spatial databases technologies techniques and trends

[...]... Viqueira, Lorentzos & Brisaboa Spatial data are recorded in relations that satisfy 1NF in Larue, Pastre and Viémont (1993), Roussopoulos, Faloutsos and Sellis (1988), Egenhofer (1994), Scholl and Voisard (1992), Gargano, Nardelli and Talamo (1991), Chen and Zaniolo (2000), and Böhlen, Jensen and Skjellaug (1998) They either define a relational algebra or they extend SQL by functions and relational operations... of processing, one for the spatial data and another for the attributes of conventional data and their association with spatial data Effort to define a formal and expressive language for the easy formulation of queries was almost missing and, therefore, too much programming was required Finally, even the processing of spatial data lacked an underlying formalism On the other hand, efficient processing... structures and operations The same is true for spatial data However, spatial data have much individuality To provide a few examples, consider spatial data of the three distinct common types: point, line and surface Consider also Figure 1, which depicts some commonly used operations on spatial data (termed in this chapter spatial operations) It is then noted that the result of an operation between two spatial. .. data model Hence, it restricts only to the definition of spatial data types and to operations on them It considers a vector-based spatial representation and defines three spatial data types, of the form set of points, set of lines and set of surfaces (Figure 5(a-c)) Operation Union (Minus) yields only that part of the spatial union (Figure 1(a)) (spatial difference, Figure 1(b)) of two objects whose type... survey of the work done for mining patterns in spatial databases and temporal databases, and the preliminary work for mining patterns in spatio-temporal databases The authors highlight the unique challenges of mining interesting patterns in spatio-temporal databases Two special types of spatio-temporal patterns are described: location-sensitive sequence patterns and geographical features for location-based... one spatial type, GEOMETRY, is supported in Larue et al (1993) An element of this type is a set of spatial objects, either points, polylines or polygons (Figure 5(a-c)) Functions compute the spatial union, difference and intersection (Figures 1(a-c)) An aggregate function yields the spatial union of a set of spatial objects Although Roussopoulos et al (1988) and Egenhofer (1994) do not address spatial. .. the split of a line with respect to a point and the Voronoi diagram of a set of points Relational approaches with either set-valued or relation-valued attributes are Chan and Zhu (1996); Grumbach, Rigaux and Segoufin (1998); and Kuper, Ramaswamy, Shim and Su (1998) Thus, spatial predicates and functions can be applied to relations, on these attributes In Chan and Zhu (1996), data types of the form point... two boxes and a path defining the boundary of a polygon Approaches with similar characteristics are Vijlbrief and van Oosterom (1992) and Park, Lee, Lee, Ahn, Lee and Kim (1998) Finally, a query language for spatio-temporal databases is proposed in Cheng and Gadia (1994), in the context of an object relational model (ORParaDB) In its restriction to spatial data management, the set R of all spatial objects... words, spatial operations actually reduce to operations on relations Subsequently, a map can be seen as one or more relations that contain spatial data All the operations are closed They apply to any type of spatial data and to any combination of such types Finally, every operation yields all the spatial objects and no part of such an object is missing For example, spatial intersection yields all the spatial. .. Figure 1(d) Similar approaches are the restriction to spatial data management of the spatiotemporal approaches in Güting, Böhlen, Erwig, Jensen, Lorentzos, Schneider and Vazirgiannis, (2000) and Worboys (1994) Spatial data types and operations similar to Güting and Schneider (1995) are also defined in Güting et al (2000), except that now an infinite spatial representation is considered (Figure 5(d)) A . PRODABEL and Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil Spatial Databases: Technologies, Techniques and Trends Table of Contents iv Section II: Indexing Techniques Chapter III Object-Relational Spatial. covered are: spatial data modelling; indexing of spatial and spatio-temporal objects; data mining and knowledge discovery in spatial and spatio-temporal databases; management issues; and query processing. of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Spatial databases : technologies, techniques and trends / Yannis Manolopoulos, Apostolos N. Papadopoulos and Michael Gr. Vassilakopoulos, Editors.