1059 FCS errors, 284 FCS field (Ethernet frames), 261 features of IGRP, 747 of RIP, 729–730 FEXT (far-end crosstalk), 197–198 FHSS (frequency-hopping spread spectrum), 159–161 fiber-optic networks 100BASE-FX, 332–334 cabling, 133 absorption, 150 as backbone medium, 894 bending, 151 cladding, 142 core, 143 dispersion, 150 duplex fiber, 141 GBIC connectors, 211 interducting, 152 multimode, 144 noise, 149 scattering, 150 safe handling, 912 signaling, 192–194 single-mode, 143–145 splicing, 153 components of, 147 connectors, 148 patch panels, 149 receivers, 147 repeaters, 148 transmitters, 147 fields of Ethernet frames, 264–265 of ICMP messages destination unreachable messags, 771–772 echo requests, 770 of TCP segment header, 819–820 file sharing on data networks, 45 sneakernet, 44 file systems, verifying, 667–668 files, Cisco IOS Software naming conventions, 654–655 filtering, 356 final configuration procedures for Cisco routers, 603 finish phase of cable installation, 942–944 TDRs, 945–946 fire extinguishers, 912 firestops, 935–936 firewalls, 89, 867 with ACLs, 868 fish tape, 919 flash memory, booting from, 647 flow, 67 flow control, 479, 821, 823 messages, 780 windowing, 484–824 FLP bursts, 287 format of MAC addresses, 258–259 forwarding delay, 515 fragment-free switching, 362 Frame Relay, 517 frames, 73, 259–261 alignment errors, 284–285 collisions late, 281 local, 280–281 remote, 281 data flow, 300–302 Ethernet, fields, 264–265 Ethernet II, 263–264 FCS errors, 284 ghosts, 285 IEEE 802.3, 262 interframe spacing, 275 long, 283 retransmissions, calculating, 276 runts, 284 short, 283 structure, 262 frequency, 184 frequency 1102.book Page 1059 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1060 frequency-domain analysis, 188 FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 495–496 FTP (foil twisted pair), 193 full duplex transmission, 289, 360 timing, 272–273 full-mesh topologies, 98 functionality of routers in WANs, 536–538 future of Ethernet, 354–355 G G.703, 517 gateway of last resort, 722–723 gateways, 86, 538 GB (gigabyte), 20 GBIC connectors, 210 Gbps (gigabits per second), 21, 61 ghosts, 285 GHz (gigahertz), 21 Gigabit Ethernet, 337–339 1000BASE-LX, 342–344 1000BASE-SX, 342–345 1000BASE-T, 339–342 architecture, 345–347 global configuration mode (CLI), 592–593 global parameter configuration, Cisco IOS Software, 556–559 goals of IEEE, 255 graded index glass, 144 H half duplex transmission, 271, 289 timing, 273 handshaking, 481 hard disk drives, 7 hardware components of LANs bridges, 218–219 hubs, 217 repeaters, 216 switches, 221–222 HC (horizontal cross-connect), 892 HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control), 517 help functions on Cisco IOS routers, 569–571 hexadecimal number system, 23–24 converting to binary, 28–30 hierarchical addresses, 392–394 hierarchical topologies, 98 high-speed Internet connectivity, 15 high-speed wireless, 162 highway analogy of bandwidth, 59 history of computer networking, 47–48 hold-down timers, 719 routing loop prevention, 733 holddowns (IGRP), 747 home networking applications, 52 hop count, 442, 534 horizontal cable, installing, 924–928, 935 host addresses, 386 reserved, 398–399 subnetting, 402–404 host names applying to routers, 595–596 resolving to IP address, 606–607 host wildcard, 851 HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 17, 493 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 496–497 hubs, 79–81, 217 hybrid routing protocols, 701 hyperlinks, 17 HyperTerminal capturing configuration file text, 658 editing configuration file text, 659–660 Hyperterminal session establishment on Cisco IOS routers, 562–563 Hz (hertz), 21, 66 I IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 400 IC (intermediate cross-connect), 892 frequency-domain analysis 1102.book Page 1060 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1061 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 762 address masks requests, 777–778 destination unreachable messages fields, 771–772 echo requests, 765–769 fields, 770 error reporting, 763, 773 extended