÍN HIỆU NHẬN BIẾT THÌ Hiện Tại Đơn - S (số nhiều) + V - S (số ít ) +V s/es S+ am/is/are - S + DO not + V - S + DOES not + V S+ am/is/are + not - DO + S + V ? - DOES +S + V ? Am/Is/Are+S+? Always, usually, frequently, often, seldom , constantly , rarely ,occasionally,normally, sometimes Every day / week / month / year /… H. Tại Tiếp Diễn AM S+ IS +V-ING ARE AM S + IS not+V -ING ARE AM IS + S +V -ING? ARE Now,right now ,at this time, at the moment , at present, Don’t ! , Listen! , Look! … Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành HAVE S + + PP HAS HAVE S + not + PP HAS HAVE + S + PP ? HAS Just, already, yet, ever, never, lately, recently, so far,up till now, since…,for…, in the last,… H Tại Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn S + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + V - ING S + HAVE / HAS + not + BEEN + V - ING HAVE / HAS + S + BEEN +V -ING ? Now, up till now, since… , for, … Quá Khứ Đơn S + were/was V 2/ed S + were/was not did not + V Were/Was+S+.? Did + S + V ? Yesterday, ago, last year/ month/ … , during, in years… Quá Khứ Tiếp Diễn WAS S + +V-ING WERE WAS S + not +V -ING WERE WAS +S +V-ING? WERE Then, at that time, at this time last … , at 4 o’clock yesterday, between 3.30 and 4.30, as , when , while Q.Khứ Hoàn Thành S + HAD + PP S + HAD not + PP HAD + S + PP ? Before, after,when, by the time, … Tương Lai Đơn WILL S + + V SHALL WILL S + not + V SHALL WILL + S + V ? SHALL Tonight, tomorrow, soon, again , next week /month. In future, in 2010,… Tương Lai Gần S + AM / IS / ARE + GOING TO + V S + AM/IS /ARE + NOT + GOING TO + V AM/IS /ARE + S + GOING TO + V ? T.Lai Tiếp Diễn S + WILL + BE + V-ING S + WILL + not + BE + V-ING WILL + S + BE + V-ING ? 26 . The order of Adjectives : Trật tự tính từ  Determiner + Opinion +Size + Quality + Age +Shape + Colour + Origin + Material + Purpose + Noun Examples :  Determiner : a/an/the/some/any/many/my/his /this/that/these/those  Opinion : nice / wonder / excerllent / lovely / terrible / awful …  Size : large / small / long / short / tall …  Quality : clear / busy / famous / important …  Age : old / new / young…  Shape : round/square/fat/thin/wide/narrow…  Colours : red / white / blue / green / black …  Origin : British / Italian / Chinese / Japanese …  Material : brick / paper / plastic / wooden / silver / golden…  Purpose : alarm (clock) / tennis (court) / walking (boots) Exercises : 1. She is holding ( handbag / shiny / small / a / black ). 2. He has got ( tea / a / Japanese / cup / white / large / antique ). 3. Jack has just bought ( racket / tennis / expensive / a ). 4. ( Car / this / red / luxurious / Rolls-Royce ) is my father’s. 5. ( Desk / small / that / Chinese / writing ) is mine. 27. How + Adj / Adv ? 27.1  Age : How old are you ? 27.2  Height : How tall / high is he ? 27.3  Distance : How far is it from your home to school ? 27.4  Length : How long is this river ? 27.5  Speed : How fast can you jog ? 27.6  Width : How wide is your room ? 27.7  Depth : How deep is this pool ? 27.8  Weight : How heavy are those bags ? How much do you weigh ? 