BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 130 / 2nd Proofs / Heat Transfer Handbook / Bejan 130 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 [130], (88) Lines: 2973 to 3004 ——— * 528.0pt PgVar ——— Normal Page * PgEnds: PageBreak [130], (88) TABLE 2.8 Thermophysical Properties of Solid Elements a (Continued) Titanium (Ti) T 50 100 200 273 298 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 ρ — — 4510 4502 4499 4487 4461 4432 4402 4379 4348 4315 c p — — — 298 382 582 733 λ 37.4 30.5 24.5 22.4 21.9 20.4 19.4 19.7 20.7 22.0 23.6 25.3 α D — — — 16.7 12.7 7.8 5.9 Tungsten (W) T 50 100 200 273 298 400 500 1000 1500 2000 3000 3600 ρ — — — — 19,300 19,270 19,250 19,110 18,950 18,790 18,380 18,050 c p — — — 182 187 207 227 326 424 523 λ 428 208 186 177 174 159 146 118 107 100 91.4 89.5 α D — — — — 48.1 39.8 33.4 19.0 13.3 10.2 Uranium (U) T 50 100 200 273 298 ρ — — — — 19,070 c p — — — 117 117 λ 18.9 21.7 25.1 27.0 27.5 α D — — — — 12.4 Vanadium (V) T 50 100 200 273 298 400 600 800 1000 1400 1800 2000 ρ — — — — 6198 6214 6244 6272 6298 6339 6364 6369 c p — — — 479 481 489 505 521 537 569 601 λ 40.5 35.8 31.3 30.7 30.7 31.3 33.3 35.7 38.2 43.4 48.4 50.9 α D — — — — 10.3 10.3 10.6 10.9 11.3 12.0 12.7 BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 131 / 2nd Proofs / Heat Transfer Handbook / Bejan 131 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 [131], (89) Lines: 3004 to 3018 ——— * 528.0pt PgVar ——— Normal Page * PgEnds: PageBreak [131], (89) Zinc (Zn) T 50 100 200 273 298 400 500 600 ρ — 7258 7199 7153 7137 7070 7002 6933 c p — 295 366 383 387 405 422 440 λ 205 117 118 117 116 111 107 103 α D — 54.6 44.8 42.7 41.9 38.8 36.2 33.8 a T , temperature (K); ρ, density (kg/m 3 ); c p , heat capacity (J/kg ·K); λ, thermal conductivity (W/m ·K); α D , thermal diffusivity (10 −6 m 2 /s). The heat capacities are from Liley et al. (1997). The densities are calculated from the formulations of thermal linear expansion by Touloukian et al. (1975, 1977). Those at temperatures higher than 273 K are calculated from the formulations compiled by Liley et al. (1997). The uncertainties of these formulations are about 2% for most elements listed. BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 132 / 2nd Proofs / Heat Transfer Handbook / Bejan 132 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 [132], (90) Lines: 3018 to 3057 ——— * 528.0pt PgVar ——— Normal Page * PgEnds: PageBreak [132], (90) TABLE 2.9 Thermophysical Properties of Metallic Alloys Properties at 20°C (293 K) Thermal Conductivity λ (W/m ·K) ρ c p λα D −100°C 0°C 100°C 200°C 400°C 600°C (kg/m 3 ) (kJ/kg ·K) (W/m ·K) (cm 2 /s) 173 K 273 K 373 K 473 K 673 K 873 K Aluminum Duralumin (94–96% Al, 3–5% Cu, trace Mg) 2787 0.883 164 0.667 126 159 182 194 Silumin (87% Al, 13% Si) 2659 0.871 164 0.710 149 163 175 185 Copper Commercial 8300 0.419 372 1.07 Aluminum bronze (95% Cu, 5% Al) 8666 0.410 83 0.233 Brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn) 8522 0.385 111 0.341 88 — 128 144 147 Brass (60% Cu, 40% Zn) 8400 0.376 113 