D:TAI LIEUDAY_THEM_9.pro.doc

LESSON6: DANH ĐỘNG TỪ & ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU ( GERUNDS & INFINITIVES ) A. DANH ĐỘNG TỪ : (Gerund) Danh động từ có cấu trúc giống như hiện tại phân từ ( tức là động từ thêm ING) : talking, learning, cutting, lying… Danh động từ, như tên gọi, là động từ dùng như danh từ. Danh động từ chủ yếu đứng ở vò trí, và thực hiện chức năng, của một danh từ trong câu. Nó thường được : 1/ Dùng làm chủ từ : (subject) - Swimming is good for our health. - Being friendly will bring you friends. 2/ Dùng làm túc từ cho động từ : (object of a verb) - These boys like swimming. - My brother practises speaking English every day. 3/ Dùng làm bổ ngữ cho chủ từ : (subject complement) - My hobby is swimming. - Seeing is believing. 4/ Dùng làm túc từ cho giới từ : (object of a preposition) - He is fond of swimming. - She is interested in learning English. 5/ Dùng trong câu ngăn cấm ngắn (short prohibition) hoặc để thành lập danh từ kép (compound noun) - No smoking. - No talking, please. - a swimming pool. - a dining room. - a washing machine. 6/ Dùng sau tính từ sở hữu : - Please forgive my coming late. - His driving carelessly often causes accidents. 7/ Dùng sau một số động từ và một số cách diễn đạt nhất đònh như : admit, advise, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, hate, keep, like, mind, practise, postpone, quit, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t bear, can’t stand, be worth, be busy, it’s no use, there’s no… - We enjoy listening to music. - I can’t help laughing when she makes jokes. B. ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU : (Infinitive) Động từ nguyên mẫu thường có giới từ to đứng trước (to do, to learn, to help, to advise…) và được dùng trong những trường hợp sau : 1/ Làm chủ từ (subject), túc từ (object) hoặc bổ ngữ (complement) trong câu : - To conceal the truth from her was foolish. - He wanted to become a spaceman. 2/ Làm tính từ bổ nghóa cho danh từ : - He was the first man to leave the room. - English is an important language to master. 3/ Làm trạng từ diễn tả các nội dung sau : * Mục đích của hành động. - He went to the station to meet her. - He bought a dictionary to study English. * Kết quả, hậu quả. (sau TOO +Adj / Adv) - She is too tired to go for a walk. - The box was too heavy for her to carry. * Hiệu quả. (sau Adj / Adv + ENOUGH) - I’m strong enough to carry that heavy box. - He isn’t rich enough to travel everywhere by taxi. 4/ Dùng sau một số động từ nhất đònh như : afford, agree, arrange, decide, demand, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise,refuse, threaten, want, wish, would like… - They promised to come back soon. - He can’t afford to take a taxi. …và dùng sau một số động từ có túc từ (verb + obj + to inf) như : advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, invite, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remind, teach, tell, want, warn… - They don’t allow us to smoke in the office. - I taught myself to play the guitar. + Chú ý : Một số động từ có thể theo sau bởi danh động từ hoặc động từ nguyên mẫu nhưng có sự khác biệt về nghóa trong câu. (*) Remember + gerund : nhớ lại việc đã thực hiện. - I remember posting the letter. Remember + to infinitive : nhớ để thực hiện. - I remember to post the letter. (*) Stop + gerund : ngưng thực hiện việc đang làm. - She stopped mending the dress. Stop + to infinitive : ngưng làm một việc gì khác để làm việc này. - He stopped to have a drink. (*) Try + gerund : thử làm việc gì . - I try writing in blue ink to see if my handwriting is better. Try + to infinitive : cố gắng làm việc gì. - They tried to work as hard as they could. (*) Mean + gerund : mang ý nghóa. - Failure in the exam means having to learn one more year. Mean + to infinitive : dự đònh làm việc gì. - He means to take the coming exam. (*) Forget + gerund : quên điều gì đã xảy ra. - I forgot telling her this story. Forget + to infinitive : quên làm điều gì. - I forgot to tell her about this. (*) Regret + gerund : hối tiếc việc đã xảy ra. - She regrets going to a village school. Regret + to infinitive : hối tiếc sẽ làm việc gì. - The party was great. He regretted not to go there. C. ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU KHÔNG “TO”. (Bare Infinitive) Đây là động từ nguyên thể không đi kèm với to (infinitive without to) và được sử dụng trong các trường hợp sau : 1/ Dùng sau các động từ khiếm khuyết (Modal verbs) như : can, could, may, might, must, ought to… - You may go now. - They must finish the work by now. 2/ Dùng sau các động từ : HAVE, LET, MAKE, HELP… - I helped the child tidy his desk. - He had a painter paint the gate. - They let him enter the room without a ticket. - My parents make me go to bed early. 3/ Dùng sau BUT, EXCEPT với nghóa “ngoại trừ” - Why don’t you do anything but complain? - She agreed to do everything but help him with the homework. 4/ Dùng sau các động từ chỉ giác quan như : see, watch, hear, notice, observe, spot… - We heard them sing all morning. - He saw the thief enter the hall. Chú ý : như ta đã biết hiện tại phân từ (present participle) có thể được dùng cho các động từ trên để diễn tả hành động đang tiếp diễn. Còn động từ nguyên thể dùng trong trường hợp này chỉ hành động đã hoàn tất. - I watched them playing football for a while. (trận đấu vẫn đang tiếp diễn) - I watched them play football yesterday afternoon. (xem toàn bộ trận đấu) LESSON4 : MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ (RELATIVE CLAUSES) Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns) như : who, whom, which, whose, that. - The man who met me at the airport gave me the money. Trong câu trên, mệnh đề “who met me at the airport” là mệnh đề quan hệ trong đó “who” là đại từ quan hệ được dùng để thay thế tiền vò từ (antecedent) “the man” và mệnh đề còn lại “The man gave me the money” là mệnh đề chính. 1/ Hãy xem các ví dụ : - The man gave me the money. He met me at the airport. à The man who met me at the airport gave me the money. - This is the man. We saw him at the party yesreday. à This is the man whom we saw at the party yesterday. - The pencil belongs to me. It is in your pocket. à The pencil which is in your pocket belongs to me. - The car is very expensive. He bought it. à The car which he bought is very expensive. - There is the man. His wallet was stolen. à There is the man whose wallet was stolen. - The tree should be cut down. The branches of the tree are dead.à The tree whose branches are dead should be cut down. 2/ Cách dùng đại từ quan hệ: Chủ từ (subject) Túc từ (object) Sở hữu (possessive) For people (Chỉ người) Who / that whom / who / that whose For things, animals (chỉ vật, thú vật) Which / that which / that whose Thông thường ta có thể dùng that để thay thế cho who, whom hoặc which. - The man that met me at the airport gave me the money. - This is the man that we saw at the party yesterday. - The pencil that is in your pocket belongs to me. - The car that he bought is very expensive. 3/ Phân loại : Ta cần phân biệt mệnh đề quan hệ làm hai loại : mệnh đề xác đònh (defining relative clause) và mệnh đề không xác đònh (non-defining relative clause) : (*) Defining clause:(hoặc Restrictive clause) - The man who met me at the airport gave me the money. Ta gọi mệnh đề who met me at the airport là mệnh đề quan hệ xác đònh vì nó rất cần thiết để đònh nghóa hoặc giải thích cho tiền vò từ the man. Nếu không có nó, từ the man sẽ rất mơ hồ và ta không biết người đàn ông đó là ai. - The book (which / that) you lent me is very interesting. - The man (whom / that) you met yesterday is coming to my house for dinner. (*) Non-defining clause : (hoặc Non-restrictive clause) - Shakespeare, who wrote “Romeo and Juliet”, died in 1616. Ta gọi mệnh đề who wrote “Romeo and Juliet” là mệnh đề quan hệ không xác đònh vì nó chỉ bổ túc thêm nghóa cho tiền vò từ Shakespeare nên dù có bỏ đi mệnh đề này thì nghóa của câu văn vẫn rõ ràng. Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác đònh thường được ngăn cách bởi dấu phẩy (trước và sau mệnh đề) và không được dùng that để thay thế cho who, whom hay which. - My brother Jack, who came here last night, is an engineer. - Vietnam, which lies in Southeast Asia, is rich in coal. - That house, which was built a few months ago, doesn’t look modern. Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác đònh được dùng khi tiền vò từ là tiếng được xác đònh : thường là danh từ riêng chỉ người hay đòa danh (Mr. Brown, Vietnam…), hoặc danh từ đi với các tính từ chỉ đònh (this, that…) hay tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their…) hoặc do ta tự qui đònh lấy. - A man, who said he knew my father, asked me for money. 