What’s New in SQL Server System and Database Administration
System Administrator Responsibilities
System Databases
System Tables
System Views
System Stored Procedures
Summary
8 Installing SQL Server 2008
What’s New in Installing SQL Server 2008
Installation Requirements
Installation Walkthrough
Installing SQL Server Using a Configuration File
Installing Service Packs and Cumulative Updates
Slipstream Installations
Summary
9 Upgrading to SQL Server 2008
What’s New in Upgrading SQL Server
Using the SQL Server Upgrade Advisor (UA)
Destination: SQL Server 2008 or SQL Server 2008 R2
Upgrading Using a Configuration File
Slipstreaming Upgrades
Upgrading Other SQL Server Components
Summary
10 Client Installation and Configuration
What’s New in Client Installation and Configuration
Client/Server Networking Considerations
Client Installation
Client Configuration
Client Data Access Technologies
Summary
11 Security and User Administration
What’s New in Security and User Administration
An Overview of SQL Server Security
Authentication Methods
Managing Principals
Managing Securables
Managing Permissions
Managing SQL Server Logins
Managing SQL Server Users
Managing Database Roles
Managing SQL Server Permissions
The Execution Context
Summary
12 Data Encryption
What’s New in Data Encryption
An Overview of Data Security
An Overview of Data Encryption
SQL Server Key Management
Column-Level Encryption
Transparent Data Encryption
Column-Level Encryption Versus Transparent Data Encryption
Summary
13 Security and Compliance
Exposure and Risk
Across the Life Cycle
The Security Big Picture
Identity Access Management Components
Compliance and SQL Server
SQL Server Auditing
Setting Up Auditing via T-SQL
SQL Injection Is Easy to Do
Summary
14 Database Backup and Restore
What’s New in Database Backup and Restore
Developing a Backup and Restore Plan
Types of Backups
Recovery Models
Backup Devices
Backing Up a Database
Backing Up the Transaction Log
Backup Scenarios
Restoring Databases and Transaction Logs
Restore Scenarios
Additional Backup Considerations
Summary
15 Database Mail
What’s New in Database Mail
Setting Up Database Mail
Sending and Receiving with Database Mail
Using SQL Server Agent Mail
Related Views and Procedures
Summary
16 SQL Server Scheduling and Notification
What’s New in Scheduling and Notification
Configuring the SQL Server Agent
Viewing the SQL Server Agent Error Log
SQL Server Agent Security
Managing Operators
Managing Jobs
Managing Alerts
Scripting Jobs and Alerts
Multiserver Job Management
Event Forwarding
Summary
17 Administering SQL Server 2008 with PowerShell
What’s New with PowerShell
Overview of PowerShell
PowerShell Scripting Basics
PowerShell in SQL Server 2008
Step-By-Step Examples
Summary
18 SQL Server High Availability
What’s New in High Availability
What Is High Availability?
The Fundamentals of HA
Building Solutions with One or More HA Options
Other HA Techniques That Yield Great Results
High Availability from the Windows Server Family Side
Summary
19 Replication
What’s New in Data Replication
What Is Replication?
The Publisher, Distributor, and Subscriber Magazine Metaphor
Replication Scenarios
Subscriptions
Replication Agents
Planning for SQL Server Data Replication
SQL Server Replication Types
Basing the Replication Design on User Requirements
Setting Up Replication
Scripting Replication
Monitoring Replication
Summary
20 Database Mirroring
What’s New in Database Mirroring
What Is Database Mirroring?
