GRAMMAR: CHAPTER 5 – THE PRESENT PERFECT HAVE / HAS + V3 (past participle) MEANING AND USE NOTES: Continuing time Up to Now The present perfect connects the past with the present. Use the present perfect for actions or states that began in the past and have continued up to the present time and may continue into the future. For example: 1. He has worked here for 5 years. / 2. She has lived in the same town since 2001. FOR and SINCE FOR + a length of time tells how long an action or state has continued up to the present time. For example: 1. I have worked here for a long time. 2. They have lived here for ten years. SINCE + a point in time tells when an action or state began. For example: 1. I have worked here since 2000. 2. They have lived here since Tuesday. SINCE can also introduce a time clause. When it does, the verb in the time clause is usually in the simple past. For example: 1. I have worked here since I was 20. 2. They have lived here since I moved. INDEFINITE PAST TIME A. Talk about actions or states that happened at an indefinite (not exact) time in the past. A: Have you met Bob? B: Yes, I’ve met him. He’s really nice. B. Actions or states in the present perfect can happen once or repeatedly. 1. He has visited Hawaii once. 2. I have tried three times to pass my driver’s license exam. USE “EVER, NEVER, ALREADY, YET, STILL, SO FAR” in the present perfect + EVER means “AT ANY TIME”. Use EVER in the present perfect QUESTIONS (not used in AFFIRMATIVE) to ask if an action took place at any time in the past. For example: A: Have you ever seen a ghost? B: Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. + NEVER means “NOT EVER” or “NOT AT ANY TIME”. We can use NEVER instead of NOT in negative statements. Do not use NEVER with NOT. NEVER comes before the past participle. For example: She has never been to Greece. + ALREADY means “AT SOME TIME BEFORE NOW”. Use ALREADY with questions and affirmative statements. It comes before the past participle or at the end of a sentence. For example: 1. She has already left. / She has left already. 2. Have they already eaten? 3. What has he done already? + YET means “UP TO NOW”. Use YET with negative statements and YES/NO questions. It comes at the end of a sentence. For example: 1. They haven’t arrived yet. / 2. Have you met him yet? + STILL means “UP TO NOW”. STILL is used in negative statements and comes before HAVE or HAS. For example: She still hasn’t called. (= She hasn’t called yet.) + SO FAR means “AT ANY TIME UP TO NOW”. Use SO FAR in affirmative, negative and questions. It comes at the beginning or end of a sentence. For example: 1. So far she’s spent $500. 2. So far I haven’t had a good time. 3. How much money have you spent so far? GRAMMAR: CHAPTER 6 BE GOING TO, WILL, and THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS Be going to and the Present Continuous as FUTURE : A. INTENTIONS AND PLANS : Use BE GOING TO and THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS to talk about intentions or future plans. For example: 1. I’m going to study hard for the test. (= I am studying hard for the test.) 2. She’s going to visit Greece this summer. (= She’s visiting Greece this summer.) B. The present continuous often refers to MORE definite plans than BE GOING TO. With BE GOING TO, the speaker often has not decided on the details. For example: Present Continuous as FUTURE (Details Definite) I’m taking a 3:00 flight to Chicago. In Chicago, I’m changing planes and flying on to Miami. Be Going to (Details NOT definite) A: I’m going to buy a car. B: What kind are you going to get? A: I don’t know yet. C. Use BE GOING TO for predictions (guesses about the future), especially when there is evidence that something is just about to happen. The present continuous is NOT used to make predictions. For example: 1. Be careful! That glass is going to fall! 2. It’s cloudy. I think it’s going to rain tonight. THE FUTURE with WILL and BE GOING TO: A. Predictions with WILL and BE GOING TO + Use WILL or BE GOING TO to make predictions. You can also use PROBABLY and other adverbs with WILL and BE GOING TO to express certainty or uncertainty. 1. Electric cars will become (are going to become) popular in the next ten years. 2. They’ll probably win (are probably going to win) the championship. + With predictions, use BE GOING TO when you are more certain that an event will happen because there is evidence. Do NOT use WILL when there is evidence to make predictions. For example: She’s going to have a baby! (She’ll have a baby – INCORRECT) B. Quick Decisions vs. Advance Plans WILL is often used to express a quick decision made at the time of speaking (such as an offer to help). BE GOING TO shows that you have thought about something in advance. Do not use BE GOING TO for quick decisions. WILL for Quick Decisions A: I don’t have a fork. B: I’ll ask the waiter to bring you one BE GOING TO for Advance Plans A: Do we have plastic forks for the party? B: No. I’m going to ask Lisa to bring some. C. Promises with WILL: In statements with I or WE, WILL is often used to express a promise. A: Chris, please clean your room. B: I’ll do it later, Mom. I promise. . she’s spent $50 0. 2. So far I haven’t had a good time. 3. How much money have you spent so far? GRAMMAR: CHAPTER 6 BE GOING TO, WILL, and THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS Be going to and the Present. the past and have continued up to the present time and may continue into the future. For example: 1. He has worked here for 5 years. / 2. She has lived in the same town since 20 01. FOR and SINCE FOR. GRAMMAR: CHAPTER 5 – THE PRESENT PERFECT HAVE / HAS + V3 (past participle) MEANING AND USE NOTES: Continuing time Up to Now The present