4/ where, when và why trong mệnh đề quan hệ : - That is the village in which I used to live. à That is the village where I used to live. - Sunday is the day on which most people rest. à Sunday is the day when most people rest. - There must be a reason for which you said that. à There must be a reason why you said that. In (on / at) which (place) à where On (in / at) which (time ) à when For which (reason) à why Where và when có thể được dùng để giới thiệu mệnh đề xác đònh và mệnh đề không xác đònh. - We visited the town where I was born.(defining) - I bought them at the supermarket, where I met Mrs.Brown.(non-defining) - I saw the film last year, when I was in Paris.(non-defining) - I think that was the time when I lost all my money.(defining) Why thường được dùng trong mệnh đề xác đònh và thường theo sau a reason hay the reason. - That is the reason why I didn’t come to the party yesterday. Where, when và why được gọi là trạng từ quan hệ (relative adverbs) Week 14 Ngay soan: Ngay day: Consolidation (Tense of the verbs, Conditional sentences with wish) A-Grammar I/ Conditional sentences type 2 with wish. Ex: I wish I had a computer.( the fact is that you dont have a computer.) She wishes she worked in Hanoi. *Form : S + wish (es) + S + V( past tense). *Note :1.Tobe : S + wish(es) + S + were. Ex: She wishes she were younger. 2. Modal verbs : S + wish(es) + S + Modal verbs(past tense) Can -> could May -> might Must -> had to Will -> would Ex : I wish I could fly. II/ The present perfect tense 1/ Form (+) S + have/has + PII (-) S + have/has + not + PII (?) Have/Has + S + PII ? 2/ The uses. a) Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ không nêu rõ thời gian. Ex : I have read the introduction but I dont understand them. She has painted her room. b) Một hành động mới xảy ra gần đây mà kết quả vẫn còn ở hiện tại. Ex : Tom has had a bad car accident. c) Một hành động bắt đầu ở quá khứ nhng còn tiếp diễn đến hiện tại (thờng dùng với since và for). -Since: thời điểm -For: thời lợng Ex : We have lived in this house since 1972. They have stayed in that hotel for two weeks. d) Một hành động xảy ra trong một khoảng thời gian cha chấm dứt ( thờng dùng với today, this morning, this month, all night, all week.) Ex : He has played video games all night. I have got many bad marks this semester. e) Đợc dùng với các cấu trúc : * This/That/ It is the first/second/thirdtime * This/That/ It is the only * This/That/It is + superlative. Ex : This is the first time I have been to London. This is the only party Ive ever enjoyed in my life. That is the most exciting novel Ive ever read. f) Thêng dïng víi c¸c thµnh ng÷ : already, not………yet, yet, ever, never, just, so far, recently, lately, several times……… Ex : Have you seen Ann lately ? My parents have just bought a new house. B-Exercise I/ Choose the best answer to complete the sentences. 1. Lan wishes Maryam…………………leave. a. doesn’t have to b. didn’t have to c. don’t have to 2. He wishes he ……………around the world. a. can travel b. could travel c. travel 3. The children……………….their grandprents for a long time. a. didn’t see b. haven’t seen don’t see 4. They……………cycle to school when they were students. a. used to b. was use to c. did use to 5. I and Kenny……………penpal friends since I……………Singapore. a. are-visit b. were-visited c. have been-visited 6. He wishes he…………… the billionaire. a. were b. is c. will be 7.All the students wish they…………………the President again. a. will meet b. would meet c. meet 8. My children are lucky…………….a chance to visit the capital. a. have b. having c. to have 9. She know how …………….French a. to speak b. speak c. speaking 10. My friends……………to the zoo but we………… yesterday. a. didn’t go-were b. didn’t go-did c. don’t go-were II/ Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1. What you (do)…………… last weekend? -I (go)………………to the theater with my family. 2. John and I (be)………………… pen pals for nearly three years. 3. We used (write)……………………to each other every month when we ( be)……………… at secondary school. 4. Minh (know)………………….a little English , so she (wish)…………… she (can) …………… speak it fluently. 5. Maryam (stay)……………… with us at the moment. She (be)………………….my sister’s friend. 6. They (read)……………….those interesting books several times. 7. His classmate (wait)………………for him since 8 o’clock. 8. Her son (just design)………………….a new hospital in the suburb. 