• warnUsing REPORTING VERBS In The SIMPLE PAST Tense If the REPORTING VERB is in the SIMPLE PAST TENSE, the verb in the original quotation will be changed to a past form also.. Example f
Trang 1English speaking tips
Here you will find some tips on how to improve your English conversation skills
Fluency
The main goal is fluency Remember that you don't have to know many complex
grammatical structures to achieve that goal! First of all try to speak as fluent as possible (even making some grammar mistakes) Then, after making your speaking fluent, you can focus on grammar aspects
English vocabulary learning
Many people think that knowing a lot of words is a key to fluent speaking It's true! However, there are many people who have wide idiolect and problem with fluency They try to learn more and more words because they think vocabulary is their problem They don't realize the problem is somewhere else They always try to use exact translation of the word thay want to use, but it causes that they often get stuck
If you have same problem remember that almost all words can be swapped by some other words If you'll be speaking and suddenly stop, trying to get to your mind translation
of some word, forget it! Try to say what you have on mind in other words - practising it is a real key to fluent English conversation!
Nevertheless, we recommend you to learn some new vocabulary
by getting our 'Word of the day' regularly on your email
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Learn English by practise
Of course the best way of practise are English conversations with other people You can find some people who want to talk to you online on our website We recommend to contact with other person using communicator which provides voice chat (like Skype) However, in case you don't have possibility to use such, it's better to practise by standard chatting than not practising at all
So the most important thing you have to remember is:
The more you practise, the more fluent your English speaking is :)
Good luck!
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http://www.scribd.com/
http://dethi.violet.vn/present/show/entry_id/1424735#
http://tienganhtrunghoc.com/
Using REPORTING VERBS
en
Subscribe
Trang 2If you want to tell someone what another person said, you can use the form called Reported Speech, or Indirect Speech.
Example:
Amy: I study English
Eugene (to you): What did she say?
You: She said that she studied English.
Reported/Indirect Speech begins with a CLAUSE that includes a REPORTING VERB Examples of CLAUSES with REPORTING VERBS in them:
Roger said Roger said that
Paula replied Paula replied that
Iris advised me
Grandpa promised him
List of some commonly used REPORTING VERBS:
These VERBS may be followed by the word 'that' (you decide!).
Example 1: Roger said he wanted to eat dinner.
Example 2: Roger said that he wanted to eat dinner.
• agree
• concede
• joke
• reply
• report
• respond
• retort
• say
• scream
• shout
• yell
List of some commonly used REPORTING VERBS that can be followed by an OBJECT PRONOUN:
These VERBS are be followed by an INFINITIVE.
Example 1: Roger warned me to give him dinner.
Example 2: Roger reminded his wife to make dinner for him.
• advise
• allow
• encourage
• order
• promise
• remind
• tell
Trang 3• warn
Using REPORTING VERBS In The SIMPLE PAST Tense
If the REPORTING VERB is in the SIMPLE PAST TENSE, the verb in the original quotation will be changed to a past form also Also, notice that reported speech does not use any quotation marks.
Example for each tense:
Amy said, "I study English." She said that she studied English.
Amy said, "I am studying English." She said that she was studying English.
Amy said, "I have studied English." She said that she had studied English.
Amy said, "I studied English." She said that she had studied English.
Amy said, "I had studied English." She said that she had studied English.
Amy said, "I am going to study English." She said that she was going to study English.
Example for each modal:
Amy said, "I may study English." She said that she might study English.
Amy said, "I must study English." She said that she had to study English.
Amy said, "I have to study English." She said that she had to study English.
Amy said, "I can study English." She said that she could study English.
Amy said, "I might study English." She said that she might study English *
Amy said, "I should study English." She said that she should study English.*
Amy said, "I ought to study English." She said that she ought to study English.*
*NOTE: This modal does not change to a past form.
Using REPORTING VERBS In The SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT PERFECT
& FUTURE Tenses
If the REPORTING VERB is in the SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT PERFECT or FUTURE tense, the verb in the original quotation does not change.
Examples:
Amy says, "I study English." She says that she studies English.
Amy has said, "I study English." She has said that she studies English.
Trang 4Amy will say, "I study English." She will say that she studies English.
Amy is going to say, "I study English." She is going to say that she studies English.
Using REPORTING VERBS In The IMPERATIVE Tense
If the quotation is in the IMPERATIVE tense, the verb in the original quotation changes to an INFINITIVE.