0.358 Bronze (75% Cu, 25% Sn) 8666 0.343 26 0.086 Bronze (85% Cu, 6% Sn, 9% Zn, 1% Pb) 8800 0.377 61.7 0.186 Constantan (60% Cu, 40% Ni) 8922 0.410 22.7 0.161 21 — 22.2 26 German silver (62% Cu, 15% Ni, 22% Zn) 8618 0.394 24.9 0.073 19.2 — 31 40 48 Iron Cast (5% C) 7272 0.420 52 0.170 Carbon steel, 0.5% C 7833 0.465 54 0.148 — 55 52 48 42 35 Carbon steel, 1.0% C 7801 0.473 43 0.117 — 43 43 42 36 33 Carbon steel, 1.5% C 7753 0.486 36 0.097 — 36 36 36 33 31 Chrome steel, 1% Cr 7865 0.460 61 0.167 — 62 55 52 42 36 Chrome steel, 5% Cr 7833 0.460 40 0.111 — 40 38 36 33 29 Chrome steel, 20% Cr 7689 0.460 22 0.064 — 22 22 22 24 24 Chrome-nickel steel 15% Cr, 10% Ni 7865 0.460 19 0.053 20% Cr, 15% Ni 7833 0.460 15.0 0.042 Invar (36% Ni) 8137 0.460 10.7 0.029 BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 133 / 2nd Proofs / Heat Transfer Handbook / Bejan 133 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 [133], (91) Lines: 3057 to 3086 ——— * 528.0pt PgVar ——— Normal Page * PgEnds: PageBreak [133], (91) Manganese steel 1% Mn 7865 0.460 50 0.139 Manganese steel 5% Mn 7849 0.460 22 0.064 Nickel-chrome steel 80% Ni, 15% Cr 8522 0.460 17 0.045 20% Ni, 15% Cr 7865 0.460 14 0.039 — 14 15.1 15.1 17 19 Silicon steel, 1% Si 7769 0.460 42 0.116 Silicon steel, 5% Si 7417 0.460 19 0.056 Stainless steel, type 304 7817 0.460 13.8 0.040 — — 15 17 21 25 Stainless steel, type 347 7817 0.420 15 0.044 13 — 16 18 20 23 Tungsten steel, 2% W 7961 0.444 62 0.176 — 62 59 54 48 45 Tungsten steel, 10% W 8314 0.419 48 0.139 Wrought (0.5% CH) 7849 0.460 59 0.163 — 59 57 52 45 36 Magnesium 6–8% Al, 1–2% Zn electrolytic 1810 1.000 66 0.360 — 52 62 74 2% Mn 1778 1.000 114 0.640 93 111 125 130 Manganese Manganin (84% Cu, 4% Ni, 12% Mn) 8400 0.406 21.9 0.064 Monel 505 (at 60°C) 8360 0.544 19.7 0.043 Nickel Nichrome (24% Fe, 16% Cr) 8250 0.448 12.6 0.034 90% Ni, 10% Cr 8666 0.444 17 0.044 — 17.1 18.9 20.9 24.6 Source: Bejan (1993), with permission. BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 134 / 2nd Proofs / Heat Transfer Handbook / Bejan 134 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 [134], (92) Lines: 3086 to 3123 ——— * 528.0pt PgVar ——— Normal Page * PgEnds: PageBreak [134], (92) TABLE 2.10 Thermophysical Properties of Nonmetallic Solids T ρ c p λα D (°C) (kg/m 3 ) (kJ/kg ·K) (W/m ·K) (cm 2 /s) Asbestos Cement board 20 0.6 Felt (16 laminations per centimeter) 40 0.057 Fiber 50 470 0.82 0.11 0.0029 Sheet 20 0.74 50 0.17 Asphalt 20 2120 0.92 0.70 0.0036 Bakelite 20 1270 1.59 0.230 0.0011 Bark 25 340 1.26 0.074 0.0017 Brick Carborundum 1400 11.1 Cement 10 720 0.34 Common 20 1800 0.84 0.38–0.52 0.0028–0.0034 Chrome 100 1.9 Facing 20 1.3 Firebrick 300 2000 0.96 0.1 0.00054 Magnesite (50% MgO) 20 2000 2.68 Masonry 20 1700 0.84 0.66 0.0046 Silica (95% SiO 2 ) 20 1900 1.07 Zircon (62% ZrO 2 ) 20 3600 2.44 Brickwork, dried in air 20 1400–1800 0.84 0.58–0.81 0.0049–0.0054 Carbon Diamond (type Ilb) 20 3250 0.51 1350 8.1 Graphite (firm, natural) 20 2000–2500 0.61 155 1.02–1.27 Carborundum (SiC) 100 1500 0.62 58 0.62 Cardboard 