TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® DEPLOYING OPTICAL NETWORKING COMPONENTS This page intentionally left blank. Deploying Optical Networking Components Gilbert Held McGraw-Hill New York • Chicago • San Francisco • Lisbon London • Madrid • Mexico City • Milan • New Delhi San Juan • Seoul • Singapore Sydney • Toronto Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-141469-X The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-137505-8. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause what- soever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. abc M cGraw-Hill DOI: 10.1036/007141469X CONTENTS Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Optical Networking and Basic Terminology 2 Terminology 3 Deployment 3 Book Focus 4 Chapter Focus 5 Advantages of Optical Transmission 6 Bandwidth 7 Technical Improvements 8 Electromagnetic Immunity 9 Low-Signal Attenuation 9 Environment Utilization 10 Security 10 Weight and Size 11 Disadvantages of Optical Fiber 11 Cable Splicing 12 Fiber Cost 12 Chapter Preview 13 Understanding Light 13 Understanding Fiber 13 Light Sources and Detectors 14 Fiber in the LAN 14 Fiber in the WAN 14 Fiber in the Neighborhood 15 Fiber in the Building 15 Chapter 2 Understanding Light 17 Describing Light 18 Light as a Particle 18 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave 19 v For more information about this book, click here. Copyright 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. vi Contents Basics of Electromagnetic Waves 21 Frequency 21 Wavelength 22 The Frequency Spectrum 24 Power Measurements 33 Bel 33 Decibel 35 Power Budget 36 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 37 Metallic Media Transmission Rate Constraints 41 Nyquist Relationship 41 Optical Media Transmission Rate Constraints 44 Attenuation 44 Scattering 45 Chromatic Dispersion 45 Operating Rates 45 Chapter 3 Understanding Optical Fiber 47 Evolution 48 Fabrication 49 Traversing Burning 49 Basic Composition 50 Cladding 51 Jacket 51 Strengthening Fibers 51 Light Flow in a Fiber 52 Index of Refraction 52 The Critical Angle 53 Wavelength Determination 54 Numerical Aperture 55 Light Flow 56 Optical Fiber Metrics and Terms 57 Cable Size 57 Cable Category 58 Optical Attenuation 61 Fiber Composition 67 Glass Fiber 68 Plastic Fiber 68 Plastic-Clad Silica 69 Types of Cable 70 Cable Architecture 71 Contents Connectors 72 Coupling Method and Connectors 72 Insertion Loss 74 The EIA/TIA 568 Standard 75 Chapter 4 Light Sources and Detectors 77 Components of an Optical Transmission System 78 Transmitter and Receiver 78 Medium 78 Coupler 79 Component Relationships 79 Light Sources 80 Light-Emitting Diodes 80 Operation 82 Modulation Methods 88 Comparison between an LED and a Laser Diode 89 Lasers 89 Photodetectors 97 Basic Operation within an Optical System 98 Radiation Absorption 99 Types of Photodetectors 100 Couplers and Connectors 102 Function 103 The Collimating Process 104 Mode Field Diameter and Numerical Aperture Considerations 105 Coupling Considerations 106 Alignment Considerations 107 Types of Couplers and Connectors 107 Chapter 5 Fiber in the LAN 109 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 110 Position in the OSI Reference Model 110 4B/5B Coding 111 Fiber Specifications 112 Media Interface and ST Connectors 115 Ring Structure 115 Station Types 116 Port Types and Rules 117 FDDI Frame Format 118 Summary 121 vii viii Contents Ethernet and Fast Ethernet 121 Network Diameter Constraints 122 LAN Extenders 125 Other Extenders 128 Gigabit Ethernet 130 Overview 130 Versions 131 Duplex Support 134 Network Utilization 136 Limitations 137 Chapter 6 Fiber in the WAN 141 Evolution and Rationale 142 Rationale for Use 143 The AT&T FT3C System 144 Advances in Technology 146 SONET and SDH 156 Overview 157 The SONET Transmission Structure 157 The SONET Transmission Hierarchy 158 The SDH Hierarchy 166 Networking Topologies 168 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) and Dense WDM (DWDM) 172 WDM 173 DWDM 179 WDM and DWDM Developments 180 Alternative Protocol Stacks 182 Chapter 7 Fiber in the Neighborhood 185 The Existing Telephone Company Infrastructure 186 Overview 187 The Central Office 188 Connection Methods 188 The Original Cable TV Infrastructure 192 Overview 192 Headend 192 The Cable TV Distribution System 194 Contents The Evolving Local Telephone Network 195 Overview 196 Options 197 The Evolving Cable TV Infrastructure 198 Overview 198 Bandwidth Limitations 199 Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Systems 200 Fiber to the Home 202 Overview 203 Economics 203 Bypass 204 Chapter 8 Fiber in the Building 207 Fiber-Optic Modems 208 Basic Operation 208 Employment Features 209 Selection Features 210 The Model TC1540 211 Fiber-Optic Multiplexers 214 Rationale 214 Overview 216 Features 217 Representative Multiplexers 219 Optical Mode Converters 223 Overview 224 Operation 225 Features 225 Comparing Converters 225 Appendix Frequency vs. Wavelength 227 243 Index 253 ix Abbreviations Glossary 247 [...]