Roles of the Database Mirroring Configuration
Setting Up and Configuring Database Mirroring
Testing Failover from the Principal to the Mirror
Client Setup and Configuration for Database Mirroring
Migrate to Database Mirroring 2008 as Fast as You Can
Using Replication and Database Mirroring Together
Using Database Snapshots from a Mirror for Reporting
Summary
21 SQL Server Clustering
What’s New in SQL Server Clustering
How Microsoft SQL Server Clustering Works
Installing SQL Server Clustering
Summary
22 Administering Policy-Based Management
Introduction to Policy-Based Management
Policy-Based Management Concepts
Implementing Policy-Based Management
Sample Templates and Real-World Examples
Policy-Based Management Best Practices
Summary
Part IV: Database Administration
23 Creating and Managing Databases
What’s New in Creating and Managing Databases
Data Storage in SQL Server
Database Files
Creating Databases
Setting Database Options
Managing Databases
Summary
24 Creating and Managing Tables
What’s New in SQL Server 2008
Creating Tables
Defining Columns
Defining Table Location
Defining Table Constraints
Modifying Tables
Dropping Tables
Using Partitioned Tables
Creating Temporary Tables
Summary
25 Creating and Managing Indexes
What’s New in Creating and Managing Indexes
Types of Indexes
Creating Indexes
Managing Indexes
Dropping Indexes
Online Indexing Operations
Indexes on Views
Summary
26 Implementing Data Integrity
What’s New in Data Integrity
Types of Data Integrity
Enforcing Data Integrity
Using Constraints
Rules
Defaults
Summary
27 Creating and Managing Views in SQL Server
What’s New in Creating and Managing Views
Definition of Views
Using Views
Creating Views
Managing Views
Data Modifications and Views
Partitioned Views
Indexed Views
Summary
28 Creating and Managing Stored Procedures
What’s New in Creating and Managing Stored Procedures
Advantages of Stored Procedures
Creating Stored Procedures
Executing Stored Procedures
Deferred Name Resolution
Viewing Stored Procedures
Modifying Stored Procedures
Using Input Parameters
Using Output Parameters
Returning Procedure Status
Debugging Stored Procedures Using SQL Server Management Studio
Using System Stored Procedures
Startup Procedures
Summary
29 Creating and Managing User-Defined Functions
What’s New in SQL Server 2008
Why Use User-Defined Functions?
Types of User-Defined Functions
Creating and Managing User-Defined Functions
Rewriting Stored Procedures as Functions
Creating and Using CLR Functions
Summary
30 Creating and Managing Triggers
What’s New in Creating and Managing Triggers
Using DML Triggers
Using DDL Triggers
Using CLR Triggers
Using Nested Triggers
Using Recursive Triggers
Summary
31 Transaction Management and the Transaction Log
What’s New in Transaction Management
What Is a Transaction?
How SQL Server Manages Transactions
Defining Transactions
Transactions and Batches
Transactions and Stored Procedures
Transactions and Triggers
Transactions and Locking
Coding Effective Transactions
Transaction Logging and the Recovery Process
Long-Running Transactions
Bound Connections
Distributed Transactions
Summary
32 Database Snapshots
What’s New with Database Snapshots
What Are Database Snapshots?
Limitations and Restrictions of Database Snapshots
Copy-on-Write Technology
When to Use Database Snapshots
Setup and Breakdown of a Database Snapshot
Reverting to a Database Snapshot for Recovery
Setting Up Snapshots Against a Database Mirror
Database Snapshots Maintenance and Security Considerations
Summary
33 Database Maintenance
What’s New in Database Maintenance
The Maintenance Plan Wizard
Managing Maintenance Plans Without the Wizard
Executing a Maintenance Plan
Maintenance Without a Maintenance Plan
Database Maintenance Policies
Summary
Part V: SQL Server Performance and Optimization
34 Data Structures, Indexes, and Performance
What’s New for Data Structures, Indexes, and Performance
Understanding Data Structures
Database Files and Filegroups
Database Pages
Space Allocation Structures
Data Compression
Understanding Table Structures
Understanding Index Structures
Data Modification and Performance
Index Utilization
Index Selection
Evaluating Index Usefulness
Index Statistics
SQL Server Index Maintenance
Index Design Guidelines
Indexed Views
Indexes on Computed Columns
Filtered Indexes and Statistics
Choosing Indexes: Query Versus Update Performance
Identifying Missing Indexes
Identifying Unused Indexes
Summary
35 Understanding Query Optimization
What’s New in Query Optimization
What Is the Query Optimizer?