Examples:
Amy said , "Study English." She said to study English.
Amy said to me, "Study English." She said to me to study English.*
She told me to study English.*
Amy said to Derek, "Study English." She She said to told him to study English.* him to study English.*
*NOTE: If you use an OBJECT PRONOUN in the REPORTED CLAUSE, you must change the VERB 'say' to 'say to' or 'tell'.
The reported speech
Content
I No backshift
II Backshift
III Questions
IV Modals
V Tabelle der vorzunehmenden Veränderungen
VI Übungssätze
VII Online Multiple-Choice Test
I No back-shift in reported speech
1 If the reporting verb is in the present tense, present perfect or will-future there is no back-shift!
2 If the statement is generally true (a) or still true at the moment of reporting (b).
• (a) Tom: "Lychen is in Brandenburg."
Tom said Lychen is in Brandenburg
• (b) Jill: "My brother is ill."
Jill told us that her brother is ill (he still is)
II The back-shift in reported speech
If the reporting verb is in the past tense the tenses change as follows:
Trang 5present progressive past progressive
present perfect progressive past perfect progressive
past perfect progressive past perfect progressive
going to-future was/were going to + infinitive
Questions:
The reported speech is introduced by reporting verbs like
• ask
• want to know
• wonder
etc
If the direct speech begins with a question word (what, when, where, how long etc.) the question word is used in reported speech as well.
If there is no question word in the direct speech, you use if or whether in reported speech.
II.1 Modals in reported speech
II.1.1 Modals with back-shift
can
may
shall
will
could might should would
II.1.2 Modals without back-shift
would, could, might, should, ought to, used to, would like to, had better
R E P O R T E D S P E E C H
reporting verb 1 all tenses no backshift
Trang 6is in the
present tense,
present
perfect,
will-future
reporting verb
is in the past
tense
2 a) present tense b) past tense c) present perfect d) past perfect e) future I f) future perfect (II)
3 a) general truths
4 auxiliary verbs a) may/might b) can
shall will c) must (Verpflichtung oder Zwang) must
(Schlussfolgerung/Vorschlag/Ratschlag) d) ought to/would/could/should
used to/would like to/had better
5 questions question word (where/when/etc.)
no question word
6 imperatives
7 pronouns a) personal pronouns (I, you; we, you) b) possessive pronouns (my, your; our, your)
8 adverbial expressions of time a) today
b) yesterday c) three days ago d) last week e) tomorrow f) next week
past tense past perfect past perfect past perfect conditional I conditional II
no backshift
might could should would had to/must
no change
no change
no change
repetition of question word whether / if
infinitive + to/not to
he, she; they
his, her; their
that day the day before three days before the previous week/a week before
Trang 7the next/the following day the following week/a week later
ÜBUNGEN Put the following sentences into Reported Speech:
1 "I lost my bag yesterday," Peter said
2 "I have never been here before," she said
3 "I was very ill yesterday," Ann said
4 "I can't do it now, but I'll do it next week," Bob stated
5 "I can visit you tomorrow," Paul said
6 "I did my homework three days ago," the student told his teacher
7 "I'll go on vacation next week," Liz said
8 "No one fed the chickens last week," the farmer said angrily
9 "My sister finished reading the book five days ago," I said
10 "I always wonder what I'll do tomorrow," the tramp said
11 "I'm working in a restaurant, and don't much care for it," she said
12 "I'm going out now, but I'll be in by nine," he said ( Omit now)
13 "I can't live on my basic salary," said Peter
"I'll have to offer to do overtime."
14 "My young brother wants to be a tax inspector," said Mary "I can't think why None of my family has ever been a tax inspector."
15 "We're waiting for the school bus," said the children "It's late again."
16 "I've made a terrible mistake!" said Peter
"You're always making terrible mistakes," I said
"You should be used to it by now."
17 Peggy: "Tom is boring." Peggy says
18 Richard: "I've lost my money." Richard said
19 "I have something to show you," I said to her
20 "I'm going away tomorrow, mother," he said
21 "Why are you looking through the keyhole?" I said
22 "Who put salt in my coffee?" he asked
23 "How can I possibly run in this tight skirt?" she inquired
24 "What is your new house like?" I asked them
25 "Are you sorry for what you did?" the mother asked the little boy
26 "Could I lose ten pounds in one week?" the fat man asked "No," said the doctor
27 He said, "Get out of my way."
28 "Don't make a sound," he said in a whisper
29 "Put your pistol on the table," said the policeman
30 "Search the house," said the detective
31 She said, "If you feel faint sit down and put your head between your knees."
32 "When you are driving always look in your rear mirror before turning right," said my instructor
Trang 833 "Let's go to the cinema," said Anne.
