1386 • Major U.S. Mineral Resources by State Global Resources State Dollar Value Primary Minerals (in order of value) South Carolina 617,000,000 Cement (portland), stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), cement (masonry), sand and gravel (industrial) South Dakota 270,000,000 Cement (portland), stone (crushed), gold, sand and gravel (construction), stone (dimension) Tennessee 856,000,000 Stone (crushed), cement (portland), zinc, sand and gravel (construction), clays (ball) Texas 3,300,000,000 Cement (portland), stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), salt, lime Utah 4,170,000,000 Copper, molybdenum concentrates, magnesium metal, gold, potash Vermont 98,800,000 Stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), stone (dimension), talc (crude), gemstones (natural) Virginia 1,090,000,000 Stone (crushed), cement (portland), sand and gravel (construction), lime, zirconium concentrates Washington 619,000,000 Sand and gravel (construction), stone (crushed), cement (portland), zinc, gold West Virginia 276,000,000 Stone (crushed), cement (portland), lime, sand and gravel (industrial), sand and gravel (construction) Wisconsin 575,000,000 Sand and gravel (construction), stone (crushed), sand and gravel (industrial), lime, stone (dimension) Wyoming 1,890,000,000 Soda ash, clays (bentonite), helium (grade A), sand and gravel (construction), cement (portland) Undistributed 623,000,000 — Total 71,100,000,000 — Data are from Natural Resources Canada, “Preliminary Estimate of the Mineral Production of Canada, by Province, 2008,” last updated October 29, 2009. Data include shipments by producers regardless of industrial classification. Units are metric (“tons” are metric tons); kt = kilotons, and kg = kilo- grams. Canadian dollar values are in thousands ofdollars.Provincesare listed by postal abbreviation: Nfld. = Newfoundland; P.E.I.=PrinceEdwardIs- land; N.S. = Nova Scotia; N.B. = New Brunswick; Que. = Quebec; Ont. = Ontario; Man. = Manitoba; Sask. = Saskatchewan; Alta. =Alberta; B.C. = British Columbia; Y.T. = Yukon Territory; N.W.T. = Northwest Territories; Nun. = Nunavut. Resource Units Nfld. P.E.I. N.S. N.B. Que. Ont. Man. Sask. Alta. B.C. Y.T. N.W.T. Nun. Canada Antimony tons 0 0 0 58 13 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 97 $’000 0 0 0 389 84 0 0 0 0 179 0 0 0 652 Asbestos kt 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x Barite kt x 0 x 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 12 $’000 x 0 x 0 0 500 0 0 0 3,000 0 0 0 3,858 Bismuth tons 0 0 0 70 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 71 $’000 0 0 0 1,885 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,927 Cadmium tons 0 0 0 0 107 116 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 223 $’000 0 0 0 0 702 762 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1,470 Carbonatite kt 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x Cement 1 kt 0 0 x 0 2,979 5,675 0 0 x 2,500 0 0 0 14,028 $’000 0 0 x 0 401,747 635,366 0 0 x 327,420 0 0 0 1,792,110 Cesium (Cs 2 O) tons 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 x Clay products $’000 0 0 x 0 x 146,022 0 x x x 0 0 0 187,768 Coal kt 0 0 x x 0 0 0 9,921 31,535 26,590 0 0 0 68,106 $’000 0 0 x x 0 0 0 x x 3,043,413 0 0 0 4,292,333 Cobalt tons 1,899 0 0 0 391 1,784 392 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,467 $’000 184,504 0 0 0 37,979 173,331 38,068 0 0 0 0 0 0 433,882 Copper tons 69,025 0 0 7,477 33,102 186,462 51,512 0 0 216,254 17,513 0 0 581,345 $’000 526,933 0 0 57,080 252,704 1,423,450 393,245 0 0 1,650,881 133,693 0 0 4,437,986 Diamonds ‘000,carats 0 0 0 0 0 730 0 0 0 0 0 13,955 118 14,803 $’000 0 0 0 0 0 306,852 0 0 0 0 0 2,084,047 12,654 2,403,554 Gemstones tons 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 x x 0 0 0 67 $’000 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 x x 0 0 0 4,817 Major Canadian Mineral Resource Production and Values 1388 • Major Canadian Mineral Resource Production and Values Global Resources Resource Units Nfld. P.E.I. N.S. N.B. Que. Ont. Man. Sask. Alta. B.C. Y.T. N.W.T. Nun. Canada Gold kg 126 0 0 203 28,099 49,736 3,807 1,375 56 9,173 2,245 0 0 94,820 $’000 3,762 0 0 6,043 836,745 1,481,049 113,359 40,931 1,667 273,145 66,855 0 0 2,823,555 Graphite kt 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x Gypsum 3 kt x 0 4,842 0 0 x x 0 0 x 0 0 0 5,797 $’000 x 0 60,388 0 0 x x 0 0 x 0 0 0 76,371 Ilmenite kt 