ACL configuration, 861 information requests, 776 message delivery, 762–763 redirect/change messages, 773–775 router-solicitation messages, 778–780 source quench messages, 780–781 time exceeded messages, 769 timestamp messages, 775–776 unreachable network messages, 764–765 identifying IP address classes, 394–397 IE (Internet Explorer), 17 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers), 130, 252 goals of, 255 IEEE 802.11b standard, 162 IEEE 802.3 standard. See also Ethernet Ethernet naming conventions, 254 frames, 262 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), development of IPv6, 376 IFS (Cisco IOS File System), 651, 653 IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols), 443–444, 703 IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 446, 744 configuring, 748 features of, 747 metrics, 745 route advertisement, 747 timers, 747 troubleshooting, 751–753 verifying configuration, 749–751 images, 651 Cisco IOS Software, 575–577 loading, 561 corrupt, troubleshooting, 580 IFS, 653 restoring to router with TFTP, 665–666 impedence discontinuity, 196 impedence, 121 implementing Ethernet in campus networks, 206–208 UTP, 212 incident rays, 135 indirectly connected networks, collision domains, 291 information requests, 776 infrared light, 135 insertion loss, 196 installation support tools, 919 installing cable certification process, 947–951 cutover, 951 finish phase, 942–946 firestops, 935–936 horizontal cable, 924–928, 935 rough-in phase, 923 safety, 907–910 support tools, 919 terminating copper media, 936–938 trimout phase, 939–942 vertical cable, 932 Cisco IOS images, 576–577 Cisco uBR905 cable access router to cable system, 239–240 Ethernet, connector requirements, 208 modems, 13–14 insulators, 117 intelligent hubs, 218 interducting, 152 interface counters, clearing, 801 interframe spacing, 275 interior routers, 539 Internet architecture, 383–385 OSI model, 384 scalability, 385 Internet 1102.book Page 1061 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1062 high-speed connectivity, 6, 15 TCP/IP configuration, 15 web browsers, 17–18 Internet layer (TCP/IPmodel), 380–381, 833–834 ARP, 834 internetworking, 384, 538 InterNIC, 400 intialization process, Cisco IOS routers, 554 intranet VPNs, 57 intranets, 55 IP (Internet Protocol), 448. See also IP addresses error control, 761–762 packets, 453–454 ip access-group command, 855 IP addresses, 32–33, 386 ARP, 408 default gateways, 411 operation within subnets, 410 assignment of, 407 BOOTP assignment, 414–415 DHCP assignment, 415–417 RARP assignment, 412–414 static assignment, 408 comparing IPv4 and IPv6, 405 converting decimal to binary, 389–391 dotted decimal notation, 388 host addresses, 386 host name resolution, 606–607 IPv4, 392, 394 address classes, 394–397 private, 400–402 public, 400–402 reserved IP addresses, 398–399 RFC 1918, 401 resolution issues, 417–419 subnetting, 402–404, 455–457 ANDing, 463–465 calculating hosts per subnet, 463 creating subnets, 460, 463 subnet mask address, 458–460 versus port numbers, 833 ip classless command, 731–732 ip route command, 682 IPv4, 392–394, 406 address classes, 394–397 versus IPv6, 404–406 IPv6, requirements, 376 IR (index of refraction), 136 ISDN BRI (Integrated Services Digital Network Basic Rate Interface), 236–237 IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System), 447 ISO (International Organization for Standardization), 901 OSI reference model, 69 ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Standard Sector), 515 J–K jabber, 282 jitter, 196 Kb (kilobit), 20 KB (kilobyte), 20 kbps (kilobits per second), 20, 61 kBps (kilobytes per second), 20 Kellem grips, 922 L labor issues contractor licensing, 956 OSHA, 904 unions, 956 LANs, 45, 49–50, 69 bandwidth, 58 characteristics of, 58 data tranfer calculations, 64–66 digital verus analog, 66 highway analogy, 59 limitations of, 61–63 measurements of, 61 pipe analogy, 59 throughpust, 64 Internet 1102.book Page 1062 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1063 bridges, 82 cabling, 205–206 comparing with WANs, 511 connection