272 Index Primary FDs (cont’d.) from ER diagram, 120 See also Functional dependencies (FDs) Primary keys, 109 constraints, 217 UML constructs, 42 QDesigner, 190 Query optimization, 177–78 Rational Data Architect, 188, 189, 211 automatic computing linkages, 198 ER modeling, 193 property editing, 195 XML adoption, 210 See also CASE tools Rational MultiSite software, 201, 202 Redundant relationships, 58–60 analyzing, 58 illustrated, 59 See also Relationships Referential integrity, 30, 227–28 Reflexive associations, 37 Relational databases (RDBs), 150, 151 Relationships, 14–15 attributes, 17, 19 binary, 85–89 binary recursive, 90–92 cardinality, 18 connectivity, 17, 18–19 defined, 14 defining, 58–61 degree, 16–17 entity existence in, 19–20 many-to-many, 14, 18, 39 many-to-many-to-many, 96, 137 multiple, 103 names, 15 n-ary, 28–29, 92–100 one-to-many, 14, 18, 39 one-to-many-to-many, 95 one-to-one, 14, 18, 39 one-to-one-to-many, 94 one-to-one-to-one, 93 packages, 44 redundant, 58–60 roles, 15 ternary, 16, 25–28, 60–61, 92–100 Reporting, 206–7 elements, 206–7 PowerDesigner, 206 See also CASE tools Requirements analysis, 3, 54–55 defined, 54 objectives, 55 results, 140 Requirements specification, 139–40 Reverse engineering, 6 Roles, 15 Rows, 2 Schemas commonality, 72 comparison, 68 conceptual integration, 67 conformation, 68–69 diversity, 66 merging, 69 restructuring, 69 structural conflicts, 68, 71 Secondary FDs, 118, 119 candidate table, 119 determining, 120 from requirements specification, 121 See also Functional dependencies (FDs) Second normal form (2NF), 111–13 functional dependence, 111 tables, 112, 113 See also Normal forms Select command, 219 Semi-structured data, 209–10 Set operators, 214 Snowflake schema, 156, 157 Teorey.book Page 272 Saturday, July 16, 2005 12:57 PM Index 273 Software Development Platform, 204 Specialization, 24 SQL, 213–29 advanced value expressions, 214–15 aggregate functions, 222–24 basics, 213–29 comparison operators, 214 conceptual data model transformation to, 6, 83–106 constructs, 83–85 data types, 214 DDL, 215–18 defined, 213 DML, 218–29 joins, 224–26 logical operators, 214 names, 214 null values, 84–85 object definitions, 215 referential integrity, 227–28 set functions, 214 set operators, 214 subqueries, 224–26 update commands, 226–77 SQL tables, 83, 84 with embedded foreign key, 84 from relationships, 84 with same information content, 84 Star schema, 154–56 defined, 154 dimensions, 162 for estimating process, 160 example, 154 for job costing daily snapshot, 166 for job costing process, 165 for productivity tracking process, 163 queries, 154–55 for scheduling process, 162 See also Data warehouses Stereotypes, 43 Subqueries, 224–26 Subtypes, 23–24 defined, 23 entities, 24 illustrated, 23 Superkeys defined, 109 rules, 123–24 Supertypes, 23–24 defined, 23 illustrated, 23 Tables Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF), 132, 133, 144 candidate, 118–22 decomposition of, 145 fourth (4NF) normal form, 131, 132–33 merge of, 126 normalized, 6, 116–18 reduction of, 145 second normal form (2NF), 112, 113 third (3NF) normal form, 114, 122–27 Ternary associations, 39 Ternary relationships, 16, 25–28, 92–100 attributes, 28 connectivity, 61 defining, 60 entities in, 25–26 ER model, 93–96 foreign key constraints and, 92 forms, 28 illustrated, 26–27, 60 many-to-many-to-many, 96, 100 with multiple interpretations, 130 one-to-many-to-many, 95, 99 one-to-one-to-many, 94, 98 one-to-one-to-one, 93, 97 requirement, 25 Teorey.book Page 273 Saturday, July 16, 2005 12:57 PM 274 Index Ternary relationships (cont’d.) transformation, 105 UML, 97–100 varieties, 92 See also Relationships Text mining, 181–85 verbatim description, 184 verbatim description information, 184 word mapping, 184–85 See also Data mining Third (3NF) normal form, 113–15, 118 defined, 114 synthesis algorithm, 124–25 tables, 114 tables, minimum set, 122–27 See also Normal forms Transformation, 6, 83–106 entity, 104 ER-to-SQL example, 105 many-to-many binary relationship, 104 rules, 83–85 steps, 103–5 summary, 106 ternary relationship, 105 Triple exponential smoothing, 180, 182 UML diagrams activity, 34, 46–50 class, 33–46 conceptual data model, 142 ER models vs., 33 generalization and aggregation, 102 many-to-many binary relationship, 89 one-to-many binary relationship, 89 one-to-one binary relationship, 88 organization, 51 size, 50 textual descriptions, 50–51 type, 33 Unified Modeling Language (UML), 9, 33–51 aggregation constructs, 41 defined, 33 generalization constructs, 40 n-ary relationship, 42 primary key constructs, 42 relationship types, 38 stereotypes, 43 summary, 51 usage rules, 50–51 See also UML diagrams Union command, 221–22 Unique constraints, 216–17 Update anomaly, 112 Update commands, 226–27 View integration, 5–6, 66–74 defined, 66 example, 69–74 illustrated, 70, 71, 72–73 merged schema, 72–73 preintegration analysis, 67–68 process, 74 schema comparison, 68 schema conformation, 68–69 schema merge/restructure, 69 techniques, 69 type conflict, 71 Views, 166 coordinates of, 178 creating, 229 dynamic selection, 176 ER modeling based on requirements, 61–63 exponential explosion, 167–69 size estimation, 170–72 SQL, 228–29 state estimation, 170–72 uses, 228 Visible Analyst, 190 Teorey.book Page 274 Saturday, July 16, 2005 12:57 PM Index 275 Weak entities, 16, 103 XML, 207, 209–10 defined, 209 documents, 210 schema, 209 standards, 209 Teorey.book Page 275 Saturday, July 16, 2005 12:57 PM . 109 constraints, 217 UML constructs, 42 QDesigner, 190 Query optimization, 177–78 Rational Data Architect, 188, 189, 211 automatic computing linkages, 198 ER modeling, 193 property editing, 195 XML. 59 See also Relationships Referential integrity, 30, 227–28 Reflexive associations, 37 Relational databases (RDBs), 150, 151 Relationships, 14–15 attributes, 17, 19 binary, 85–89 binary recursive,. 44 redundant, 58–60 roles, 15 ternary, 16, 25–28, 60–61, 92–100 Reporting, 206–7 elements, 206–7 PowerDesigner, 206 See also CASE tools Requirements analysis, 3, 54–55 defined, 54 objectives, 55 results,