9. This book (write)…………………for the children last year. 10.I (get)………………….a lot of bad marks this month. III/ Complete the following dialogue. Lan: Oh, Nga! You have been to Malaysia, haven’t you? Nga: That’s right. Lan: So (1)……………………………………………………………… ? Nga: I got home two days ago. Lan: (2)……………………………………………………………………? Nga: I stayed there for five day. Lan: (3)……………………………………………………………………? Nga: It was fine and sunny all the time. Lan: (4)……………………………………………………………………? Nga: We visited PETRONAS Twin Towers and some other interesting places in Kuala Lumpur. Lan: (5)………………………………………………………….all the time? Nga: Yes of course. I spoke English to every one I met. IV/ Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with: S + wish / wishes 1.I miss the cartoon on TV I wish…………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Lan cannot meet her friend. She wishes……………………………………………………………………………… 3. They don’t know how to speak Chinese. They wish………………………………………………………………………………. 4. Phong cannot win the championship. He wishes………………………………………………………………………………. 5. Their team don’t play very well. They wish……………………………………………………………………………… 6. Lien never goes on a camping trip. She wishes…………………………………………………………………………… 7. She doesn’t get good marks. She wishes……………………………………………………………………………. 8. Her mother doesn’t buy her new clothes for Tet. She wishes……………………………………………………………………………. 9.He got a bad mark yesterday. He wishes……………………………………………………………………………. 10. They cannot eat carrots. They wish………………………………………………………………………………… 11. It rains today. I wish…………………………………………………………………………………. 12.Phong gets bad marks this semester He wishes……………………………………………………………………………. 13. It’s cold and windy. I wish……………………………………………………………………………… 14. I can’t hear that srange noise. I wish……………………………………………………………………………… 15. Hoa and Ba won’t go fishing this weekend. They wish………………………………………………………………………… 16. Tuan doesn't write the composition. He wishes 17.Some students are late for class. They wish 18. Uyen has to stay at home because of her sickness. She wishes 19. Hoa and Ba won't go fishing this weekend. They wish 20. Her little brother can't swim. He wishes Week 15 Consolidation Conditional sentence type 1 with modal verbs, reported speech A-Grammar I/ Reported speech. 1/ Form E.x Im very happy to see you. -> She said she was very happy to see you. We are learning English now ->They said they were learning English then. * Quy tắc chung khi biến đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp là lùi lại một thì.Ta có thể tuân theo bảng sau. Direct speech Reported speech Direct speech Reported speech Present simple Past simple This That These Those Present progressive Past progressive Here There Future simple Would + V Now Then Can / May Could / Might Today That day Must Had to Tomorrow The following day 2/ Cách chuyển câu hỏi trực tiếp sang gián tiếp: Khi chuyển câu hỏi từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp ta cũng áp dụng những thay đổi nh với câu nói gián tiếp. Ngoài ra ta cần chú ý thêm: -Động từ trong câu hỏi gián tiếp là : asked, wondered, inquired, wanted to know Nếu động từ tờng thuật ở câu hỏi trực tiếp là said, said to hoặc told thì đổi thành asked. Ex: Do you lived in Truc Phu? Nam said. -> Nam asked me if/whether I lived in Truc Phu. ->Nam wanted to know if/whether I lived in TP. -Không dùng liên từ that. Dấu chấm hỏi đợc bỏ đi. *Công thức chuyển câu hỏi yes-no sang gián tiếp. S + asked + (object) + if/whether + S + V. *Công thức chuyển câu hỏi có từ để hỏi sang gián tiếp. S + asked + (object) + question word + S + V. II/Conditional sentence type 1 Ex: If you study hard, you will get good grade. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go swimming. ->If + S + present simple, S + future simple -C©u sö dông if víi ®éng tõ t×nh th¸i: If + S + present simple tense, S + modals + V. Ex: If you want to get good grade, you must study hard. B-Exercices I/ Put the following sentences into reported speech. 1. Lan said “I will be very busy tomorrow” Lan said……………………………………………………………………………… 2. Nam said “ I am told to be at school before 7 o’clock” Nam said (that) he…………………………………………………………………… 3. Thu said “All the students will have a meeting next week”. Thu said (that)……………………………………………………………………… 4. Lan said to Tam “ You should stay at home and do the homework”. Lan told Tam (that)………………………………………………………………… 5. Phong said “My parents are very of my good marks”. Phong said (that)……………………………………………………………………. 