Query Compilation and Optimization
Query Analysis
Row Estimation and Index Selection
Join Selection
Execution Plan Selection
Query Plan Caching
Other Query Processing Strategies
Parallel Query Processing
Common Query Optimization Problems
Managing the Optimizer
Summary
36 Query Analysis
What’s New in Query Analysis
Query Analysis in SSMS
SSMS Client Statistics
Using the SET SHOWPLAN Options
Using sys.dm_exec_query_plan
Query Statistics
Query Analysis with SQL Server Profiler
Summary
37 Locking and Performance
What’s New in Locking and Performance
The Need for Locking
Transaction Isolation Levels in SQL Server
The Lock Manager
Monitoring Lock Activity in SQL Server
SQL Server Lock Types
SQL Server Lock Granularity
Lock Compatibility
Locking Contention and Deadlocks
Table Hints for Locking
Optimistic Locking
Summary
38 Database Design and Performance
What’s New in Database Design and Performance
Basic Tenets of Designing for Performance
Logical Database Design Issues
Denormalizing a Database
Database Filegroups and Performance
RAID Technology
SQL Server and SAN Technology
Summary
39 Monitoring SQL Server Performance
What’s New in Monitoring SQL Server Performance
Performance Monitoring Tools
A Performance Monitoring Approach
Summary
40 Managing Workloads with the Resource Governor
Overview of Resource Governor
Resource Governor Components
Configuring Resource Governor
Monitoring Resource Usage
Modifying Your Resource Governor Configuration
Summary
41 A Performance and Tuning Methodology
The Full Architectural Landscape
Primary Performance and Tuning Handles
A Performance and Tuning Methodology
Performance and Tuning Design Guidelines
Tools of the Performance and Tuning Trade
Summary
Part VI: SQL Server Application Development
42 What’s New for Transact-SQL in SQL Server 2008
MERGE Statement
Insert over DML
GROUP BY Clause Enhancements
Variable Assignment in DECLARE Statement
Compound Assignment Operators
Row Constructors
New date and time Data Types and Functions
Table-Valued Parameters
Hierarchyid Data Type
Using FILESTREAM Storage
Sparse Columns
Spatial Data Types
Change Data Capture
Change Tracking
Summary
43 Transact-SQL Programming Guidelines, Tips, and Tricks
General T-SQL Coding Recommendations
General T-SQL Performance Recommendations
T-SQL Tips and Tricks
In Case You Missed It: New Transact-SQL Features in SQL Server 2005
The xml Data Type
The max Specifier
TOP Enhancements
The OUTPUT Clause
Common Table Expressions
Ranking Functions
PIVOT and UNPIVOT
The APPLY Operator
TRY...CATCH Logic for Error Handling
The TABLESAMPLE Clause
Summary
44 Advanced Stored Procedure Programming and Optimization
T-SQL Stored Procedure Coding Guidelines
Using Cursors in Stored Procedures
Nested Stored Procedures
Using Temporary Tables in Stored Procedures
Using Remote Stored Procedures
Stored Procedure Performance
Using Dynamic SQL in Stored Procedures
Installing and Using .NET CLR Stored Procedures
Using Extended Stored Procedures
Summary
45 SQL Server and the .NET Framework
What’s New in SQL Server 2008 and the .NET Framework
Getting Comfortable with ADO.NET 3.5 and SQL Server 2008
Developing with LINQ to SQL
Using ADO.NET Data Services
Leveraging the Microsoft Sync Framework
Summary
46 SQLCLR: Developing SQL Server Objects in .NET
What’s New for SQLCLR in SQL Server 2008
Developing Custom Managed Database Objects
Summary
47 Using XML in SQL Server 2008
What’s New in Using XML in SQL Server 2008
Understanding XML
Relational Data As XML: The FOR XML Modes
XML As Relational Data: Using OPENXML
Using the xml Data Type
Indexing and Full-Text Indexing of xml Columns
Summary
48 SQL Server Web Services
What’s New in SQL Server Web Services
Web Services Migration Path
Web Services History and Overview
Building Web Services
Examples: A C# Client Application
Using Catalog Views and System Stored Procedures
Controlling Access Permissions
Summary
49 SQL Server Service Broker
What’s New in Service Broker
Understanding Distributed Messaging
Designing a Sample System
Understanding Service Broker Constructs
Service Broker Routing and Security
Troubleshooting SSB Applications with ssbdiagnose.exe
Related System Catalogs
Summary
50 SQL Server Full-Text Search
What’s New in SQL Server 2008 Full-Text Search
Upgrade Options in SQL Server 2008
How SQL Server FTS Works
Implementing SQL Server 2008 Full-Text Catalogs
Setting Up a Full-Text Index
Full-Text Searches
Full-Text Search Maintenance
Full-Text Search Performance
Full-Text Search Troubleshooting
Summary
Part VII: SQL Server Business Intelligence Features
51 SQL Server 2008 Analysis Services
What’s New in SSAS
Understanding SSAS and OLAP
Understanding the SSAS Environment Wizards
An Analytics Design Methodology
An OLAP Requirements Example: CompSales International
Summary
52 SQL Server Integration Services
What’s New with SSIS
SSIS Basics
SSIS Architecture and Concepts
SSIS Tools and Utilities
A Data Transformation Requirement
Running the SSIS Wizard