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x Indium kg 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x Iron ore kt 18,668 0 0 0 12,529 0 0 0 0 76 0 0 0 31,273 $’000 1,452,852 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 2,426,763 Iron, remelt kt 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x Lead tons 0 0 5,740 60,813 352 0 0 0 0 2,032 0 0 0 68,936 $’000 0 0 15,808 167,479 969 0 0 0 0 5,596 0 0 0 189,851 Lime kt 0 0 0 x x 902 x 0 x x 0 0 0 2,069 $’000 0 0 0 x x 120,639 x 0 x x 0 0 0 273,576 Lithium (Li 2 O) tons 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 x Molybdenum tons 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,724 0 0 0 7,724 $’000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x Magnesite kt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x Marl kt 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x Mica kt 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x Nepheline syenite kt 0 0 0 0 0 734 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 734 $’000 0 0 0 0 0 59,654 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59,654 Nickel tons 79,999 0 0 0 24,920 114,841 30,835 0 0 0 0 0 0 250,595 $’000 1,869,494 0 0 0 582,360 2,683,719 720,583 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,856,156 Niobium (columbium) tons 0 0 0 0 4,383 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,383 $’000 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x Peat kt x x x 443 368 0 155 x 129 x 0 0 0 1,151 $’000 x x x 76,963 61,739 0 x x 25,310 x 0 0 0 215,636 Global Resources Major Canadian Mineral Resource Production and Values • 1389 Resource Units Nfld. P.E.I. N.S. N.B. Que. Ont. Man. Sask. Alta. B.C. Y.T. N.W.T. Nun. Canada Phosphate kt 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x Platinum group kg 0 0 0 0 x 18,955 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 21,177 $’000 0 0 0 0 x x x 0 0 0 0 0 0 591,696 Potash (K 2 O) 4 kt 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 10,455 $’000 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 8,243,156 Potassium sulfate kt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 x Pumice kt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x Quartz (silica) 3 kt x 0 x x 488 422 x x 304 x 0 0 0 1,979 $’000 x 0 x x 13,586 15,171 x x 23,894 x 0 0 0 71,208 Salt kt 0 0 x x x 9,513 x 1,257 180 0 0 0 0 14,168 $’000 0 0 x x x 326,502 x 55,632 17,928 0 0 0 0 537,780 Sand and gravel 5 kt 2,017 159 4,028 2,417 17,936 98,888 12,022 8,807 54,306 37,512 1,020 534 0 239,646 $’000 8,085 x x 10,164 77,880 543,436 46,467 42,779 478,007 254,020 5,461 4,404 0 1,496,100 Selenium tons 0 0 0 0 29 66 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 156 $’000 0 0 0 0 2,170 4,918 4,473 0 0 0 0 0 0 11,561 Silver tons 11 0 0 164 158 161 42 0 0 123 6 0 0 666 $’000 5,476 0 0 84,160 81,196 82,360 21,590 34 0 62,987 3,317 0 0 341,121 Soapstone, talc, pyrophyllite kt x 0 0 0 x x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 70 $’000 x 0 0 0 x 23,558 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 24,600 Sodium sulfate kt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 x Stone 3 kt 4,777 0 9,639 5,701 44,613 64,215 5,244 0 1,425 9,545 0 665 0 145,825 $’000 34,118 0 78,360 42,200 402,594 664,970 38,520 0 15,677 90,198 0 6,452 0 1,373,088 Sulfur, elemental kt x 0 0 0 0 x 0 163 6,964 x 0 0 0 7,971 $’000 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 56,200 2,078,932 x 0 0 0 2,388,537 Sulfur in smelter gas kt 10 0 0 119 97 442 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 704 $’000 2,673 0 0 32,638 26,582 121,258 0 0 0 9,713 0 0 0 192,865 Tantalum (Ta 2 O 5 ) tons 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 $’000 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,206 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,206 Tellurium tons 0 0 0 0 4 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 $’000 0 0 0 0 970 1,355 1,890 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,215 1390 • Major Canadian Mineral Resource Production and Values Global Resources Resource Units Nfld. P.E.I. N.S. N.B. Que. Ont. Man. Sask. Alta. B.C. Y.T. N.W.T. Nun. Canada Titanium dioxide kt 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x Tungsten tons 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,608 0 2,608 $’000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55,510 0 55,510 Uranium (U) tons 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8,702 0 0 0 0 0 8,702 $’000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,488,235 0 0 0 0 0 1,488,235 Zeolite kt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x $’000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x Zinc tons 18,771 0 13,665 224,347 136,191 110,486 98,299 0 0 27,416 0 0 0 629,175 $’000 37,843 0 27,548 452,283 274,561 222,739 198,172 0 0 55,271 0 0 0 1,268,417 Grand total $’000 4,133,325 3,252 340,214 1,367,180 5,208,466 9,637,854 1,689,030 9,734,347 4,139,127 6,652,599 209,326 2,150,413 12,654 45,277,787 1. Includes exported clinker minus imported clinker. 