devices bridges, 218–219 hubs, 217 repeater, 216 switches, 221–222 connectivity, NICs, 225–226 data centers, 54–55 Ethernet 10-Gbps, 347–353 10-Mbps, 317, 320 10BASE2, 321–322 10BASE5, 320–321 10BASE-T, 322–323, 325–326, 328 100-Mbps, 328–329 100BASE-FX, 332–334 100BASE-T, 329–332 1000-Mbps, 337–339 1000BASE-LX, 342–344 1000BASE-SX, 342–345 1000BASE-T, 339–342 alignment errors, 284–285 architecture, 334, 336–337 autonegotiation, 285–287 broadcast domains, 300 collision domains, 290–299 collisions, 279–281 connector requirements, 208 data flow, 300, 302 error handling, 277–279 FCS errors, 284 frames, 259–265 framing, 262 full-duplex, 360 future of, 354–355 ghosts, 285 Gigabit Ethernet, 345–347 interframe spacing, 275 jabber, 282 Layer 2 bridging, 356 Layer 2 switching, 357–358 link establishment, 288–290 long frames, 283 MAC, 258–259, 266–268, 271 microsegmentation, 359 propagation delay, 360 roles of OSI layers, 256–257 runts, 284 segments, 302–303 short frames, 283 timing, 272–274 extranets, 55 hubs, 79, 81 intranets, 55 NICs, 81 routers, 84 SANs, 53 switches, 83–84 versus MANs, 52 LAPB (Link Access Procedure Balanced), 518 LAPB (X.25/Link Access Procedure Balanced), 518 LAPD (Link Access Procedure on the D channel), 518 LAPF (Link Access Procedure Frame), 518 laptops versus desktops, 11 last route update, determining, 726–727, 729 late collisions, 281 Law of Reflection, 137–138 Layer 1 troubleshooting, 790–791 Layer 2 bridging, 356 broadcasts, 297–299 frames, 259, 261 Ethernet II, 263–264 IEEE 802.3, 262 structure, 262 switching, 83–84, 357–358 versus routing, 432–434 troubleshooting, 790–792 Layer 2 1102.book Page 1063 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1064 Layer 3 addresses, 723–724 troubleshooting, 790, 793–796 Layer 7, troubleshooting, 797–798 layers of OSI model application layer, 71, 491 connection establishment/termination, 493–494 direct network applications, 492 DNS, 494–495 FTP, 495–496 HTTP, 496–497 indirect network support, 492–493 SMTP, 497–498 SNMP, 498 Telnet, 499–500 data link layer, 72 de-encapsulation, 77 encapsulation, 75–76 network layer, 72 peer-to-peer communication, 72–73 physical layer, 72 presentation layer, 71 roles in Ethernet LANs, 256–257 session layer, 71 transport layer, 71, 477 flow control, 479 handshaking, 481 multiplexing, 480 QoS, 478–479 three-way handshake, 482 windowing, 483–484 layers of TCP/IP model, 74–75, 376 application layer, 377–378, 816–818 corresponding OSI layers, 382–383, 816 Internet layer, 380–381, 833–834 ARP, 834 network access layer, 381–382 transport layer, 378–379, 818–819 ports, 828 reliable transport, 821 reserved port numbers, 829, 831 LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol), 171, 225 LED indicators on Cisco IOS routers, 559 legacy Ethernet, 317 architecture, 319 transmission process, 318 legislation, ADA, 901 Length field (Ethernet frames), 261 length limitations of networking media, 62 level-driven encoding schemes, NRZ, 343 light electromagnetic spectrum, 134 fiber-optic cables, 141 cladding, 142 core, 143 duplex fiber, 141 multimode, 144 single-mode, 143, 145 IR, 136 Law of Reflection, 137–138 optical density, 136 ray model, 135–136 total internal reflection, 139 limitations of bandwidth, 61–63 of networking media, 62 line encoding, 318 link lights, 791 link-state routing protocols, 444, 697 network discovery process, 698 OSPF, 692 processing requirements, 700 routing information exchange, 698–700 LLC sublayer, 255 load balancing, 713–714 RIP, 740–741 load metric, 442 load sharing, 691 loading images in Cisco IOS Software, 561 local collisions, 280–281 locating Cisco IOS Software, 646 Layer 3 1102.book Page 1064 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1065 logical connections, 6 logical functions of routers, 531–533 logical topologies, 94, 99 login banners creating, 605 MOTD, 606 login passwords, creating, 596 login process for Cisco IOS routers, 565–566 long frames, 283 loop prevention, STP, 362–364 operating modes, 365–366 loose-tube cabling, 146 LSAs (link-state advertisements), 444, 697 M