The SSIS Designer
The Package Execution Utility
Connection Projects in Visual Studio
Change Data Capture Addition with R2
Using bcp
Logged and Nonlogged Operations
Summary
53 SQL Server 2008 Reporting Services
What’s New in SSRS 2008
Reporting Services Architecture
Installing and Configuring SSRS
Developing Reports
Management and Security
Performance and Monitoring
Summary
Part VIII: Bonus Chapters
54 Managing Linked and Remote Servers
What’s New in Managing Linked and Remote Servers
Managing Remote Servers
Linked Servers
Adding, Dropping, and Configuring Linked Servers
Mapping Local Logins to Logins on Linked Servers
Obtaining General Information About Linked Servers
Executing a Stored Procedure via a Linked Server
Setting Up Linked Servers Using SQL Server Management Studio
Summary
55 Configuring, Tuning, and Optimizing SQL Server Options
What’s New in Configuring, Tuning, and Optimizing SQL Server Options
SQL Server Instance Architecture
Configuration Options
Fixing an Incorrect Option Setting
Setting Configuration Options with SSMS
Obsolete Configuration Options
Configuration Options and Performance
Database Engine Tuning Advisor
Data Collection Sets
Summary
56 SQL Server Disaster Recovery Planning
What’s New in SQL Server Disaster Recovery Planning
How to Approach Disaster Recovery
Microsoft SQL Server Options for Disaster Recovery
The Overall Disaster Recovery Process
Have You Detached a Database Recently?
Third-Party Disaster Recovery Alternatives
Summary
Index
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ptg 1494 CHAPTER 40 Managing Workloads with the Resource Governor Reporting Sessions OLTP Sessions Classification (Classifier Function) Internal Group Internal Pool Group 1 Default Group Default Pool Pool 1 Group 2 Pool 2 Group 3 Group 4 Query Optimizer FIGURE 40.1 Overview of the Resource Governor. NOTE Resource Governor is available only in the Enterprise, Datacenter, and Developer Editions of SQL Server 2008 and SQL Server 2008 R2. Overview of Resource Governor Resource Governor works by controlling the allocation of resources according to work- loads. When a connection request is submitted to the Database Engine, the request is clas- sified based on a classification function. The classification function is a scalar function that you define via T-SQL. The classification function evaluates information about the connection (for example, login ID, application name, hostname, server role) to determine how it should be classified. After the connection request is classified, it is routed to a workload group defined for that classification (or if the connection cannot be classified, it is routed to the default workload group). Each workload group is associated with a resource pool. A resource pool represents the physical resources of SQL Server (currently in SQL Server 2008, the only physical resources available for configuration are CPU and memory) and specifies the maximum amount of CPU and/or memory resources that are to be allocated to a specific type of workload. When a connection is classified and put into the correct workload group, the connection is allocated the CPU and memory resources assigned to it, and then the query is passed on to the query optimizer for execution. This process is illustrated in Figure 40.1. ptg 1495 Resource Governor Components Resource Governor is designed to address the following types of resource issues, which are commonly found in a database environment: . Runaway queries—These resource-intensive queries can take up most or all of the server resources. . Unpredictable workload execution—This situation occurs when you have concurrent applications on the same server that are not isolated from each other, and the resulting resource contention causes unpredictable performance. . Workload prioritization—You might want to ensure that a critical workload is given priority to the system resources so it can process faster than other workloads or is guaranteed to complete if there is resource contention. In addition to enabling you to classify incoming connections and route their workloads to a specific group, Resource Governor also enables you to do the following: . Monitor resource usage for each workload in a group . Pool resources and set pool-specific limits on CPU usage and memory allocation, which can prevent or minimize the probability of runaway queries . Associate grouped workloads with a specific pool of resources . Identify and set priorities for workloads The current release of Resource Governor has the following limitations: . Resource allocation is only for CPU and memory usage. There is no support for managing network and disk I/O resource utilization. . Resource Governor manages only resource consumption of the Database Engine. You cannot use Resource Governor to manage workloads within SSAS, SSIS, or SSRS. In the following sections, you learn how to set up and configure Resource Governor for use, how Resource Governor works under the hood, and how you can use Resource Governor to better prioritize and manage a SQL Server’s workload. Resource Governor Components Resource Governor consists of three main components: classification, workload groups, and resource pools. Understanding these three components and how they interact is important to understanding and using Resource Governor. Classification Classification is the process of evaluating incoming user connections and assigning them to a workload group. Classification is performed by logic contained in a user-defined func- tion. The function returns the workload group name, which Resource Governor uses to route the sessions into the appropriate workload groups. 