2. Production values for bentonite and diatomite have been included in clay products. 3. Shipments of gypsum, silica and stone to Canadian cement, lime and clay plants are not included in this table. 4. Shipments of potash to Canadian potassium sulphate plants are not included in this table. 5. Mineral production of sand and gravel for Nunavut is included in Northwest Territories. The data below are based on the U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2009. Leading pro- ducer nations are based on 2008 estimates. Resource Description and Leading Producers Abrasives (manufactured) Manufactured abrasives are primarily fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide, used primarilyinbondedand coatedabrasiveproducts. World production capac- ity in 2008 was led by China, Norway, Germany, the United States, Canada, Aus- tria, Australia, Brazil, Mexico, India, France, Venezuela, Japan, and Argentina. Aluminum Aluminum is used in transportation packaging, building, electrical components, machinery, and consumer durables. World production capacity in 2008 was led by China, Russia, Canada, the United States, Australia, Brazil, India, Norway, the United Arab Emirates, Dubai, Bahrain, South Africa, Iceland, Germany, Vene- zuela, Mozambique, and Tajikistan. Antimony Antimony is used in flame retardants, transportation, batteries, chemicals, ce- ramics, and glass. Leading world mine producers are China, the United States, Bolivia, South Africa, Tajikistan, and Russia. Arsenic Arsenic metal is used to strengthen the grids in lead-acid storage batteries, to harden small arms ammunition, in bearings as an antifriction additive, in lead shot, andin clip-on wheelweights.Arsenic compounds are used infertilizers,fire- works, herbicides, andinsecticides.Very pure arsenicis used in the electronics in- dustry for gallium-arsenide semiconductors for solar cells, space research, and telecommunication. Arsenic is also usedingermanium-arsenide-selenide optical materials, and indium-gallium-arsenide is usedinshortwave infrared technology. Leading producers include China, Chile, Morocco, Peru, Kazakhstan, Russia, Mexico, and Belgium. Asbestos Althoughthe threats of asbestos fibers to human health (it has been identified as the cause of mesothelioma) have curtailed its consumption, it is still used in roof- ing products. Asbestos is still produced in Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Brazil, Can- ada, and Zimbabwe. Barite In the UnitedStates, mostbarite is usedas aweighting agent ingas andoil-welldrill- ing fluids. It is also used as a filler, extender, or weighting agent in paints, plastics, and rubber; in automobile brake andclutch pads; in automobilepaintprimer for metal protection and gloss; to add weight to rubber mudflaps on trucks and to the cement jacket around petroleum pipelines under water; in the metal casting industry; for radiation shielding in medical imaging devices and nuclear power plants; and in chemicals found in cathode-ray tubes. Leading producers include Morocco, China, India, the United States, Kazakhstan, Iran, Mexico, Turkey, Vietnam, Germany,Algeria,Russia, theUnited Kingdom, Bulgaria,and Pakistan. Bauxite and alumina Most bauxite is converted to alumina to be smelted into aluminum. It is also used to produce abrasives, chemicals, and refractories. Leading mine producers are Australia, China, Brazil, India, Guinea, Jamaica, Russia, Venezuela, Kazakhstan, Suriname, Greece, Guyana, and Vietnam. Major Worldwide Mineral Resources and Producers 1392 • Major Worldwide Mineral Resources and Producers Global Resources Resource Description and Leading Producers Beryllium Beryllium is used in computer and telecommunications products, aerospace and defense applications, appliances, automotive electronics, and industrial compo- nents. Leadingmine producersare the UnitedStates, China,and