192 Studio Photography: Essential Skills Light Q1. A subject two metres from a light source is correctly exposed at 1/60 second at f5.6. e light is moved a further two metres away. If the output of the light is constant, what would the new exposure time be if the aperture remains at f5.6? (a) 1/30 second (b) 1/15 second (c) 1/4 second Q2. A subject two metres from a light source and camera is correctly exposed at 1/30 second at f8. If the subject to light distance remains constant but the subject to camera distance is doubled, what will the exposure aperture be at 1/30 second? (a) f8 (b) f5.6 (c) f11 Q3. What filter is required when using daylight film with a tungsten-halogen light source? (a) 85B (b) None (c) 80A Q4. If the reflectance range of a subject is four stops or 16:1 and the lighting ratio is two stops or 4:1 what will be the subject brightness range (SBR)? (a) 64:1 (b) 20:1 (c) 12:1 Q5. Two lights are used to light a subject. e first light (spotlight) is three metres from the subject and measures f16. e second light (floodlight) is two metres from the subject and measures f8. What is the lighting ratio between the lights? (a) 2:1 (b) 8:1 (c) 4:1 Q6. Of the four main types of artificial light used in a studio, which has a color temperature closest to noon on a clear day? (a) Photoflood (b) Flash (c) Tungsten-halogen 193 Revision exercises Exposure Q1. A subject two metres from a single light source is correctly exposed at 1/60 second at f5.6. e light is moved to a new position four metres from the subject. What is the new exposure if time remains constant? (a) f8 (b) f4 (c) f2.8 Q2. Changing exposure from f4 at 1/60 second to f11 at 1/60 second has increased or decreased the amount of light entering the camera by how many times? (a) Plus 3 x (b) Minus 8x (c) Minus 6x Q3. What does an incident reading measure? (a) Light falling on a subject (b) Light reflected from a subject (c) Both Q4. When using Caucasian skin to establish an exposure reading, what adjustment should be made to the MIE to correctly expose for a mid-tone? (a) Plus one stop (b) None (c) Minus one stop Q5. What is the lighting ratio of a subject measuring f16 in the highlights and f5.6 in the shadows? (a) 6:1 (b) 3:1 (c) 8:1 Q6. Correct exposure is f8 at 1/30 second. What would be the aperture at 1/4 second? (a) f22 (b) f4 (c) f32 194 Studio Photography: Essential Skills Image capture Q1. A camera balanced to tungsten will give correct color when used with which light source? (a) Flash (b) Photoflood (c) Daylight Q2. What is the color temperature of that light source? (a) 5800K (b) 8000K (c) 3200K Q3. e exposure at ISO 100 is 1/15 second at f8. What will the exposure be at ISO 400 if aperture remains constant? (a) 1/60 second (b) 1/30 second (c) 1/8 second Q4. Processing reversal film in a negative process will give what result? (a) No color (b) Positive image (c) Negative color Q5. Which image file format uses the least amount of memory per image? (a) TIFF (b) Raw (c) JPEG Q6. Which has the greater latitude? (a) JPEG (b) Color reversal film (c) Raw 195 Revision exercises Creative controls Q1. How far into a subject would a photographer focus to maximise depth of field? (a) 1/2 (b) 1/3 (c) 2/3 Q2. What camera mechanism allows a photographer to judge depth of field at exposure aperture? (a) Cable release (b) Shutter (c) Preview button Q3. What would be the slowest shutter speed recommended to stop image blur when using a tungsten light source? (a) 1/30 second (b) 1/60 second (c) 1/125 second Q4. When using a slow shutter speed how can a photographer eliminate camera shake? (a) Use a small format camera (b) Use a cable release (c) Use a tripod Q5. e closest point of focus is achieved when the lens is at its: (a) longest physical length? (b) shortest physical length? (c) any physical length? Q6. Selective focus is best achieved at: (a) maximum aperture? (b) fastest shutter speed? (c) minimum aperture? 196 Studio Photography: Essential Skills Using light Q1. An incident meter reading of a subject with average SBR two metres from a light source is f11 at 1/60 second. What will the aperture be at 1/30 second if the light is moved another two metres further away from the subject? (a) f5.6 (b) f8 (c) f4 Q2. What affect does the color temperature of tungsten light have upon black and white film? (a) Increases exposure (b) Increases contrast (c) Decreases exposure Q3. What is the name given to the shaped piece of optical glass used to bring a spotlight to focus? (a) Focusing lens (b) Panchromatic lens (c) Fresnel lens Q4. Barn doors can control the shape of a light source. What attachment can control the intensity of the light? (a) Color correction filter (b) Net (c) Power pack Q5. Diffusion of the light source will have what effect upon exposure? (a) None (b) Increase exposure time (c) Decrease exposure time Q6. A polarising filter will have what affect? (a) Alter color temperature (b) Alter color saturation (c) None Michael Downes Jo Harkin Exposure and Light Meters 199 Glossary 1K 1000 watts, measure of light output. 2K 2000 watts, measure of light output. 5K 5000 watts, measure of light output. 10K 10,000 watts, measure of light output. 12K 12,000 watts, measure of light output. 120 Film format. 2¼ 2¼ x 2¼˝. Camera format. 35mm Camera and film format (24 x 36mm). 500W 500 watts, measure of light output. 5 x 4 5 x 4˝, camera and film format. 6 x 4.5 6 x 4.5cm camera format. 6 x 6 6 x 6cm camera format. 6 x 7 6 x 7cm camera format. 6 x 8 6 x 8cm camera format. 6 x 9 6 x 9cm camera format. 10 x 8 10 x 8 inches camera and film format. 80A Conversion filter, daylight film to 3200K light source. 80B Conversion filter, daylight film to 3400K light source. 