34 "Get yourself some new clothes," I suggested
35 "Tom made this mess Let him clear it up," said his father
36 He said, "I must be at the docks at six a.m tomorrow
37 He said, "Will you come to tea on Monday?"
38 "Will you help me or shall I ask someone else?" she said
IV REPORTED SPEECH WITH TO INFINITIVE
1 “You Should see a doctor, Hoa.”
She advised _
2 “If you like, I’ll help you clean the windows,” Jane said
Jane offered _
3 “We’ll tell Bruno about the party,” said Tom and Jerry
Tom and Jerry promised _
4 ”Why did you change your job?” Lam asked Linh
Lam wanted _
5 “Remember to lock the door before going to school,” my sister said
My sister reminded _
6 “You should join the football tea, Eric,” said the teacher
The teacher encouraged _
7 “Come and see me whenever you want,” he said to me
He invited _
8 “All right, I’ll wait for you;” he said to me
He agree _
9 “You can go home, boys.”
The man allowed _
10 “Be careful of strangers and not to go out at night”
He warned us _
V REPORTED SPEECH WITH GERUND
1 “Shall we go for a swim now?”
She suggested _
2 “I know I’m wrong,” he said
He admitted _
3 “I didn’t say that,” Lan said
Lan denied _
4 “If only I had told him the true!”
Jane regrets _
5 “I haven’t finished the assignment yet I’m really sorry”
The boy apologized _
6 “It’s you who took my bag,” said the man to the boy
The man accused _
7 “No, no I really must sit for the test.”
She insisted on _
8 “What I always want is to become a doctor,” she said
She dreamt _
Trang 99 “I can’t let you use the mobile phone,” his mother said.
His mother prevented _
10 “It’s really nice of you to visit me,” she said to him
She thanked _
11 “I like the car I’ll buy it.”
The woman thought _
12 “I feel like going to America soon.”
She looked forward to _
III REQUESTS (CÂU MỆNH LỆNH)
1 She said, “Go upstairs.”
She told me _
2 “Close the door behind you,” he told me
He told me _
3 “Don't be late,” he advised us
He advised us _
4 ”Stop staring at me,” she said
She told him _
5 “Don't be angry with me,” he said
He asked her _
6 “Leave me alone,” she said
She told me _
7 “Don't drink and drive,” she warned us
She warned us _
8 “John, stop making noise,”
John’s mother ordered _
9 “Don't worry about us,” they said
They told her _
10 ”Meet me at the cinema “he said
He asked me _
II QUESTIONS (CÂU HỎI)
1 “Where is my umbrella?” she asked
She asked _
2 “How are you?” Martin asked us
Martin asked us _
3 He asked, “Do I have to do it?”
She asked _
4 ”Where have you been?” the mother asked her daughter
The mother asked her daughter _
5 “Which dress do you like best?” she asked her boyfriend
She asked her boyfriend _
6 “What are they doing?” she asked
She wanted to know _
Trang 107 “Are you going to the cinema?” he asked me.
He wanted to know _
8 The teacher asked, “Who speaks English?”
The teacher wanted to know _
9 “How do you know that?” she asked me
She asked me _
10 “Has Caron talked to Kevin?” my friend asked me
My friend asked me _
I STATEMENTS (CÂU TRẦN THUẬT)
1 She said, “I went to the cinema yesterday.”
She said
2 He said, “I am writing a test tomorrow.”
He said
3 You said, “I will do this for him.”
You said
4 She said, “I am not hungry now.”
She said _
5 They said, “We have never been here before.”
They said _
6 They said, “We were in London last week.”
They said _
7 He said, “I will have finished this paper by tomorrow.”
He said _
8 “I will apply for my visa tomorrow,” She said
She said _
9 “If I were you, I wouldn’t come here,” Lan said
Lan said _
10 Mary said “I wish I were a boy.”
Mary said _
11 He said “I was born in 2000.”
He said _
12 My teacher said “the sun rises in the East”
My teacher said _
13 “You had better not contact to her,” Tom said to me
Tom said to me _