27.9  Frequency : How often do you visit your parents ? Time: How long will you stay here ? 27.10  Quantity : How much is that shoes ? How many students are there in your class ? Exercises : 1. They’ve stayed in Hanoi for 5 months.  How …………………………………………………………………? 2. His house is 250 square meters in width.  How …………………………………………………………? 3. My sister receives 4 letters once a week.  How ……………………………………………………………? 4 .He spent 15 minutes cleaning his bicycle yesterday.  How …………………………………… ? 5. A dozen of eggs costs 2 pounds.  How ……………………………………………………………………………? T.Lai Hoàn Thành S + WILL + HAVE + PP S + WILL + not + HAVE + PP WILL + S + HAVE + PP ? By + mốc t.gian ( By the time , By then ) Trang 8 28. Tổng hợp môt số từ (có giới từ ) cần chú ý :  Prevent … from + V-ing : ngăn…khỏi  Object to + V-ing : phản đối  Apologize to someone for sth : xin lỗi ai về  Accuse someone of : buộc tội ai về  Warn about : cảnh báo  Would rather + V(bare inf)/Clause(s.past)  Fail + to inf = not succeed in + V-ing  S(vật) + need to be + V(pp) need + V-ing = S(người) + must + V(bare inf) need + to inf Eg : The grass needs to be cut / cutting = I must cut the grass/I need to cut the grass.  Turn into : chuyển thành  In this respect : về phương diện này  Throw out : ném , thải ra  Account for : nguyên nhân của  Care for (thích) , about (lo lắng)  Satisfy with : hài lòng với  Protect … from + V-ing : bảo vệ khỏi  Be up to = depend on : tùy thuộc vào  Get into : mắc phải  Come into being : ra đời , thành lập  Put in force : có hiệu lực  Put back into use : tái sử dụng  Wipe out : quét sạch  On the other hand : mặt khác  Inherit … from : thừa kế từ  Laugh at : cười chế nhạo  Take part in / Join in :tham gia vào  Suffer from : chòu đựng  Light up : châm thuốc  Be involved in : liên quan/dính líu đến  Go along:tiến hành  On the contrary : trái lại  Introduce … to : giới thiệu với  Make a point of : quen với  Invite … to : mời đến  Ban … from : cấm đến  In view of : xét đến / vì lý do  Regard as : xem như  Put aside : gạt sang một bên  Keen on : háo hức  On the whole :nhìn /nói chung  Belong to : thuộc về  Ask for : hỏi xin  Combine with : kết hợp với  Aim toward : nhắm/ngắm về hướng  Bổ xung phần 6. ( Clauses and phrases of reason /concession ) Adjective  Noun  Tired  Tiredness  Sick  Sickness  Ill  Illness  Late  Lateness  Kind  Kindness Adjective  Noun  Important  Importance  Different  Difference  Absent  Absence  Honest  Honesty  Difficult  Difficulty 6. My father is over 60 years old now.  How ……………………………………………………………………………… ? 29. Tag – questions: Câu hỏi đuôi Câu hỏi đuôi là câu hỏi được thêm vào ở cuối câu. *QUI TẮC HÌNH THÀNH CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI: 1. Ta thêm dấu phẩy vào cuối câu thay cho dấu chấm câu cũ. 2. Đảo ngữ của vế đầu ra phía sau 3. Vế trước không "NOT" thì vế sau có "NOT" và ngược lại 4. Từ "NOT" bắt buộc phải viết ở dạng rút gọn 5. Chủ ngữ phía trước là danh từ hay cụm từ khi đảo ngữõ ra phía sau phải được rút gọn thành ĐẠI TỪ NHÂN XƯNG tương ứng. Ví dụ: 1- You are tall. You are tall, …………………………………? aren't you? 2- Lan is beautiful. Lan is beautiful, ……………………………….? isn't she? 3- Your father can’t