40 ptg 1496 CHAPTER 40 Managing Workloads with the Resource Governor When Resource Governor is configured, the login process for a session consists of the following steps: 1. Login authentication 2. LOGON trigger execution 3. Classification Workload Groups Workload groups are the containers for similar connections, which are grouped together as similar according to the classification criteria applied to each connection. A workload group also provides the mechanism for aggregate monitoring of resource consumption. Resource Governor has two predefined workload groups: the internal group and default group. The internal workload group is used solely by internal Database Engine processes. You cannot change the classification criteria for the internal group, and you also cannot classify any user requests for assignment to the internal group. You can, however, monitor the internal group. Connection requests are automatically classified into the default group when the follow- ing conditions exist: . There are no criteria to classify a request. . There is an attempt to classify the request into a nonexistent group. . There is a general classification failure. Resource governor supports a total of 20 workload groups. Because two of them are reserved for the internal and default workload groups, a total of 18 user-defined workload groups can be defined. Resource Pools A resource pool, or pool, represents the allocation of physical resources of the SQL Server. A resource pool has two parts: . The first part specifies the minimum resource reservation. This part of the resource pool does not overlap with other pools. . The other part specifies the maximum possible resource reservation for the pool. The resource allocation is shared with other pools. In SQL Server 2008 and SQL Server 2008 R2, the pool resources are set by specifying a MIN or MAX allocation for CPU and a MIN or MAX allocation for memory. The MIN setting specifies the minimum guaranteed resource availability of the pool. The MAX setting sets the maximum size of the pool for each of the resources. Because there cannot be any overlap in the minimum resource reservation, the sum of the MIN values across all pools cannot exceed 100% of the total server resources. The ensures that each pool is guaranteed the specified resource allocation. ptg 1497 Resource Governor Components The MAX value can be set anywhere in the range between the MIN value and 100% inclu- sive. The MAX setting represents the maximum amount of resources a session can consume, as long as the resources are available and not in use by another pool that is configured with a nonzero MIN value. When a pool has a nonzero MIN percentage defined, the effec- tive MAX value of other pools is readjusted down, as necessary, to the existing MAX value minus the sum total of the MIN values of other pools. For example, consider you have two user-defined pools. One pool, Pool1, is defined with a MIN setting of 20% and a MAX setting of 100%. The other pool, Pool2, is defined with a MIN setting of 50% and a MAX setting of 70%. The resulting effective MAX setting for Pool1 is 50% (100% minus the MIN 50% of Pool2). The effective MAX setting of Pool2, however, remains at 70% rather than 80% because 70% is the configured MAX value of Pool2. The shared part of the pool (the amount between the MIN and effective MAX values) is used to determine the amount of resources that can be consumed by the pool if the resources are available and not being consumed by another pool. When resources are consumed by a pool, they are assigned to the specified pool and are not shared until processing completes in that pool. To illustrate this further, consider a scenario in which there are three user-defined resource pools: . PoolA is defined with a MIN % of 10 and MAX % of 100. . PoolB is defined with a MIN % of 35 and a MAX % of 90. . PoolC is defined with a MIN % of 30 and a MAX % of 80. The effective MAX of PoolA would be calculated as follows: MAX % of PoolA 100 minus MIN % of PoolB 35 minus MIN % of PoolC 30 equals EFF MAX of PoolA 35 The total Shared % of resources of PoolA would then be calculated as follows: Effective MAX % of PoolA 35 minus MIN % of PoolA 10 equals Shared % of PoolA 25 Table 40.1 illustrates the calculated effective MAX and Shared % values for all pools in this configuration. 