1406 • Major Worldwide Resources by Country Global Resources Country Natural Resources Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Fish, squid, wildlife, calcified seaweed, sphagnum moss Faroe Islands Fish, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas Fiji Timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower Finland Timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone France Coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash, feldspar, fluorspar, gypsum, timber, fish French Guiana Gold deposits, petroleum, kaolin, niobium, tantalum, clay French Polynesia Timber, fish, cobalt, hydropower French Southern and Antarctic Lands Fish, crayfish. Note: Glorioso Islands and Tromelin Island have guano, phosphates, and coconuts Gabon Petroleum, natural gas, diamond, niobium, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore, hydropower Gambia Fish, titanium (rutile and ilmenite), tin, zircon, silica sand, clay, petroleum Gaza Strip Arable land, natural gas Georgia Forests, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth Germany Coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land Ghana Gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone Gibraltar None Greece Lignite, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, lead, zinc, nickel, magnesite, marble, salt, hydropower potential Greenland Coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, molybdenum, diamonds, gold, platinum, niobium, tantalite, uranium, fish, seals, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas Grenada Timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors Guam Aquatic wildlife (supporting tourism), fishing (largely undeveloped) Guatemala Petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle, hydropower Global Resources Major Worldwide Resources by Country • 1407 Country Natural Resources Guernsey Cropland Guinea Bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish, salt Guinea-Bissau Fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, clay, granite, limestone, unexploited deposits of petroleum Guyana Bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish Haiti Bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble, hydropower Heard Island and McDonald Islands Fish Holy See (Vatican City) None Honduras Timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish, hydropower Hong Kong Outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar Hungary Bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land Iceland Fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite India Coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land Indian Ocean Oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules Indonesia Petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver Iran Petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur Iraq Petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur Ireland Natural gas, peat, copper, lead, zinc, silver, barite, gypsum, limestone, dolomite Isle of Man None Israel Timber, potash, copper ore, natural gas, phosphate rock, magnesium bromide, clays, sand Italy Coal, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, arable land 1408 • Major Worldwide Resources by Country Global Resources Country Natural Resources Jamaica Bauxite, gypsum, limestone Jan Mayen Island None Japan Negligible mineral resources, fish. Note: With virtually no energy natural resources, Japan is the world’s largest importer of coal and liquefied natural gas as well as the second largest importer of oil Jersey Arable land Jordan Phosphates, potash, shale oil Kazakhstan Major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium Kenya Limestone, soda ash, salt, gemstones, fluorspar, zinc, diatomite, gypsum, wildlife, hydropower Kiribati Phosphate (production discontinued in 1979) Korea, North Coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower Korea, South Coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential Kosovo Nickel, lead, zinc, magnesium, lignite, kaolin, chrome, bauxite Kuwait Petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas Kyrgyzstan Abundant hydropower; significant deposits of gold and rare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas; deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zinc Laos Timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones Latvia Peat, limestone, dolomite, amber, hydropower, wood, arable land Lebanon Limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region, arable land Lesotho Water, agricultural and grazing land, diamonds, sand, clay, building stone Liberia Iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold, hydropower Libya Petroleum, natural gas, gypsum Liechtenstein Hydroelectric potential, arable land Lithuania Peat, arable land, amber Luxembourg Iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land Global Resources Major Worldwide Resources by Country • 1409 Country Natural Resources Macau Negligible Macedonia Low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, arable land Madagascar Graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower Malawi Limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite Malaysia Tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite Maldives Fish Mali Gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, gypsum, granite, hydropower. Note: Bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited Malta Limestone, salt, arable land Marshall Islands Coconut products, marine products, deep seabed minerals Mauritania Iron ore, gypsum, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold, oil, fish Mauritius Arable land, fish Mayotte Negligible Mexico Petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber Micronesia, Federated States of Forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals, phosphate Moldova Lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, arable land, limestone Monaco None Mongolia Oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron Montenegro Bauxite, hydroelectricity Montserrat Negligible Morocco Phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt Mozambique Coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum, graphite Namibia Diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, silver, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, tungsten, zinc, salt, hydropower, fish. Note: suspected deposits of oil, coal, and iron ore Nauru Phosphates, fish 1410 • Major Worldwide Resources by Country Global Resources Country Natural Resources Navassa Guano Nepal Quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore Netherlands, The Natural gas, petroleum, peat, limestone, salt, sand and gravel, arable land Netherlands Antilles Phosphates (Curaçao only), salt (Bonaire only) New Caledonia Nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper New Zealand Natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone Nicaragua Gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish Niger Uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, molybdenum, gypsum, salt, petroleum Nigeria Natural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc, arable land Niue Fish, arable land Norfolk Island Fish Northern Mariana Islands Arable land, fish Norway Petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, titanium, pyrites, nickel, fish, timber, hydropower Oman Petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas Pacific Ocean Oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish Pakistan Land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor-quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone Palau Forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products, deep-seabed minerals Panama Copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower Papua New Guinea Gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil, fisheries Paracel Islands None Paraguay Hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone Peru Copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas Global Resources Major Worldwide Resources by Country • 1411 Country Natural Resources Philippines Timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper Pitcairn Islands Miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish. Note: Manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver, and zinc have been discovered offshore Poland Coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber, arable land Portugal Fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydropower Puerto Rico Some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore oil Qatar Petroleum, natural gas, fish Romania Petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower Russia Wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber. Note: Formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources Rwanda Gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land Saint-Barthélemy Few natural resources; its beaches are the most important Saint Helena Fish, lobster Saint Kitts-Nevis Arable land Saint Lucia Forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potential Saint Martin Salt Saint-Pierre and Miquelon Fish, deepwater ports Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Hydropower, cropland Samoa Hardwood forests, fish, hydropower San Marino Building stone São Tomé and Principe Fish, hydropower Saudi Arabia Petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper Senegal Fish, phosphates, iron ore 1412 • Major Worldwide Resources by Country Global Resources Country Natural Resources Serbia Oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land Seychelles Fish, copra, cinnamon trees Sierra Leone Diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite Singapore Fish, deepwater ports Slovakia Brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land Slovenia Lignite coal, lead, zinc, building stone, hydropower, forests Solomon Islands Fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates, lead, zinc, nickel Somalia Uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil reserves South Africa Gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Fish Southern Ocean Probable large and possible giant oil and gas fields on the continental margin; manganese nodules, possible placer deposits, sand and gravel, fresh water as icebergs; squid, whales, and seals—none exploited; krill, fish Spain Coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land Spratly Islands Fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential Sri Lanka Limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower Sudan Petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower Suriname Timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore Svalbard Coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, phosphate, wildlife, fish Swaziland Asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc Global Resources Major Worldwide Resources by Country • 1413 Country Natural Resources Sweden Iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, arsenic, feldspar, timber, hydropower Switzerland Hydropower potential, timber, salt Syria Petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower Taiwan Small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos Tajikistan Hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold Tanzania Hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel Thailand Tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land Timor-Leste (East Timor) Gold, petroleum, natural gas, manganese, marble Togo Phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land Tokelau Negligible Tonga Fish, fertile soil Trinidad and Tobago Petroleum, natural gas, asphalt Tunisia Petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt Turkey Coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower Turkmenistan Petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt Turks and Caicos Islands Spiny lobster, conch Tuvalu Fish Uganda Copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land Ukraine Iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land United Arab Emirates Petroleum, natural gas United Kingdom Coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, lead, zinc, gold, tin, limestone, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, potash, silica sand, slate, arable land 1414 • Major Worldwide Resources by Country Global Resources Country Natural Resources United States Coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber. Note: The United States has the world’s largest coal reserves, with 445 billion metric tons, accounting for 27% of the world’s total United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Terrestrial and aquatic wildlife Uruguay Arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fisheries Uzbekistan Natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum Vanuatu Manganese, hardwood forests, fish Venezuela Petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds Vietnam Phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, forests, hydropower Virgin Islands Sun, sand, sea, surf Wake Island None Wallis and Futuna Island Negligible West Bank Arable land Western Sahara Phosphates, iron ore Yemen Petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper; fertile soil in west Zambia Copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower Zimbabwe Coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals, diamonds Time Line b.c.e. 10,000+ Copper and gold are the first metals discovered by humans. 10,000 The first pottery is made from baked clay. 10,000 Flint spear points are manufactured. 6800 Permanent cities are constructed using clay bricks and rock. 6000 Cave paintings are created in North Africa and southeastern Spain. 4400 The first use of copper as beads and tools occurs in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East. 4000 The first silver artifacts are made. 4000 The first iron ornaments appear, probably made from meteoritic iron. 3500 Gold artifacts are in use at Varna, Bulgaria. 3500-3000 Advances in pottery manufacture are made in Egypt. 3300-3100 Copper minerals (malachite) are used for painting. 3200 The Bronze Age begins in the Middle East. 3000 The first artificial glass is made. 3000 Sails are mounted on boats in Egypt. 2600 The Great Pyramid of Giza, a milestone in stonework, is constructed in Egypt. 2575 Egyptian ruler Khufu sends expeditions into the Sinai for copper. 2500 Glass vessels are made in Egypt. 2000 Wessex peoples of Britain construct the Stonehenge ring of massive stones. 1339 The gold death mask of Tutankhamen is made in Egypt. 1308 Seti I builds a water supply for gold mines in Egypt. 1300 The first working of terrestrial iron occurs in the Middle East. 1250 The legend of Jason and the golden fleece derives from a Mycenaean sea venture near the Black Sea. 1000 Amalgamation technique of using mercury to extract gold is discovered. 960 Solomon’s temple is built of ashlar (hewn) stone, with liberal use of gold. 620 The first use of stamped metal coinage occurs in cities of Asia Minor. 610 Egyptian ruler Necho II tries to build a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea. 515 Persian king Darius I completes the Nile-to-Red Sea canal. 500 The alloying of gold and silver is discovered. 483 Silver mines at Laurium in Greece begin to create wealth for Athens—and to spread lead pollution over wide areas. . land 1408 • Major Worldwide Resources by Country Global Resources Country Natural Resources Jamaica Bauxite, gypsum, limestone Jan Mayen Island None Japan Negligible mineral resources, fish. Note:. hydropower, fish. Note: suspected deposits of oil, coal, and iron ore Nauru Phosphates, fish 1410 • Major Worldwide Resources by Country Global Resources Country Natural Resources Navassa Guano Nepal Quartz,. 1406 • Major Worldwide Resources by Country Global Resources Country Natural Resources Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Fish, squid, wildlife, calcified