Curriculum Vitae Dr. Giovanni Giambene Giovanni Giambene was born in Florence, Italy, in 1966. He received the Dr. Ing. degree in Electronics from the University of Florence, Italy, in 1993 and the Ph.D. degree in Telecommunications and Informatics from the University of Florence, Italy, in 1997. From 1994 to 1997, he was with the Electronic En- gineering Department of the University of Florence, Italy. He was Technical External Secretary of the European Community COST 227 Action, entitled “Integrated Space/Terrestrial Mobile Networks”. He also contributed to the Resource Management activity of the Working Group 3000 within the RACE Project, called “Satellite Integration in the Future Mobile Network” (SAINT, RACE 2117). From 1997 to 1998, he was with OTE of the Marconi Group, Florence, Italy, where he was involved in a GSM development program. In the same period he also contributed to the COST 252 Action (“Evolution of Satellite Personal Communications from Second to Future Generation Sys- tems”) research activities by studying the performance of Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) protocols suitable for supporting voice and data transmissions in low earth orbit mobile satellite systems. In 1999 he joined the Information Engineering Department of the University of Siena, Italy, first as research associate and then as assistant professor. He teaches the advanced course of Telecommunication Networks at the University of Siena. From 1999 to 2003 he participated to the project “Multimedialit`a”, financed by the Ital- ian National Research Council (CNR). From 2000 to 2003, he contributed to the activities of the “Personalised Access to Local Information and services for tOurists” (PALIO) IST Project within the fifth Research Framework of the European Commission (www.palio.dii.unisi.it). At present, he is involved in the SatNEx network of excellence of the FP6 programme in the satellite field, as work package leader of two groups on radio access techniques and cross-layer air interface design (www.satnex.org). He is also vice-Chair of the COST 290 Action (www.cost290.org), entitled “Traffic and QoS Management in Wireless Multimedia Networks” (Wi-QoST). Contents Acknowledgements v Preface vii Contents xiii List of Contributors xix List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii Part I Resource Management Framework for Satellite Communications 1 INTRODUCTION TO SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 3 1.1 Satellite communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Basic issues in the design of satellite communication systems . 10 1.3 Multiple access techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4 Radio interfaces considered and scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.4.1 S-UMTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.4.2 DVB-S standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.4.3 DVB-RCS standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.4.4 DVB-S2 standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.4.5 Numerical details on the selected scenarios for performance evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.5 Satellite networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.5.1 SI-SAP interface overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1.6 Novel approaches for satellite networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.6.1 Horizontal approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 xiv Contents 1.6.2 Vertical approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.7 Conclusions 37 References 39 2 ACTIVITY IN SATELLITE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 43 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.2 Frequency/time/space resource allocation schemes . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.3 Power allocation and control schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.4 CAC and handover algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.4.1 Handover algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.5 RRM modeling and simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.6 Related projects in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.6.1 TWISTER: Terrestrial Wireless Infrastructure integrated with Satellite Telecommunications for E-Rural applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.6.2 MAESTRO: Mobile Applications & sErvices based on Satellite & Terrestrial inteRwOrking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.6.3 SatNEx: Satellite Network of Excellence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.6.4 NEWCOM: Network of Excellence in Wireless COMmunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.6.5 VIRTUOUS: Virtual Home UMTS on Satellite . . . . . . . 