Mozambique. Bismuth Bismuth is used in metallurgical additives, fusible alloys, solders, ammunition cartridges, pharmaceuticals, and various chemicals. It is also an active ingredient in over-the-counter stomach medications and plays a role in triggering mecha- nisms forfire sprinklers. Bismuthis replacing toxiclead compounds inseveral ap- plications, such as water fixtures, solders, nuclear reactor coolants, and bullets. Leading mine producers include China, Mexico, Peru, Canada, Bolivia, Kazakh- stan, and the United States. Boron Sodium borates, borax, boric acid, and other boron compounds are use in glass, ceramics, soaps, detergents, bleaches, agriculture, enamels, and glazes. Leading producers includeTurkey,Argentina, the UnitedStates,Chile, Russia,China,Bo- livia, Kazakhstan, Peru, and Iran. Bromine Bromine compounds are used in flame retardants (such as those found in elec- tronic appliances), drilling fluids, pesticides (such as methyl bromide), water treatment, dye manufacture, insect repellents, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, pho- tographic chemical, and intermediate chemicals for the manufacture of other chemical products. Leading mine producers are the United States, Israel, China, Jordan, Japan, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Germany, and India. Cadmium Most cadmium is used in cadmium-nickel batteries. It is also used in pigments, coatings and platings, stabilizers for plastics, nonferrous alloys, and photovoltaic devices (though health concerns have led to the diminished use of cadmium in these latter applications). Leading refinery producers are China, South Korea, Kazakhstan, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Russia, the United States, Germany, India, the Netherlands, Peru, and Australia. Cement Cement constitutes portland, masonry,and clinker cement, anditis used primar- ily by producers of ready-mixed concrete and secondarily by contractors and building materials dealers. Leading producers are China, India, the United States and Puerto Rico, Japan, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Brazil, Turkey, Italy, Egypt, Mexico, Indonesia, Thailand, Iran, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, France, and Vietnam. Cesium Cesium is used primarily in cesium formate brines, a dense liquid used as a drill- ing fluid in oil and gas wells. It is also used in atomic clocks, where its vibration maintains accuracy to a few hundred trillionths of a second, which is key to syn- chronizing satellite and Internet communications as well as missile guidance sys- tems. Cesium plays a role in DNA separation methods, infrared and night vision instruments,photoelectric cells, andtraffic control devices. Radioactiveisotopes of cesium areused in treating cancerand in a varietyofscientific, industrial, and med- ical instruments. The leading producer of pollucite concentrate, the source of most cesium,is Canada;reserves arelocated inCanada, Namibia, andZimbabwe. Global Resources Major Worldwide Mineral Resources and Producers • 1393 Resource Description and Leading Producers Chromium A strategic resource, chromium is used in the produciton of alloys and superal- loys, stainless steel, refractory materials, pigments, and chemicals. It is also used for dyeing textiles, inleathertanning, and in cleansers of laboratory glassware. In its trivalent oxidation state, chromium is an essential trace nutrient for humans and other mammals. Leading world mine producers include South Africa, Ka- zakhstan, and India. Clays Clays include ball clay, bentonite, common clay, fire clay, fuller’s earth, and ka- olin, used in a wide variety of applications, including floor and wall tiles, sanitaryware, absorbents, drilling muds, foundry sand bonds, iron ore pelletiz- ing, bricks,lightweight aggregates, cement,sewerpipes, roofingtiles,flower pots, refractory products, and paper. Primary producers of bentonite, fuller’s earth, and kaolin include the United States, Greece, Turkey, the Commonwealth of In- dependent States,Italy, Mexico,Germany,Brazil, theCzech Republic, andSpain. Cobalt Cobalt is used in superalloys (primarily those used to manufacture aircraft gas turbine engines), cemented carbides for cutting applications, and many differ- ent chemicals. Primary mine producers are the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Canada, Zambia, Australia, Russia, Cuba, China, Morocco, New Caledo- nia, and Brazil. Copper Copper and copper alloys (such as brass) are used to manufacture a wide variety of products for building construction, electric products and electronics, trans- portation equipment, consumer goods, and industrial machinery and equip- ment. Leadingworldproducers are Chile,Peru, the UnitedStates, China, Austra- lia, Russia, Indonesia, Canada, Zambia, Kazakhstan, Poland, and Mexico. Diamond (industrial) Industrial diamonds areusedin the production ofcomputerchips, construction, machinery manufacturing, mining (drilling), stonecutting and stone polishing, and transportation system infrastructures. Synthetic diamond has overtaken nat- ural diamond for most of these applications. Natural diamonds remain prized as gemstones. Leading producers of industrial diamond include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Australia, Russia, South Africa, Botswana, and China. Diatomite Diatomite is used in filter aids, cement additives, absorbents, fillers, special phar- maceutical andbiomedical applications, art supplies,cosmetics, and DNAextrac- tion. Major world producers are the United States, China, Denmark, Japan, the Commonwealth of Independent States, France, Mexico, the Czech Republic, Germany, Peru, Spain, Iceland, Chile, Italy, and Costa Rica. Feldspar Feldspar is used in glassmaking, pottery and ceramics, and fillers, including ce- ramic tiles, glass fiber insulation, and plumbing fixtures. Leading mine produc- ers include Italy, Turkey, China, Thailand, Japan, France, Spain, the United States, theCzech Republic, Mexico, SouthKorea, Poland, Egypt,Argentina,Iran, Malaysia, Venezuela, Germany, India, Portugal, Brazil, and Colombia. 1394 • Major Worldwide Mineral Resources and Producers Global Resources Resource Description and Leading Producers Fluorspar (fluorite) The production of hydrofluoric acidand aluminum fluoride are amongthechief uses of fluorspar. Hydrofluoric acid, in turn, is used in making most fluorine- containing chemicals and plays a major role in the manufacture of aluminum and uranium. Fluorspar also has applications in steelmaking, iron and steel cast- ing, aluminum production, glass manufacture, enamels, welding rod coatings, and cement production. Primary world mine producers include China, Mexico, Mongolia, South Africa, Russia, Spain, Namibia, Kenya, and Morocco. Gallium Gallium, in the form of gallium arsenide and gallium nitride, is used mainly in electronic components, followed by its use in integrated circuits, laser diodes, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, solar cells, research and development, and specialty alloys. Primary producers are China, Germany, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, followed by Hungary, Japan, Russia, and Slovakia. The United States also produces refined gallium. Garnet Industrial garnet is used in waterjet cutting, abrasive blasting media, water filtra- tion, and abrasive powders. In addition, gem-quality garnets are used in jewelry. Leading producers include Australia, India, the United States, and China. Gemstones Synthetic and natural gemstones include, among others, agate, beryl, coral, em- erald, garnet, jade, jasper, opal, pearl, quartz, ruby, sapphire, shell, topaz, tour- maline, and turquoise. They are used in jewelry, carvings, collections, ornamen- tation for furnishings, and artworks. The industrial uses of natural gemstones such as diamond and garnet have largely been taken over by their synthetic ver- sions. Leading producers of gemstones include Botswana, Russia, Canada, An- gola, South Africa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Guinea, Ghana, Sierra Leone, the Central African Republic, Guyana, Australia, Tanzania, Côte d’Ivoire, Brazil, and China. Germanium Germanium and its compounds are found in fiber-optic devices, infrared optics, polymerization catalysts, electronics, and solar electric applications. The leading world refinery producer is the United States. Gold Gold is used in jewelry, artworks, electrical devices, electronics, and dental work. China is the leading gold-producing nation,followedby South Africa, the United States, Australia, Peru, Russia, Canada, Indonesia, Ghana, Papua New Guinea, Chile, Mexico, Brazil, and Uzbekistan. Graphite Natural graphite has a broad variety of uses, including refractory applications, steelmaking, foundry operations, brake linings, batteries, and lubricants. Mine producers are led by China, follwed by India, Brazil, North