6. The teacher said “ All the homework must be done carefully”. The teacher said (that)………………………………………………………………… 7. Her father said to her “You can go to the movies with your friend” Her father said (that)…………………………………………………………………. 8. Hoa said “I may visit my parents in summer” Hoa said (that)……………………………………………………………………… 9. She said “She doesn’t buy this book”. She said (that)…………………………………………………………………………. 10. He said “I will go to school by bus tomorrow.” He said (that)………………………………………………………………………… 11. “If you want to learn English , I can help you,” John said. John said (that)……………………………………………………………………… 12. “Where are you studying?” Mr.Bruce asked. Mr.Bruce asked me…………………………………………………………………… 13. “Are youinterested in this Language Center?”asked Lan. Lan asked me…………………………………………………………………………. 14. “We will spend our holiday in Da Lat next month,” said Mrs Chi. Mrs Chi said …………………………………………………………………………. 15. “Do you live here?”Liz asked. Liz asked me……………………………………………………………………………. 16. “what does your son want to learn?”the man said to Mrs Linh. The man asked Mrs Linh………………………………………………………………. 17. “You must come today,” Hoa said. Hoa said………………………………………………………………………………… 18. “I don’t understand what you are saying,” Tom told us. Tom said………………………………………………………………………………… 20. “There isn’t any information about these college,”Nam said. Nam said………………………………………………………………………………… 21 “Where does your father work?” The teacher asked me…………………………………………………………………… 22. “How many people are there in your family?” She asked Lan……………………………………………………………………………. 23. “ How long will you stay in England?” Tam’s friend asked him……………………………………………………………………. 24. “Why do you collect waste paper?” She asked Ba………………………………………………………………………………. 25. “When will you visit Hanoi?” Hoa asked her parents……………………………………………………………………. 26. “What language do you speak?” Mrs Brown asked Thu……………………………………………………………………. 27. “How do you go to the airport?” His friend asked him………………………………………………………………………………. 28.”Where do you learn English?” She asked Lan…………………………………………………………………………………… 29. “How much does this dress cost?” Lan asked Lien…………………………………………………………………………… 30. “What kind of book do you read?” Thu asked Huong………………………………………………………………………… 31. “What television program do you like best?” She asked me………………………………………………………………………………. 32. “Why is she crying?” Thu asked Hoa……………………………………………………………………………. 33. “Are you Mrs Lien’s student?” Lan asked me…………………………………………………………………………… 34.“Do you enjoy reading book?” Phong asked Peter……………………………………………………………………… 35. “Does she like sport?” Hoa asked Lan…………………………………………………………………………… 36. “Does Hoa play badminton?” Lan asked Thu……………………………………………………………………………. 37. “Do your sister and brother go to the same school?” She asked Nam……………………………………………………………………………. 38. “Are there some oranges in the fridge?” She asked her Mom………………………………………………………………………… 39. “Will it rain tomorrow morning?” He asked his friend…………………………………………………………………… 40. “Do you travel to school by bus?” Tam asked Peter……………………………………………………………………………. 41. “Are Tam and Hoa late for class?” Tuan asked Lan……………………………………………………………………………… 42. “Does Lan’s mother work in a hospital?” Thu asked Ba………………………………………………………………………………… 43. “Can you speak Chinese?” She asked me………………………………………………………………………………. 44. “Will she be here for five days?” Tam asked Thu…………………………………………………………………………… 45. “May I have a look at your pictures?” Lan asked Hoa……………………………………………………………………………. 46.”Do you see sombody using my book? Lan asked Thu………………………………………………………………………………. 47. “Are you fond of watching television?” Tuan asked Ba……………………………………………………………………………… 48.”Is there a fridge in the kitchen?” I asked her……………………………………………………………………………… 49. “Do you sometimes have a party? She asked me…………………………………………………………………………… . addition to the news. TV provides us with a variety of programs that can satisfy every taste . Most people now seem to like (7) their evening watching TV. It is more (8) for them to sit at home watching. should wear the ao dai at work Outline Wearing the ao dai + encourages them feel proud of the traditions andcustoms + makes them more beautiful and charming + is practical . No need to think. can solve the problem in just 2 minutes. The problem……………………………………………………………………………………………. 28 What a pity ! I can’t go there with you. I wish……………………………………………………………………………………………. 29. They should