58 2.6.6 COST Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2.6.7 The ISI Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.7 Conclusions 60 References 61 3 QoS REQUIREMENTS FOR MULTIMEDIA SERVICES 67 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.2 ServicesQoSrequirements 68 3.2.1 Performance requirements for conversational services . . 70 3.2.2 Performance requirements for interactive services . . . . . 73 3.2.3 Performance requirements for streaming services . . . . . 74 3.2.4 Performance requirements for background services-applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.3 IPQoSframeworks/models 76 3.4 Broadcast and multicast services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.4.1 Delayed real-time service over GEO satellite distribution systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3.4.2 Scenario characterization and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.5 ExperimentalresultsonQoS 89 3.6 Conclusions 92 References 93 Contents xv 4 CROSS-LAYER APPROACHES FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 95 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.2 Literaturesurveyoncross-layermethods 96 4.3 The need of a cross-layer air interface design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.4 Cross-layer design: requirements depending on the satellite scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.4.1 Broadband satellite scenario requirements (DVB-S/S2) 105 4.4.2 Mobile satellite scenario requirements (S-UMTS) . . . . . 108 4.4.3 LEO satellite scenario requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.5 Conclusions 111 References 113 Part II Cross-Layer Techniques for Satellite-Dependent Layers 5 ACCESS SCHEMES AND PACKET SCHEDULING TECHNIQUES 119 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.2 Uplink: access schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.2.1 Random access in UMTS and application to S-UMTS . 121 5.2.2 The Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) protocol 129 5.2.3 Adopting PRMA-like schemes in S-UMTS . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5.2.4 Stability analysis of access protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 5.3 Downlink: scheduling techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.3.1 Survey of scheduling techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.3.2 Scheduling techniques for HSDPA via satellite . . . . . . . 139 5.3.3 Scheduling techniques for broadcast and multicast servicesinS-UMTS 152 5.3.4 Packet scheduling with cross-layer approach . . . . . . . . . 164 5.4 Conclusions 170 References 173 6 CALL ADMISSION CONTROL 177 6.1 Introduction to Call Admission Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 6.2 CACandQoSmanagement 179 6.3 CAC algorithms for GEO satellite systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 6.3.1 CAC schemes for MF-TDMA networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 6.3.2 CAC schemes for CDMA networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 6.4 Handover and CAC algorithms for non-GEO satellite systems 189 6.4.1 Intra-satellite handover and CAC schemes . . . . . . . . . . . 191 6.4.2 Inter-satellite handover and CAC schemes . . . . . . . . . . . 194 xvi Contents 6.5 Directions for further research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 6.6 Conclusions 200 References 201 7 DYNAMIC BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION 207 7.1 Dynamic bandwidth allocation: problem definition . . . . . . . . . . 207 7.1.1 Survey of allocation approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 7.2 DBA schemes for DVB-RCS scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 7.3 Recent developments on DBA techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 7.3.1 DVB-RCS dynamic channel allocation using control-theoretic approaches 213 7.3.2 Dynamic bandwidth de-allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 7.3.3 Dynamic bandwidth allocation with cross-layer issues . 214 7.3.4 Joint timeslot optimization and fair dynamic bandwidth allocation in a system employing adaptive coding 218 7.3.5 Dynamic bandwidth allocation for handover calls . . . . . 233 7.4 Conclusions 234 References 237 Part III Cross-Layer Techniques for Satellite-Independent Layers 8 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND NETWORK LAYER 243 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 8.2 Overview IPQoSframework 244 8.2.1 Integrated services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 8.2.2 Differentiated services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 8.2.3 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 8.3 ResourcemanagementforIPQoS 248 8.3.1 Relative DiffServ by MAC Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 8.4 QoS mapping over satellite-independent service access point . 