Korea, Canada, Mex- ico, Ukraine, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, the Czech Republic, Turkey, and Norway. Gypsum Gypsum is used in the manufacture of wallboard and plaster products, agricul- ture (in soil amendments), smelting, glassmaking, and other industrial applica- tions. Leading mine producers are China, the United States, Iran, Spain, Thai- land, Canada, Mexico, Japan, Italy, France, Australia, India, Russia, Egypt, Brazil, Germany, the United Kingdom, Poland, Algeria, Austria, and Uruguay. Global Resources Major Worldwide Mineral Resources and Producers • 1395 Resource Description and Leading Producers Helium Helium is used in cryogenics, pressurizing and purging, welding cover gas, con- trolled atmospheres, leak detection, and breathing mixtures. Leading producers are the United States, Algeria, Qatar, Russia, and Poland. Indium Indium is used primarily in the production of indium tin oxide (ITO) for ITO thin-film coatings in electrical conductors used in flat-panel devices and liquid crystal displays (LCDs). It is also used in alloys, compounds, electrical compo- nents, semiconductors, and research. World refinery producers include China, Ja- pan, South Korea, Canada, Belgium, Russia, and Peru. Iodine Iodine isused in intermediate compoundssuch as ethyland methyl iodide,crude iodine, potassium iodide, sodium iodide, povidine-iodine (iodophors), and ethylenediamine dihydroiodide. End uses are found in the pharmaceutical and sanitation industries—for example, in contrast media used for X-ray imaging. Io- dine was once used in coatings for film, but digital imaging has led to a decline in that use. Iodine is also an essential dietary mineral. The leading producer is Chile, distantly followed by Japan, China, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Russia, In- donesia, and Uzbekistan. Iron ore Iron ore is mined to extract iron for intermediate processing as concentrates, coarse ores, fine ores, pellets, briquettes, and sinter. Primary end uses are in wrought and cast ironsandas the primary alloy in steel manufacture.Theworld’s leading mine producer is China, followed by Brazil, Australia, India, Russia, Ukraine, the United States, South Africa, Canada, Iran, Sweden, Kazakhstan, Venezuela, Mauritania, and Mexico. Kyanite and related minerals Most kyanite (in the form of kyanite-mullite) is used in refractories, of which more than half is in turn used for ironmaking and steelmaking and the rest for the production of chemicals, glass, nonferrous metals, and other materials. The world’s leading mine producer is South Africa, followed by the United States, France, and India. Lead Themajor use oflead isinlead-acid batteries(which are usedin igniters andstart- ers), with the remainder used mainly in ammunition, casting material, pipes, sheets (such as those used fo block radiation), traps, extruded products, cable coverings, caulking lead, solders, oxides for ceramics, chemicals, glass, pigments, counterweights, brass andbronze, foil, terne metal,type metal, andwire. Primary mine producers include China, Australia, the United States, Peru, Mexico, Can- ada, India, Sweden, Ireland, Poland, South Africa, Kazakhstan, and Morocco. Lime Lime is used in the steelmaking, flue gas desulfurization, construction, water treatment, mining, precipitated calcium carbonate, and pulp and paper indus- tries. Leading producers are China, the United States,Japan(quicklime),Russia, Germany, Brazil, Mexico, Italy, France, Turkey, Iran, Belgium, Canada, Vietnam, the United Kingdom, Poland, Austria, and South Africa. Lithium Lithiumis used inbatteries, ceramics andglass, lubricating greases, pharmaceuti- cals and polymers, air-conditioning, primary aluminum production, continuous casting, and chemical processing. Leading mine producers are Chile, Australia, China, Argentina, Canada, Portugal, Zimbabwe, Brazil, and the United States. . Mineral Resources and Producers Global Resources Resource Description and Leading Producers Fluorspar (fluorite) The production of hydrofluoric acidand aluminum fluoride are amongthechief uses of. Natural Resources Canada, “Preliminary Estimate of the Mineral Production of Canada, by Province, 2008,” last updated October 29, 2009. Data include shipments by producers regardless of industrial. Greece, Guyana, and Vietnam. Major Worldwide Mineral Resources and Producers 1392 • Major Worldwide Mineral Resources and Producers Global Resources Resource Description and Leading Producers Beryllium