40 ptg 1498 CHAPTER 40 Managing Workloads with the Resource Governor To coincide with the predefined workload groups, Resource Governor also has two prede- fined resource pools: the internal pool and default pool. The internal pool represents the resources consumed by the internal processes of the Database Engine. This pool always contains only the internal group, and the pool is not alterable in any way. The Internal Pool has a fixed MIN % of 0 and a MAX % of 100, and resource consumption by the internal pool is not restricted or reduced by any settings in other pools. In other words, the effective MAX of the Internal Pool is always 100%. Any workloads in the internal pool are considered critical for server function, and Resource Governor allows the internal pool to consume 100% of available resources if necessary, even if it means the violation of the resource requirements of the other pools. The default pool is the first predefined user pool. Prior to any configuration, the default pool contains only the default group. The default pool cannot be created or dropped, but it can be altered. The default pool can contain user-defined groups in addition to the default group. Now that you have an understanding of the Resource Governor components, let’s put them into use by enabling and setting up some resource groups. Configuring Resource Governor To begin using Resource Governor for managing the resources of your workloads, follow these steps: 1. Enable Resource Governor. 2. Create your user-defined resource pools. 3. Define your workload groups and assign them to pools. 4. Create the classifier function. 5. Register the classifier function with the Resource Governor. NOTE Resource Governor can be set up and managed using either SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) or via T-SQL commands. In the following sections, we first show you how to perform the tasks in SSMS and how the same actions can be implemented using T-SQL. TABLE 40-1 Effective MAX and Shared % Values for Multiple Pools ResourcePool MIN % MAX % Effective MAX % Shared % Internal 0 100 100 100 Default 0 100 25 25 PoolA 10 100 35 25 PoolB 35 90 50 15 PoolC 30 80 35 5 ptg 1499 Configuring Resource Governor FIGURE 40.2 Enabling Resource Governor in SSMS. Enabling Resource Governor Before you can begin creating your resource pools, you need to enable the Resource Governor first. To enable Resource Governor in SSMS, in Object Explorer, expand the Management node, right-click on the Resource Governor node, and select Enable (see Figure 40.2). 40 Alternatively, you can also enable Resource Governor by using the ALTER RESOURCE GOVERNOR command in T-SQL: ALTER RESOURCE GOVERNOR RECONFIGURE When Resource Governor is not enabled, the RECONFIGURE option enables Resource Governor. Enabling Resource Governor has the following results: . The classifier function, if defined, is executed for new connections so that their workload can be assigned to workload groups. . The resource limits specified in the Resource Governor configuration are honored and enforced. . Any connections that existed before Resource Governor was enabled are now affect- ed by any configuration changes made when Resource Governor was disabled. When Resource Governor is already enabled, the RECONFIGURE option must be executed to apply any configuration changes made using the CREATE|ALTER|DROP WORKLOAD GROUP or CREATE|ALTER|DROP RESOURCE POOL statements. ptg 1500 CHAPTER 40 Managing Workloads with the Resource Governor To determine whether Resource Governor is currently enabled, you can run a SELECT state- ment against the sys.resource_governor_configuration system catalog table to view the is_enabled column: select is_enabled from sys.resource_governor_configuration go is_enabled 1 To determine whether any RESOURCE GOVERNOR configuration changes are pending, you can use the sys.dm_resource_governor_configuration dynamic management view (DMV): select is_reconfiguration_pending from sys.dm_resource_governor_configuration go is_reconfiguration_pending 0 To disable Resource Governor, right-click on the Resource Governor node and select Disable or execute the following command in T-SQL: ALTER RESOURCE GOVERNOR DISABLE Defining Resource Pools When setting up a Resource Pool, you have to specify a name for the pool and set its properties. The properties available for a resource pool are . Name—The name used to refer to the resource pool . Minimum CPU %—The guaranteed average CPU bandwidth for all requests to the resource pool when there is CPU contention . Maximum CPU %—The maximum average CPU bandwidth for all requests to the resource pool when there is CPU contention . Min Memory %—The guaranteed minimum amount of memory reserved for the resource pool that cannot be shared with other resource pools . Max Memory %—The total server memory that can be used by requests to the resource pool Creating a Resource Pool in SSMS The following steps walk you through using SSMS to create a resource pool named ReportPool that you’ll configure for handling report query workloads: ptg 1501 Configuring Resource Governor 40 FIGURE 40.3 Creating a resource pool in SSMS. 1. In Object Explorer, expand the Management node for a SQL Server Instance and expand the Resource Governor node. 2. Right-click on Resource Pools and select New Resource Pool to open the Resource Governor Properties page (see Figure 40.3). 