256 8.4.1 Model-based techniques for QoS mapping andsupport 257 8.4.2 A measurement-based approach for QoS mapping andsupport 258 8.4.3 Performance evaluation and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 8.5 QoS provisioning for terminals supporting dual network access - satellite and terrestrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 8.6 Switched Ethernet over LEO satellite: implicit cross-layer design exploiting VLANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 8.6.1 Protocol harmonization and implicit cross-layer design viaIEEEVLAN 272 8.6.2 Performance evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Contents xvii 8.7 Conclusions 282 References 285 9 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND TRANSPORT LAYER 289 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 9.2 Overview of TCP over satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 9.2.1 TCP standard mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 9.2.2 Criticalities of TCP on satellite links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 9.2.3 Survey of proposed solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 9.3 Cross-layer interaction between TCP and physical layer . . . . . 294 9.4 Cross-layer interaction between TCP and MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 9.4.1 A novel TCP-driven dynamic resource allocation scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 9.5 Overview of UDP-based multimedia over satellite . . . . . . . . . . . 305 9.5.1 Cross-layer methods for UDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 9.6 Conclusions 307 References 309 10 CROSS-LAYER METHODS AND STANDARDIZATION ISSUES 313 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 10.2 Cross-layer design and Internet protocol stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 10.3 Cross-layer methodologies for satellite systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 10.3.1 Implicit and explicit cross-layer design methodologies . 315 10.3.2 Cross-layer techniques categorized in terms of the direction of information flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 10.4 Potential cross-layer optimizations for satellite systems . . . . . . 317 10.4.1 Optimizations aiming at QoS harmonization across layers 317 10.4.2 Optimization of the Radio Resource Management . . . . 318 10.4.3 Optimizations combining higher and lower layers . . . . . 319 10.5 Cross-layer signaling for satellite systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 10.6 Standardization issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 10.6.1 Standardization bodies and groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 10.6.2 European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 10.6.3 ETSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 10.6.4 DVB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 10.6.5 International Telecommunication Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 10.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 References 333 Index 335 List of Contributors Rafael Asorey Cacheda UVI - Universidad de Vigo, Dep. Ingenier´ıa Telem´atica, ETSI Telecomunicaci´on, Campus, 36200 Vigo, Spain rasorey@det.uvigo.es Kostantinos Avgeropoulos AUTh - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Panepistimioupolis, 54124, Greece k.avgeropoulos@gmail.com Paolo Barsocchi CNR-ISTI - National Research Council (CNR), ISTI Institute, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, San Cataldo, 56124 Pisa, Italy paolo.barsocchi@isti.cnr.it Ulla Birnbacher TUG - Graz University of Technology, Inst. Comm. Net. and Satellite Comm., Inffeldgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria ulla.birnbacher@tugraz.at Daniel Castro Garc´ıa INFOGLOBAL, Spain Nedo Celandroni CNR-ISTI - National Research Council (CNR), ISTI Institute, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, San Cataldo, 56124 Pisa, Italy nedo.celandroni@isti.cnr.it Wei Ko ong Chai UniS - University of Surrey, CCSR, Centre for Communication Systems Research, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK W.Chai@surrey.ac.uk Paolo Chini CNIT - University of Siena Research Unit, Via Roma, 56, 53100, Siena, Italy chini7@unisi.it Antonio Cuevas UC3M - Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Legan´es, Spain acuevas@it.uc3m.es xx List of Contributors Franco Davoli CNIT - University of Genoa Research Unit, Via Opera Pia, 13, 16145, Genova, Italy franco.davoli@cnit.it Gorry Fairhurst UoA - University of Aberdeen, Department of Engineering, Fraser Noble Building, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK gorry@erg.abdn.ac.uk Erina Ferro CNR-ISTI - National Research Council (CNR), ISTI Institute, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, San Cataldo, 56124 Pisa, Italy erina.ferro@isti.cnr.it Giovanni Giambene CNIT - University of Siena Research Unit, Via Roma, 56, 53100, Siena, Italy giambene@unisi.it Samuele Giannetti CNIT - University of Siena Research Unit, Via