Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography, Third Edition part 1 pdf

INTRODUCTION TO MODERN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY Third Edition LLOYD R.. SNYDER LC Resources, Inc.. KIRKLAND Advanced Materials Technology Wilmington, DE JOHN W.. INTRODUCTION TO MODERN LIQU

INTRODUCTION TO MODERN LIQUID

CHROMATOGRAPHY

Third Edition

LLOYD R SNYDER

LC Resources, Inc

Orinda, CA

JOSEPH J KIRKLAND

Advanced Materials Technology

Wilmington, DE

JOHN W DOLAN

LC Resources, Inc

Amity, OR

A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication

INTRODUCTION TO MODERN LIQUID

CHROMATOGRAPHY

Third Edition

INTRODUCTION TO MODERN LIQUID

CHROMATOGRAPHY

Third Edition

LLOYD R SNYDER

LC Resources, Inc

Orinda, CA

JOSEPH J KIRKLAND

Advanced Materials Technology

Wilmington, DE

JOHN W DOLAN

LC Resources, Inc

Amity, OR

A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication

Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Snyder, Lloyd R.

Introduction to modern liquid chromatography / Lloyd R Snyder, Joseph J Kirkland – 3rd

ed / John W Dolan.

p cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0 (cloth)

1 Liquid chromatography I Kirkland, J J (Joseph Jack), 1925- II Dolan, John W III Title.

QD79.C454S58 2009

543.84–dc22

2009005626

Printed in the United States of America.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1.1 Background Information, 2

1.1.1 What Is HPLC?, 2

1.1.2 What Can HPLC Do?, 4 1.2 A Short History of HPLC, 6

1.3 Some Alternatives to HPLC, 8

1.3.1 Gas Chromatography (GC), 8

1.3.2 Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC), 9

1.3.3 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

(SFC), 10

1.3.4 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), 11 1.3.5 Countercurrent Chromatography, 11

1.3.6 Special Forms of HPLC, 12 1.4 Other Sources of HPLC Information, 12

1.4.1 Books, 12

1.4.2 Journals, 13

1.4.3 Reviews, 13

1.4.4 Short Courses, 13 1.4.5 The Internet, 13 References, 15

2.1 Introduction, 20

2.2 The Chromatographic Process, 20

2.3 Retention, 24

v

Conditions, 37

2.4.1.1 Band-Broadening Processes That

Determine Values of N, 39

2.4.1.2 Some Guidelines for Selecting

Column Conditions, 46

2.4.2 Peak Shape, 50

2.5 Resolution and Method Development, 54

2.5.1 Optimizing the Retention Factor k, 57

2.5.2 Optimizing Selectivityα, 59

2.5.2.1 ‘‘Regular’’ and ‘‘Irregular’’

Samples, 60

2.5.3 Optimizing the Column Plate Number N, 61

2.5.3.1 Effects of Column Conditions on

Separation, 61

2.5.3.2 Fast HPLC, 63

2.5.4 Method Development, 65

2.5.4.1 Assessment of Sample

Composition and Separation Goals, 65

2.5.4.2 Sample Pretreatment, 66

2.5.4.3 Selection of Chromatographic

Mode, 66

2.5.4.4 Detector Selection, 66 2.5.4.5 Choice of Separation

Conditions, 67

2.5.4.6 Anticipation, Identification, and

Solution of Potential Problems, 67

2.5.4.7 Method Validation and System

Suitability, 69

2.6 Sample Size Effects, 69

2.6.1 Volume Overload: Effect of Sample Volume

on Separation, 70

2.6.2 Mass Overload: Effect of Sample Weight on

Separation, 71

CONTENTS vii

2.6.3 Avoiding Problems due to Too Large a

Sample, 73

2.6.3.1 Higher Than Expected Sample

Concentrations, 73

2.6.3.2 Trace Analysis, 73 2.7 RELATED TOPICS, 74

2.7.1 Column Equilibration, 74

2.7.2 Gradient Elution, 75

2.7.3 Peak Capacity and Two-dimensional

Separation, 76

2.7.4 Peak Tracking, 77

2.7.5 Secondary Equilibria, 78 2.7.6 Column Switching, 79

2.7.7 Retention Predictions Based on Solute

Structure, 80

2.7.7.1 Solvation-Parameter Model, 82 References, 83

3.1 Introduction, 88

3.2 Reservoirs and Solvent Filtration, 89

3.2.1 Reservoir Design and Use, 90

3.2.2 Mobile-Phase Filtration, 91

3.3 Mobile-Phase Degassing, 92

3.3.1 Degassing Requirements, 92

3.3.2 Helium Sparging, 94 3.3.3 Vacuum and In-line Degassing, 95

3.4 Tubing and Fittings, 96

3.4.1 Tubing, 96

3.4.1.1 Low-Pressure Tubing, 96

3.4.1.2 High-Pressure Tubing, 97 3.4.2 Fittings, 99

3.4.2.1 Low-Pressure Fittings, 99 3.4.2.2 High-Pressure Fittings, 101

3.4.2.3 Specialty Fittings, 103

3.5 Pumping Systems, 104

3.5.1 Reciprocating-Piston Pumps, 104

3.5.1.1 Dual-Piston Pumps, 108 3.5.1.2 Accumulator-Piston Pumps, 108

3.5.1.3 Active Check Valve, 109 3.5.2 On-line Mixing, 109

3.5.2.1 High-Pressure Mixing, 109

3.5.2.2 Low-Pressure Mixing, 111

3.5.2.3 Hybrid Systems, 111