3. In the Resource Pools grid, click the first column in the empty row. This row is labeled with an asterisk (*). NOTE If the Resource Pools grid does not have a row labeled with an asterisk, Resource Governor has not been enabled yet. You can enable Resource Governor without leaving the Resource Governor Properties page by putting a check mark in the Enable Resource Governor check box. 4. Double-click the empty cell in the Name column. Type in the name that you want to use for the resource pool. For this example, use the name ReportPool. 5. Set the CPU and Memory resource values. In this example, leave the Min CPU % and Min Memory % values at 0 and configure the Max CPU % and Max Memory % values at 20 and 30, respectively. 6. To create the pool and exit the dialog, click OK. To verify that the new pool was created, you expand the Resource Pools folder under the Resource Governor node and look for a node named ReportPool. Alternatively, you can ptg 1502 CHAPTER 40 Managing Workloads with the Resource Governor run a query against the sys.resource_governor_resource_pools dynamic management view, similar to the following, which also displays the resource pool configuration: select name, min_cpu_percent as MinCPU, max_cpu_percent as MaxCPU, min_memory_percent as ‘MinMEM%’ , max_memory_percent as ‘MaxMEM%’ from sys.resource_governor_resource_pools go name MinCPU MaxCPU MinMEM% MaxMEM% internal 0 100 0 100 default 0 100 0 100 ReportPool 0 20 0 30 Creating a Resource Pool in T-SQL Now that you’ve set up the ReportPool resource pool in SSMS, you are able to set up a second resource pool, OLTPPool, using T-SQL. The command to create a resource pool, CREATE RESOURCE POOL, takes four arguments: MIN_CPU_PERCENT, MAX_CPU_PERCENT, MIN_MEMORY_PERCENT, and MAX_MEMORY_PERCENT. After creating the resource pool, you need to run ALTER RESOURCE GOVERNOR RECONFIGURE to apply the new resource pool: CREATE RESOURCE POOL OLTPPool WITH (min_cpu_percent=80, max_cpu_percent=100, min_memory_percent=75, max_memory_percent=100) GO ALTER RESOURCE GOVERNOR RECONFIGURE; GO Now that you’ve defined the resource pools needed, the next step is to define your work- load groups and associate them with a resource pool. Defining Workload Groups After you define your resource pools, the next step is to create the workload groups and associate them with the appropriate resource pools. Multiple workgroups can be assigned to that same pool, but a workgroup cannot be assigned to multiple resource pools. ptg 1503 Configuring Resource Governor 40 Creating Workload Groups in SSMS To create a workload group in SSMS, perform the following steps:. 1. In Object Explorer, expand the Management node, right-click the Resource Governor node, and then click Properties to bring up the Resource Governor Properties page. 2. In the Resource Pools grid, click the row for the resource pool you want to create a workload group for (in this example, the ReportPool resource pool). This creates a new empty row in the Workload Groups for Resource Pool grid for that pool. 3. Double-click the empty cell in the Name column for the empty workload group row and type in the name you want to use for the workload group (for this example, ReportWG1) and any other properties you want to specify (see Figure 40.4) 4. Click OK to exit the Properties page and create the workload group. The additional, optional properties available for workload groups let you set a finer level of control over the execution of queries within a workload group. The options available are . Importance—Specifies the relative importance ( LOW, MEDIUM, or HIGH) of the work- load group within the resource pool. If you define multiple workload groups in a FIGURE 40.4 Creating a Workload Group in SSMS. . Governor is available only in the Enterprise, Datacenter, and Developer Editions of SQL Server 2008 and SQL Server 2008 R2. Overview of Resource Governor Resource Governor works by controlling the allocation. reservation for the pool. The resource allocation is shared with other pools. In SQL Server 2008 and SQL Server 2008 R2, the pool resources are set by specifying a MIN or MAX allocation for CPU. associated with a resource pool. A resource pool represents the physical resources of SQL Server (currently in SQL Server 2008, the only physical resources available for configuration are CPU and memory)