MAC (Media Access Control), 266 addresses, 28 on Ethernet LANs, 258–259 OUIs, 258 versus port numbers, 833 CSMA/CD, 268, 271 deterministic protocols, 267 NICs, 81 nondeterministic protocols, 267 MAC sublayer, 255 macrobending, 151 mainframes, 48 maintaining CDP information, 625–626 management frames, 165 management ports, 535–536 managing Cisco IOS Software with ROMmon, 662–667 with TFTP, 660–661 Manchester encoding, 318 MANs (metropolitan-area networks) versus LANs and WANs, 52 mapping networks with CDP, 627 Mb (megabit), 20 MB (megabyte), 20 Mbps (megabits per second), 21, 61 MBps (megabytes per second), 21 MC (main cross connect), 892 measuring availability, 514 bandwidth, 61 electricity current, 120 impedence, 121 resistance, 120 voltage, 119 wattage, 120 media connections, 439–440 membrane penetration, 936 memory compability with Cisco IOS images, 576 RAM, 8 ROM, 9 memory chips, 10 messages control messages address mask requests, 777–778 ICMP information requests, 776 ICMP redirect/change messages, 773–775 ICMP timestamp messages, 775–776 router solicitation, 778–780 flow control, 780 ICMP, 762–763 echo requests, 765–769 error reporting, 763 fields, 770–772 source quench, 780–781 time exceeded, 769 unreachable networks, 764–765 Metcalfe, Robert, 252 metrics, 431, 442, 693–695, 725–726 calculating, 726 IGRP, 745 MHz (megahertz), 21 microbending, 151 microprocessors, 8 speeds, 21 microprocessors 1102.book Page 1065 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1066 microsegmentation, 84, 357–359 microwave spectrum, 168 minicomputers, 48 modal dispersion, 144 modems, installing, 13–14 modes of Cisco IOS Software operation, 574–575 CLI command modes, 578 modifying Cisco router configurations, 602 modulation, 156–157 MOTD (message-of-the-day), configuring, 606 motherboards, 8 mouse ports, 10 MSDS (material safety data sheet), 905 MTBF (mean time between failure) ratings, 513 multimode fiber, 144 multiple sessions between hosts, 832–833 multiple-network environments, subnetting, 455 multiplexing, 480 multiport repeaters, 80 multiprotocol routing, 680 MUTOAs (multiuser telecommunications outlet assemblies), 895 N named ACLs, defaults, 863–867 naming conventions Cisco IOS Software, 654–655 Ethernet, 253 naming routers, 595–596 narrowband, 169 narrowband interference, 159, 190 NEC (National Electrical Code), 905 type codes, 906 neighbors, displaying, 623–624 Netscape, 17 network access layer, TCP/IP model, 381–382 network addresses, 398, 677 network layer (OSI model), 72 addressing, 438–439 dynamic routing, 693 IP addressing, 386 converting binary to decimal, 391 converting decimal to binary, 389–391 dotted decimal notation, 388 host addresses, 386 multiprotocol routing, 680 path determination, 675 routing, 430–431, 676 dynamic routing, 690–691 routing functionality, 679 switching, 678 network maps, creating with CDP, 627 network masks, 429 network servers, booting from, 648 network testing, 787–788, 790–792 Layer 3, 793–796 Layer 7, 797–798 networking devices AAA servers, 90 bridges, 82 CMTS, 87 DSLAMs, 86 firewalls, 89 hubs, 81 optical, 88 repeaters, 79 routers, 84 switches, 83–84 voice gateways, 86 VPN concentrators, 91 wireless APs, 92 wireless bridges, 93 wireless NICs, 91 networking models, 67 de-encapsulation, 77 encapsulation, 75–76 OSI reference model, 69–70 application layer, 71 data link layer, 72 network layer, 72 microsegmentation 1102.book Page 1066 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1067 peer-to-peer communication, 72–73 physical layer, 72 presentation layer, 71 session layer, 71 transport layer, 71 TCP/IP, 74–75 neutrons, 116 NEXT (near-end crosstalk), 197–198 measuring, 202 next hop, 726 nibbles, 329 NIC (network interface card), 10 NICs, 12–13, 79, 81, 225–226 modem installation, 13–14 wireless, 91 NLP (Normal Link Pulse), 286 noise, 149, 157 narrowband interference, 190 sources of on copper media, 198–191, 196–197 FEXT, 198 NEXT, 197–198 white noise, 190 non-adjacent networks, routing between, 543–544 nondeterministic MAC protocols, 267 nonroutable protocols, 432 NOT operator, 