0–20 ∼790 ∼0.14 BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 135 / 2nd Proofs / Heat Transfer Handbook / Bejan 135 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 [135], (93) Lines: 3123 to 3159 ——— * 528.0pt PgVar ——— Normal Page * PgEnds: PageBreak [135], (93) Celluloid 20 1380 1.67 0.23 0.001 Cement (portland, fresh, dry) 20 3100 0.75 0.3 0.0013 Chalk (CaCO 3 ) 20 2000–3000 0.74 2.2 0.01–0.015 Clay 20 1450 0.88 1.28 0.01 Fireclay 100 1700–2000 0.84 0.5–1.2 0.35–0.71 Sandy Clay 20 1780 0.9 Coal 20 1200–1500 1.26 0.26 0.0014–0.0017 Anthracite 900 1500 0.2 Brown coal 900 0.1 Bituminous in situ 1300 0.5–0.7 0.003–0.004 Dust 30 730 1.3 0.12 0.0013 Concrete, made with gravel, dry 20 2200 0.88 1.28 0.0066 Cinder 24 0.76 Cork Board 20 150 1.88 0.042 0.0015 Expanded 20 120 0.036 Cotton 30 81 1.15 0.059 0.0063 Earth Clayey (28% moisture) 20 1500 1.51 Coarse-grained 20 2040 1.84 0.59 0.0016 Diatomaceous 20 466 0.88 0.126 0.0031 Sandy (8% moisture) 20 1500 1.05 Fat 20 910 1.93 0.17 0.001 Felt, hair −7 130–200 0.032–0.04 94 130–200 0.054–0.051 Fiber insulating board 20 240 0.048 Glass Borosilicate 30 2230 1.09 Fiber 20 220 0.035 (continued) BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 136 / 2nd Proofs / Heat Transfer Handbook / Bejan 136 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 [136], (94) Lines: 3159 to 3195 ——— * 528.0pt PgVar ——— Normal Page * PgEnds: PageBreak [136], (94) TABLE 2.10 Thermophysical Properties of Nonmetallic Solids (Continued) T ρ c p λα D (°C) (kg/m 3 ) (kJ/kg ·K) (W/m ·K) (cm 2 /s) Glass (Continued) Lead 20 2890 0.68 0.7–0.93 0.0036–0.0047 Mirror 20 2700 0.80 0.76 0.0035 Pyrex 60–100 2210 0.75 1.3 0.0078 Quartz 20 2210 0.73 1.4 0.0087 Window 20 2800 0.80 0.81 0.0034 Wool 0 200 0.66 0.037 0.0028 Granite 20 2750 0.89 2.9 0.012 Gypsum 20 1000 1.09 0.51 0.0047 Ice 0 917 2.04 2.25 0.012 Ivory 80 0.5 Kapok 30 0.035 Leather, dry 20 860 1.5 0.12–0.15 ∼0.001 Limestone (Indiana) 100 2300 0.9 1.1 ∼0.005 Linoleum 20 535 0.081 Lunar surface dust, in high vacuum 250 1500±300 ∼0.6 ∼0.0006 Magnezia (85%) 38–204 0.067–0.08 Marble 20 2600 0.81 2.8 0.013 Meat Beef 25 ∼0.0014 Chuck 43–66 1060 0.0012 Liver 27 0.5 Eye of loin, parallel to fiber 2–7 0.3 Ground 6 0.35 Lean 2–47 0.45 Chicken BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 137 / 2nd Proofs / Heat Transfer Handbook / Bejan 137 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 [137], (95) Lines: 3195 to 3231 ——— * 528.0pt PgVar ——— Normal Page * PgEnds: PageBreak [137], (95) Muscle, perpendicular to fiber 5–27 0.41 Skin 5–27 0.03 Egg, white 33–38 0.55 Egg, whole −8 0.46 Egg, albumen gel, freez-dried 41 0.04 Egg, yolk 24–38 0.42 Fish Cod fillets −19 1.17 Halibut 43–66 1080 0.0014 Herring −19 0.8 Salmon, perpendicular to fiber −23 1.3 Salmon, freeze-dried, parallel to fiber −29 0.04 Horse 25 0.41 Lamb, lean 7–57 0.45 Pork Ham, smoked 43–66 1090 0.0014 Fat 25 0.15 Lean, perpendicular to fiber 27–57 0.52 Lean, parallel to fiber 7–57 0.45 Pig skin 25 0.37 Sausage 23% fat 25 0.38 15% fat 25 0.43 Seal, blubber (−13)–(−2) 