play tennis . Your father can play tennis , ………………? can he? 4- Nam doesn't go to the zoo. Nam doesn't go to the zoo, …………………………? does he? 5- Her mother cooks well. Her mother cooks well, ……………………………….? doesn't she? Chú ý: 29.1. MỘT SỐ TRƯỜNG HP BIẾN ĐỔI ĐỘNG TỪ THƯỜNG GẶP: *ĐỘNG TỪ VẾ TRƯỚC *ĐỘNG TỪ Ở SAU ĐUÔI 1. is isn't 19. are aren't 2. am not am 20. is not = isn't  is 3. are not = aren't are 21. will won't 4. can can't 22. may mayn't 5. mayn't  may 23. must mustn't 6. must not = mustn't must 24. shall shan't 7. shan't shall 25. will not = won't will 8. cannot = can't  can 26. have  don't 9. has  doesn't 27. have not = haven't have 10. has not = hasn't has 28. V 2/ed didn't 11. was  wasn't 29. were weren't 12. V bare inf don't 30. V s hoặc V es doesn't 13. don't + V do 31. doesn't + V  does 14. didn't + V did 32. should  shouldn't 15. shouldn't should 33. would wouldn't 16. wouldn't  would 34. could couldn't 17. couldn't could 35. might mightn't 18. mightn't might 29.2. MỘT SỐ TRƯỜNG HP BIẾN ĐỔI ĐẶC BIỆT 1. A nice day, isn't it? (vế đầu là câu cảm thán) 2. I'm tired, aren't I? 3. Let's go to the zoo, shall we? 4. Don't open your book, will you? Open your book, will you hoặc won't you ? 5. Everyone Everybody doesn't like him, do they? Some one comes here early, don't they? Somebody No one comes here, do they?  Lazy  Laziness  Sad  Sadness  Dark  Darkness  Poor  Poverty  Noisy  The noise  Invent  The invention of Trang 9  Bổ xung phần 4 . ( Tính Từ Trái Nghóa ) 1 Bad : Xấu # Good, fine : Tốt, đẹp 2 Beautiful : Đẹp # Ugly : Xấu xí 3 Big : Bự, lơnù # Small : Xấu xí 4 Bored : Buồn tẻ # Amused,excited : Vui 5 Boring : Buồn chán # Interesting : Hay, hấp dẫn 6 Bright : Sáng # Dark : Tối 7 Busy : Bận rộn # Free : Rãnh rỗi 8 Careful(ly) : Cẩn thận # Careless(ly) : Bất cẩn 9 Cheap : Rẻ # Expensive : Mắc, đắt tiền 10 Clever : Khéo léo # Silly, stupid : Ngớ ngẩn 11 Cloudy : Có mây # Cloudless : Không có mây 12 Cold : Lạnh lẽo # Hot : Nóng 13 Coll : Mát mẻ # Warm : m 14 Difficult : Khó # Easy : Dễ 15 Difficulty : Khó # Easily : Dễ 16 Dirty : Bẩn thỉu # Clean, pure : Sạch, trong lành 17 Dry : Khô # Wet : Ướt 18 Early : Sớm # Late : Trễ 19 Easy : Dễ # Hard, difficult : Khó 20 Empty : Trống không # Full : Đầy 21 Excited : Hay # Bored : Buồn, dở 22 Exciting : Hay # Boring, bad : Buồn, dở 23 Far : Xa # Near : Gần 24 Fast : Nhanh # Slow : Chậm chạp 25 Free : Rãnh rỗi # Busy : Bận 26 Good : Tốt, giỏi # Bad : Dở, tệ, xấu 27 Happy : Vui # Sad, bored : Buồn 28 Hard : Cứng, khó # Soft, easy : Mềm, dễ 29 High : Cao # Low : Thấp 30 Hot : Nóng # Cold : Lạnh 31 Hungry : Đói # Full : No 32 Interesting : Hay # Boring, bad : Buồn, dở 33 Large : Lớn # Small : Nhỏ 34 Late : Trễ, khuya # Early : Sớm 35 Lazy (lazily) : Lười biếng # Hard : Siêng năng 36 Light : Nhẹ # Heavy : Nặng 37 Light : Sáng # Dark : Tối, sậm 38 Long : Dài # Short : Ngắn 39 Near : Gần # Far : Xa 40 New : Mới # Old : Cũ 41 Noisy / noisily : n ào # Quiet / quietly : Yên tònh 42 Old : Cũ, già # New, young : Mới, trẻ 43 Polluted : nhiễm # Pure : Trong lành 44 Poor : Nghèo # Rich : Giàu 45 Quick(ly) : Nhanh # Slow(ly) : Chậm 46 Quiet : Yên tónh # Noisy : n ào 47 Right : Đúng # Wrong : Sai 48 Sad : Buồn # Happy, amused : Vui [...]