31 NRZ (non-return to zero) encoding, 318, 343 NRZI (non-return to zero inverted) encoding, 330 NSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1, 204 nucleus, 115 number systems, 186–187 numbering ACLs, 847 NVRAM (nonvolatile random-access memory), 553 startup configuration, saving configuration variables, 602 O obtaining IP addresses, 407 BOOTP assignment, 414–415 DHCP assignment, 415, 417 RARP assignment, 412, 414 static assignment, 408 operating modes of Cisco IOS Software, 574–575 operators (Boolean), 30 optical density, 136 optical fiber, 133 signaling, 194 testing, 203–204 optical link loss budget, 153, 204 Optical Loss Meters, 153 optical networking absorption, 150 devices, 88 dispersion, 150 components of, 147 connectors, 148 patch panels, 149 receivers, 147 repeaters, 148 transmitters, 147 fiber-optic cabling bending, 151 splicing, 153 noise, 149 scattering, 150 optimality of routing protocols, 534 OR operator, 31 organizations governing protocols, 49 oscilloscopes, viewing electrical signals, 188 OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), 904 OSI reference model, 69–70 application layer, 71, 491 connection establishment/termination, 493–494 direct network applications, 492 DNS, 494–495 FTP, 495–496 HTTP, 496–497 indirect network support, 492–493 SMTP, 497–498 OSI reference model 1102.book Page 1067 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1068 SNMP, 498 Telnet, 499–500 associated TCP/IP model layers, 376, 382–383 data link layer, 72, 255–257 de-encapsulation, 77 encapsulation, 75–76 Internet architecture, 385 Layer 3 dynamic routing, 690–693 multiprotocol routing, 680 network addresses, 677 path determination, 675, 678 routing, 676 routing functionality, 679 switching, 678 network layer, 72 network troubleshooting methodology Layer 1, 790–791 Layer 2, 790, 792 Layer 3, 790, 793–796 Layer 7, 797–798 peer-to-peer communication, 72–73 physical layer, 72, 206 presentation layer, 71 session layer, 71 transport layer, 71, 477 flow control, 479 handshaking, 481 multiplexing, 480 QoS, 478–479 three-way handshake, 482 windowing, 483–484 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 447 stub networks, 681 OTDRs (Optical Time Domain Reflectometers), 153 OUIs (organizationally unique identifiers), 258 output, debug ip rip command, 806–807 P packet filtering, ACLs, 841–842 bit buckets, 845 configuring, 847 extended ACLs, 855, 857–863 functions of, 843 named, 863–867 on firewall routers, 868 restricting vty access, 869–870 standard ACLs, 852–854 verifying, 870–871 packet starvation effect, 277 packets, 73, 428 broadcasts, 83 collisions, 81 CRC, 77 datagrams, 448 IP, 453–454 propagation within a router, 449, 451 RARP, 414 packet-switched networks, 451, 521–522, 291 PAR (positive acknowledgment and retransmission), 826–827 parallel ports, 10 partial-mesh topologies, 99 passive scanning, 165 passive-interface command, 720 passwords configuring on Cisco routers, 596 enable password, 557 recovering, 609–613 patch panels, 132, 149 path determination, 437, 675, 678, 723 media connections, 439–440 metrics, 693–695 network layer addressing, 438–439 path selection, 678 PCBs (printed circuitboards), 7 PCs components of, 7, 10 NICs, 12–13 modem installation, 13–14 desktops versus laptops, 11 PDUs (protocol data units), 72 OSI reference model 1102.book Page 1068 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM . NICs, 22 5 22 6 data centers, 54–55 Ethernet 10 -Gbps, 347–353 10 -Mbps, 317 , 320 10 BASE2, 3 21 322 10 BASE5, 320 –3 21 10BASE-T, 322 – 323 , 325 – 326 , 328 10 0-Mbps, 328 – 329 10 0BASE-FX, 3 32 334 10 0BASE-T, 329 –3 32 10 00-Mbps,. 64 Internet 11 02. book Page 10 62 Tuesday, May 20 , 20 03 2: 53 PM 10 63 bridges, 82 cabling, 20 5 20 6 comparing with WANs, 511 connection devices bridges, 21 8 – 21 9 hubs, 21 7 repeater, 21 6 switches, 2 21 22 2 connectivity,. transmission, 2 71, 28 9 timing, 27 3 handshaking, 4 81 hard disk drives, 7 hardware components of LANs bridges, 21 8 – 21 9 hubs, 21 7 repeaters, 21 6 switches, 2 21 22 2 HC (horizontal cross-connect), 8 92 HDLC