Roma, 56, 53100, Siena, Italy giannetti13@unisi.it Francisco Javier Gonz´alez Casta˜no UVI - Universidad de Vigo, Dep. Ingenier´ıa Telem´atica, ETSI Telecomunicaci´on, Campus, 36200 Vigo, Spain javier@det.uvigo.es Alberto Gotta CNR-ISTI - National Research Council (CNR), ISTI Institute, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, San Cataldo, 56124 Pisa, Italy alberto.gotta@isti.cnr.it Javier Herrero S´anchez INFOGLOBAL, Spain Du Hongfei UniS - University of Surrey, CCSR, Centre for Communication Systems Research, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK H.Du@surrey.ac.uk Stylianos Karapantazis AUTh - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Panepistimioupolis, 54124, Greece skarap@auth.gr Georgios Koltsidas AUTh - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Panepistimioupolis, 54124, Greece fractgkb@auth.gr Victor Y. H. Kueh UniS - University of Surrey, CCSR, Centre for Communication Systems Research, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK victor unis@yahoo.co.uk Michele Luglio UToV - University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico, 1, 00133 - Roma, Italy luglio@uniroma2.it Vincenzo Mancuso UToV - University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico, 1, 00133 - Roma, Italy vincenzo.mancuso@ieee.org Mario Marchese CNIT - University of Genoa Research Unit, Via Opera Pia, 13, 16145, Genova, Italy Mario.Marchese@unige.it List of Contributors xxi Giada Mennuti CNIT - University of Florence Research Unit, Via di S. Marta, 3, 50139, Firenze, Italy giada@lenst.det.unifi.it Maurizio Mongelli CNIT - University of Genoa Research Unit, Via Opera Pia, 13, 16145, Genova, Italy Maurizio.Mongelli@unige.it Antoni Morell UAB - Universitat Aut´onoma de Barcelona, Dpt. Telecommunications and Systems Engineering, Engineering School, Bellaterra 08193 - Barcelona, Spain antoni.morell@uab.es Jos´e Ignacio Moreno Novella UC3M - Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Legan´es, Spain jmoreno@it.uc3m.es Seounghoon Oh RWTH - Rheinisch-Westf¨alische Technische Hochschule Aachen / COMNETS, Kopernikusstr. 16, D-52074 AACHEN, Germany oh@comnets.rwth-aachen.de Antonio Pant`o CNIT - University of Catania Research Unit, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125, Catania, Italy antonio.panto@cnit.it Cristina P´arraga Niebla DLR - German Aerospace Center, Insitute of Comms. and Navigation, Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany cristina.parraga@dlr.de Veronica Pasqualetti CNIT - University of Siena Research Unit, Via Roma, 56, 53100, Siena, Italy pasqualetti@unisi.it Tommaso Pecorella CNIT - University of Florence Research Unit, Via di S. Marta, 3, 50139, Firenze, Italy pecos@lart.det.unifi.it Francesco Potort`ı CNR-ISTI - National Research Council (CNR), ISTI Institute, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, San Cataldo, 56124 Pisa, Italy Potorti@isti.cnr.it Cesare Roseti UToV - University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico, 1, 00133 - Roma, Italy roseti@ing.uniroma2.it Aduwati Sali UniS - University of Surrey, CCSR, Centre for Communication Systems Research, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK A.Sali@surrey.ac.uk Gonzalo Seco Granados UAB - Universitat Aut´onoma de Barcelona, Dpt. Telecommunications and Systems Engineering, Engineering School, Bellaterra 08193 - Barcelona, Spain gonzalo.seco@uab.es xxii List of Contributors Petia Todorova FhI - Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems - FOKUS, Kaiserin - Augusta - Alee 31, 10589 Berlin, Germany Petia.Todorova@ fokus.fraunhofer.de Orestis Tsigkas AUTh - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Panepistimioupolis, 54124, Greece torestis@auth.gr Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli UoB - University of Bologna DEIS/ARCES, Viale Risorgimento, 2, 40136 - Bologna, Italy avanelli@deis.unibo.it Mar´ıa ´ Angeles V´azquez Castro UAB - Universitat Aut´onoma de Barcelona, Dpt. Telecommunications and Systems Engineering, Engineering School, Bellaterra 08193 - Barcelona, Spain angeles.vazquez@uab.es Fausto Vieira UAB - Universitat Aut´onoma de Barcelona, Dpt. Telecommunications and Systems Engineering, Engineering School, Bellaterra 08193 - Barcelona, Spain fvieira@sunaut.uab.es . QoS mapping over satellite- independent service access point . 25 6 8.4.1 Model-based techniques for QoS mapping andsupport 25 7 8.4 .2 A measurement-based approach for QoS mapping andsupport 25 8 8.4.3. (PRMA) protocols suitable for supporting voice and data transmissions in low earth orbit mobile satellite systems. In 1999 he joined the Information Engineering Department of the University of Siena,. Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii Part I Resource Management Framework for Satellite Communications 1 INTRODUCTION TO SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 3 1.1 Satellite communications .