... the report A a B an C the D.X 12 ……… English are proud of their traditions A a B an C the D.X 13 When you come out of the lift , you will see two doors , a red one and a blue one My door is …… blue one A a B an C the D.X 14 When you ‘re ready , I ‘ ll take you to ………… airport A a B an C the D.X 15 One of ………… biggest celebrations in ………… Argentina is …………New Year’s Eve A the / X / a B X / the / the... started going to ………….school A a/X B an / a C the / X D X /X 3 She lives on ……….top floor of and old house A a B an C the D.X 4 Einstein won …………Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 A a B an C the D.X 5 Is there ……… public telephone near here ? A a B an C the D.X 6 What ………….interesting film ! A a B an C the D.X 7 ………….moon is full tonight A a B an C the D.X 8 She can’t play ………….piano but she can play …………violin...No body 6 Everything is expensive, isn't it? Something isn't cheap, is it? Nothing is cheap, is it? 30 Articles : 1 Vò trí: Đứng trùc danh từ ,bổ nghóa cho danh từ đó: 2 Mạo từ: a / an / the a Mạo từ: “a /an” được gọi là mạo từ bất đònh Mạo từ * Cách dùng: khi đề cập lần thứ nhất, trong dạng đònh nghóa Ex: He is a good student I saw an interesting... tính từ so sánh nhất: the most beautiful girl,the earliest comer,the only… - Cụm ngữ: The + N + of the/our +N Ex: the date of the meeting , the problems of overpollution - Trước danh từ chỉ dụng cụ ââm nhạc , hoặc nhắc đến 2 lần Ex: I play the piano Yesterday I bought a book The book is on fish - Trước số thứ tự : the first, the second, the next, the last, the same Ex: He is the first student to hand... student to hand in the paper - Trước danh từ chỉ phương hướng: the South, the North, the West, the East 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Short slow(ly) Soft Strong True Warm Well Wrong : : : : : : : : Ngắn, thấp chậm Mềm Mạnh Đúng m Giỏi Sai # # # # # # # # Long, tall Quick(ly) Hard Weak, ill Untrue, false Cool Badly Right, true : : : : : : : : Dài, cao Nhanh Cứng Yếu, bệnh Sai Mát Dở, tệ Đúng Trang 10 30 Exercises... I saw an interesting film last night b Mạo từ “the”: được gọi là mạo từ bất đònh: Ex: I met a boy The boy is very lazy * Cách dùng: - Dùng trùc vật duy nhất: the sun, the earth, the moon, … - Tên sông , tên biển: the Long Binh River, the Thames, the Missouri River, the Panama Canal, the Pacific (Ocean), the Atlantic, the Arctic, the Indian, … - Tên các dãy núi, hòn đảo, quốc gia liên hợp: the Alps,the . I don’t know the reason . She left school fot it.  I don’t know the reason ( for Which ) ……………………. she left school . 2. This is the house . We often stay in this house in the summer.  This. population of 250 million. 9. Collecting stamps (be) my brother’s hobby. 10. The singer , along with her manager (be) going to the party tonight. 11. Cattle (be) allowed to graze on the village common. 12 anybody , anyone , anything … khi đổi sang câu bò động phải chuyển thành nobody , no one , nothing … và chuyển động từ sang ngược thể . 13.3 Nếu trong câu chủ động có 2 tân ngữ, một trong 2 tân