... possible via copper cable In addition to repeaters, the use of optical modems and multiplexers, as well as storage area networks based on the transfer of data over optical fiber is also becoming com, mon In the home environment both cable and telephone companies are using fiber-to-the-neighborhood (FTTN), fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC), and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) systems as mechanisms to provide broadband communications... diverse background and more than likely xi Copyright 2001 The McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc Click Here for Terms of Use xii Preface different networking requirements, this book was written to provide insight into many areas of optical networking Thus, in this book we will become acquainted with the operation of different optical networking components as well as their use in development of transmission... learning centers, and satisfy other bandwidth-intensive applications will be obtained through the deployment of optical networking devices Optical Networking and Basic Terminology Because this book is about optical networking, before we go too far into this topic it might be a good idea to compare and contrast this method of communications with conventional copper-based communications to 3 Introduction... residential market Because of the explosion in the use of optical networking devices, it is important for communications professionals to understand how optical networking occurs as well as the numerous options available That is the focus of this book In this book we will focus on the various components of an optical transmission system and how those components are used to support both effective and efficient... this book ultimately was to provide a practical guide to the operation and utilization of optical networking devices In this book we will focus on the various components that make up an optical transmission system, how each component operates, and how all these components are integrated to form an optical net- 5 Introduction TABLE 1.1 Network Buildouts in Terms of Fiber Miles Network operator Fiber... number of spools of different types of optical fiber being shipped by cable manufacturers, you will easily understand why their stockmarket values appeared during the first half of the year 2000 to represent the liftoff of a Saturn-bound rocket Similarly the manufacturers of a variety of optical components , such as lasers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), couplers, optical modems, and multiplexers have... optical networking exploded As we entered the new millennium, optical networking represented the fastest-growing segment in the rapidly developing field of communications Because of their high bandwidth and low noise, optical fibers are well suited to transport information While many articles in trade publications have focused on the use of optical networking to provide the infrastructure necessary to cope... variety of different networking requirements Chapter Focus Until the late 1990s or so, most persons associated optical networking with wide area networks (W ANs) as communications carriers extended their infrastructure to support the growth in the use of the Internet, videoconferencing, and other bandwidth-intensive applications What was not common knowledge is the fact that optical networking devices... the Building No book covering optical transmission components would be complete without discussing the use of fiber within a building In Chapter 8, our concluding chapter, we will examine the use of fiber modems, fiber multiplexers, and even WDM within a building AM FL Y TE This page intentionally left blank Team-Fly® CHAPTER 2 Understanding Light Copyright 2001 The McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc Click Here... modems, and multiplexers have been recognized as growth stocks as numerous organizations either acquire optical systems on a turnkey basis or purchase individual components and integrate those components into an optical system to satisfy their organizational requirements One common measurement of optical deployment is given in terms of a communications carrier’s installed or planned installation of . Team-Fly ® DEPLOYING OPTICAL NETWORKING COMPONENTS This page intentionally left blank. Deploying Optical Networking Components Gilbert Held McGraw- Hill New York • Chicago. Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare @mcgraw- hill. com or (212) 90 4-4 069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc. ( McGraw- Hill ) and its licensors reserve all. environment both cable and telephone companies are using fiber-to-the-neighborhood (FTTN), fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC), and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) systems as mechanisms to provide broadband communications