20-1 Chapter Twenty PRESENTING RESULTS: Written and Oral Reports 20-2 Written Research Report • Short report – For well-defined, limited-scope problems with straight-forward methodology – Usually 5 or fewer pages – Formats • Findings summary (graphical or tabular) attached to letter of transmittal • Business letter • Internal memorandum 20-3 Written Research Report • Short Report (Memorandum) – Reason for writing – Answer direct inquiry with specific answer and supporting detail – Expository style with brevity and directness – Attach detailed materials as appendices when needed 20-4 Written Research Report • Long report – Technical report – Management report 20-5 Long Report Components • Prefatory Items – Letter of transmittal – Title page – Authorization letter – Executive summary – Table of contents • Introduction – Problem statement – Research objectives – Background • Methodology – Sampling design – Research design – Data collection – Data analysis – Limitations • Conclusions – Summary conclusions – Recommendations • Appendices • Bibliography 20-6 Written Report Considerations • Order of report – Sentence outline – Topic outline Comprehensibility – Readability indices – Pace – Tone 20-7 Presentation of Statistics • Text paragraph format • Semi-tabular format • Tabular format • Graphical format 20-8 Graphical Formats • Line graphs • Area charts • Pie charts • Bar charts • Pictographs/Geo-Graphics • 3-D graphics 20-9 Oral Presentations • Preparation – Length – Content – Style • Scripted • Extemporaneous – Audiovisuals • Type • Role • Content – Opening – Findings and conclusions – Recommendations • Delivery – Vocal characteristics – Physical characteristics 20-10 Audiovisual Aids • Chalkboards • Whiteboards • Handout materials • Flip charts • Slides • Overhead transparencies • Computer-drawn visuals • Computer animation . 2 0- 1 Chapter Twenty PRESENTING RESULTS: Written and Oral Reports 2 0- 2 Written Research Report • Short report – For well-defined, limited-scope problems with straight-forward methodology – Usually. format • Semi-tabular format • Tabular format • Graphical format 2 0- 8 Graphical Formats • Line graphs • Area charts • Pie charts • Bar charts • Pictographs/Geo-Graphics • 3-D graphics 2 0- 9 Oral Presentations • Preparation – Length – Content – Style • Scripted • Extemporaneous – Audiovisuals. memorandum 2 0- 3 Written Research Report • Short Report (Memorandum) – Reason for writing – Answer direct inquiry with specific answer and supporting detail – Expository style with brevity and