0.21 Turkey Breast, perpendicular to fiber −3 1.05 2 0.7 Breast, parallel to fiber −8 1.4 Leg, perpendicular to fiber 2 0.7 (continued) BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 138 / 2nd Proofs / Heat Transfer Handbook / Bejan 138 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 [138], (96) Lines: 3231 to 3267 ——— * 528.0pt PgVar ——— Normal Page * PgEnds: PageBreak [138], (96) TABLE 2.10 Thermophysical Properties of Nonmetallic Solids (Continued) T ρ c p λα D (°C) (kg/m 3 ) (kJ/kg ·K) (W/m ·K) (cm 2 /s) Mica 20 2900 0.52 Mortar 20 1900 0.8 0.93 0.0061 Paper 20 700 1.2 0.12 0.0014 Paraffin 30 870–925 2.9 0.24–0.27 ∼0.001 Plaster 20 1690 0.8 0.79 0.0058 Plexiglas (acrylic) 20 1180 1.44 0.184 0.0011 Plums −16 0.3 Polyethylene 20 920 2.30 0.35 0.0017 Polystyrene 20 1050 0.157 Polyurethane 20 1200 2.09 0.32 0.0013 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 20 1380 0.96 0.15 0.0011 Porcelain 95 2400 1.08 1.03 0.004 Quartz 20 2100–2500 0.78 1.40 ∼0.008 Rubber Foam 20 500 1.67 0.09 0.0011 Hard (ebonite) 20 1150 2.01 0.16 0.0006 Soft 20 1100 1.67 ∼0.2 ∼0.001 Synthetic 20 1150 1.97 0.23 0.001 Salt (rock salt) 0 2150–2500 0.92 7 0.003–0.036 Sand Dry 20 0.58 Moist 20 1640 1.13 Sandstone 20 2150–2300 0.71 1.6–2.1 0.01–0.013 Sawdust, dry 20 215 0.07 Silica stone (85% SiC) 700 2720 1.05 1.56 0.055 Silica aerogel 0 140 0.024 BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 139 / 2nd Proofs / Heat Transfer Handbook / Bejan 139 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 [139], (97) Lines: 3267 to 3304 ——— * 528.0pt PgVar ——— Normal Page * PgEnds: PageBreak [139], (97) Silicon 20 2330 0.703 153 0.94 Silk (artificial) 35 100 1.33 0.049 0.0037 Slag 20 2500–3000 0.84 0.57 0.0023–0.0027 Slate Parallel to lamination 20 2700 0.75 2.9 0.014 Perpendicular to lamination 20 2700 0.75 1.83 0.009 Snow, firm 0 560 2.1 0.46 0.0039 Soil (see also Earth) Dry 15 1500 1.84 1 0.004 Wet 15 1930 2 Strawberries, dry −18 0.59 Sugar (fine) 0 1600 1.25 0.58 0.0029 Sulfur 20 2070 0.72 0.27 0.0018 Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) 20 2200 1.04 0.23 0.001 Wood, perpendicular to grain Ash 15 740 0.14–0.3 Balsa 15 100 0.05 Cedar 15 480 0.11 Mahogany 20 700 0.16 Oak 20 600–800 2.4 0.17–0.25 ∼0.0012 Pine, fir, spruce 20 416–421 2.72 0.15 0.0012 Plywood 20 590 0.11 Wool Sheep 20 100 1.72 0.036 0.0021 Mineral 50 200 0.92 0.042 0.0025 Slag 25 200 0.8 0.05 0.0031 Source: Bejan (1993), with permission. . steel 15% Cr, 10% Ni 7865 0.460 19 0.053 20% Cr, 15% Ni 7833 0.460 15. 0 0.042 Invar (36% Ni) 8137 0.460 10.7 0.029 BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 133 / 2nd Proofs / Heat Transfer Handbook. 20 2000–2500 0.61 155 1.02–1.27 Carborundum (SiC) 100 150 0 0.62 58 0.62 Cardboard 0–20 ∼790 ∼0.14 BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 135 / 2nd Proofs / Heat Transfer Handbook / Bejan 135 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 [135],. Proofs / Heat Transfer Handbook / Bejan 136 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 [136], (94) Lines: 3159 to