85B Conversion filter, tungsten film to daylight. ACR Adobe Camera Raw. AC discharge 5600K continuous light source. Adobe RGB A color space that is appropriate for images destined for print output devices that have a larger gamut than sRGB. Ambient Available or existing light. Analyse To examine in detail. Aperture Lens opening controlling intensity of light entering camera. Arri 650W Arriflex 650 watt light source (3200K). ASA Film speed rating – American Standards Association. Aspect ratio e ratio of height to width. Auto focus Automatic focusing system, mainly small-format cameras. Available Ambient or existing light. B Shutter speed setting for exposures in excess of one second. B/g Background. Background Area behind main subject matter. Backlight Light source directed at the subject from behind. Backlit A subject illuminated from behind. Balance A harmonious relationship between elements within the frame. Banding Visible steps of tone or color in the final image due to a lack of tonal information in a digital image file. Barn doors Metal shutters attached to light source. Essential Skills: Photographic Lighting200 200 Studio Photography: Essential Skills Bellows Lightproof material between front and rear standards. Bellows extension When length of bellows exceeds focal length of lens. Bellows formula Mathematical process to allow for loss of light. Bit depth Number of bits (memory) assigned to recording color or tonal information. Blurred Unsharp image, caused by inaccurate focus, shallow depth of field, slow shutter speed, camera vibration or subject movement. Bounce Reflected light. Bracketing Overexposure and underexposure either side of MIE. C-stands Vertical stand with adjustable arm. C-41 Negative film process. Cable release Device to release shutter, reduces camera vibration. Calibration Adjusting a device such as a computer monitor to a known and repeatable state that is considered standard within the industry. Camera Image capturing device. Camera Raw Unprocessed image data from a camera’s image sensor. Camera shake Blurred image caused by camera vibration during exposure. CCD Charged Coupled Device. A solid state image pick-up device (sensor or chip) used in digital capture. Clipping Loss of detail due to overexposure, underexposure or excessive saturation. Close down Decrease in aperture size. Closest point of focus Minimum distance at which sharp focus is obtained. CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. A type of image sensor. Color balance Photoshop adjustment feature for correcting a color cast in a digital image file. ColorChecker A reference card of colors and tones manufactured by Gretag Macbeth. Color conversion Use of filtration to balance film to light source. Color correction Use of filtration to balance film to light source. Color management e process of maintaining the accuracy of colors from the capture device to the output device. Color profile Information that describes the unique color characteristics of a device such as a scanner, camera, monitor or printer. Color space An accurately defined range of colors which may be a smaller portion of the human vision. Color temperature Measure of the relationship between light source and film. Compensation Variation in exposure from MIE to obtain appropriate exposure. Complementary Color – see ‘Primary’ and ‘Secondary’. Compound In lens design, indicating use of multiple optical elements. Compression Underdevelopment allowing a high-contrast subject brightness range to be recorded on film. Concept Idea or meaning. Context Circumstances relevant to subject under consideration. Continuous tone A smooth transition of color or tone without visible dots or bands. Exposure and Light Meters 201 201 Glossary Contrast e difference in brightness between the darkest and lightest areas of the image or subject. Cord Electrical lead. Covering power Ability of a lens to cover film format with an image. CPU Central processing unit of a camera used to compute exposure. Cropping Alter image format to enhance composition. Cut-off Loss of image due to camera aberrations. Cutter Device used to control spread and direction of light. Cyclorama Visually seamless studio. Darkcloth Material used to give a clearer image on ground glass. Dark slide Cut film holder. Daylight 5500K. Dedicated flash Flash regulated by camera’s exposure meter. Dense Overexposed negative, underexposed positive. Density Measure of the opacity of tone on a negative. Depth of field Area of sharpness variable by aperture or focal length. Depth of focus Distance through which the film plane moves without losing focus. Design Basis of visual composition. Diagonal A line neither horizontal nor vertical. Diaphragm Aperture. Differential focusing Use of focus to highlight subject areas. Diffuse Dispersion of light (spread out) and not focused. Diffuser Material used to disperse light. Digital Images recorded in the form of binary numbers. Digital image Computer generated image created with pixels, not film. Digital Negative Adobe’s open source Raw file format. DIN Film speed rating – Deutsche Industrie Norm. Dioptres Close-up lenses. Direct light Light direct from source to subject without interference. Distortion Lens aberration or apparent change in perspective. DNG Adobe’s Digital Negative format. Double dark slide Cut film holder. Dynamic Visual energy. DX coding Bar coded film rating. E-6 Transparency film process. Ecu Extreme close-up. Electronic flash Mobile 5800K light source of high intensity and short duration. Emulsion Light-sensitive coating on film or paper. Equivalent Combinations of aperture and time producing equal exposure. EV Numerical values used in exposure evaluation without reference to aperture or time. Evaluate Estimate the value or quality of a piece of work. . image file. Barn doors Metal shutters attached to light source. Essential Skills: Photographic Lighting200 200 Studio Photography: Essential Skills Bellows Lightproof material between front and. 1/30 second. What would be the aperture at 1/4 second? (a) f22 (b) f4 (c) f32 194 Studio Photography: Essential Skills Image capture Q1. A camera balanced to tungsten will give correct color. achieved at: (a) maximum aperture? (b) fastest shutter speed? (c) minimum aperture? 196 Studio Photography: Essential Skills Using light Q1. An incident meter reading of a subject with average SBR