An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 107 docx

INDEX OF TOPICS 1042 Electric Lighting Act (1882) (UK) 369–70 electric motors 355, 381–5 in domestic appliances 925, 927–8, 929, 931, 937 induction 383–4 linear 384–5 pole amplitude modulated 384 precursors see electromagnetic engines repulsion 384 synchronous 383 universal 383 variable speed control 384 electric power generation 41, 284, 356–62, 369–70, 371, 372, 381, 960 gas turbines 333, 338–40 nuclear 215 steam turbines 295–303, 385 wind 259–60 electric telegraph 357, 572, 574, 713–15, 964–5 railway signalling system 714, 965 wartime role 988–9 electric vehicles 378, 380, 458–9 trams 47, 959– 60 electric water heaters 920 electrical appliances 386 electrical measurement 373–7 electricity 41, 959–61 current 351–4 off-peak 372–3, 917 static 350–51; inverse square law 373 transmission 370–72 see also hydro- electric power electricity supply meters 376 electrification iron- and steel-making 176 railways 382, 584–5, 591–2, 594, 598, 599, 600 electrochemistry 352 electrodynamometer 374 electro-forming 419 electrolysis, applications of 105, 107–11, 112– 13, 114–19, 224–5, 352 electromagnetic engines 377–81 electrometer, torsion balance 373 electron, discovery 213 electron-beam welding 420 electronic clocks and watches 697 electronics 41–2, 428 electrophonetic telegraph 719 electroscope, gold leaf 373 electroslag refining (steel) 184 elements 187 elephant (weapon of war) 970–71 Encyclopédie (Diderot) 236 energy meters 376 English Improver, The (Blith) 774 engravings copper 674 photo-process 679 steel 678 wood 678 ENIAC 42, 702 Erie canal complex 510–11 Eros (statue) 108–9, 111 Eskimos, use of copper 48 etching 419 ethylene 212 ethylene glycol 212 Etruscans brass statuary 75 building and architecture 868, 873 wood-turning 389 excavators 471 Exeter Canal 476 Experienced Millwright, The 238 Explorer satellite 656 explosives 190, 223, 988 exponents 698 external combustion engines 341–2 facsimile transmission 743–4 factory system 28–9 water power in 240–42 fallowing 777–8 fan vault 876 Fantasia (motion picture) 723 farm traction 787–91 fastenings 852–3 feldspar 193 felt 807 ferries, ro-ro 550 ferro-vitreous construction 895–6 Fertile Crescent 13, 764 fertilizers 170, 223–4, 774–5 Festiniog Railway 565, 575, 606 fibre optics 199, 748 fibres, textile 804–808 see also man-made fibres fighter aircraft 632, 995, 998 rocket-propelled 634, 639 STOVL 640 filament lamp 41, 132–3, 365–9, 386–7, 914– 15, 959 filling stations 459–60 Filmorex system 751 filters, sintered metal 137 filtration beds (water) 953 finery 152, 155 Finow Canal 495, 497 fire 7–9 fire arrows 970 INDEX OF TOPICS 1043 fire drill 8 fire lighting see ignition firearms, mass production 30, 405–407, 983 fireplaces 916 fishing 9, 766 Fissero-Tartaro-Canalbianco Canal 501 flak jacket 1009 flamethrowers 993 flash locks 476, 494, 517 flax 806 hackling 806, 840 spinning 841 flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) 424–8 flight simulator 703 flint building material 856–7 mines 9 sickles 779–80 uses: in fire-making 7–8; in glass 196; in pottery 193 flint glass 197 flintlock guns 979 float glass 198 flood control 955–6 floor coverings 15, 904–906 floor polisher 927 floppy disk 707, 753 flour mill see corn mill flowline production 427 fluorescent lamps 387, 915 fluoridation of water 953 flushwork 857 Flying Bedstead (aircraft) 639 flying boats 627, 633 flying buttress 877–9 Flying Hamburger (train) 595 Flying Scotsman (locomotive) 606 flywheel 16 foam, furniture 907 fog signals 543 Fontinettes boat lift 487 food mixer 937 food preparation 936–7 see also cooking food preservation 796–801, 937–8 footwear 854 Ford cars Model A 37 Model T 413–14, 452 Forth and Clyde Canal 478 fortification 982 camps 970 cities 969 FORTRAN computer language 704 Fossa Carolina 494 Fossdyke Navigation 476 fountain pens 668–9 four-stroke cycle 322, 454 frame knitting 819–20 Franco-Prussian War 612, 734, 985 Franks 971–2 freeways see motorways friction welding 419 frigate 536 From the Earth to the Moon (Verne) 747 frozen food 797–8, 938 fuel cells 455 fulling 816–18 fungicides 777 furnaces blast: iron 149–51, 153, 154, 157–8, 160, 162–3, 178; zinc 94 bloomery 149, 151 copper-smelting 50, 52, 60 electric arc 106, 176, 182 electric induction 162 finery 152, 155 glass-making 171, 196, 198 refractory linings 194–5 regenerative 93 reverberatory 83–4, 104, 157, 162 rocking resistor 119 vacuum melting 125, 133, 183–4 furnishings 906–907 furniture 907–911 fusee 24, 392, 394 galena 68–9, 71 galley, ship’s 520 galvanizing 95–6, 180 galvanometers 374, 377, 714 garages 459–60 garnierite 98 gas bath heater 919 gas cookers 210, 942–4, 958 gas discharge lamps 387, 961 gas engines 305–307, 310, 314–15, 454, 614 gas fires 210, 916, 958 gas geysers 919–20 gas industry 40, 161, 957–9 see also coal gas; natural gas gas irons 934 gas lighting 208–209, 914, 958 mantle 123, 209, 914, 958 gas masks 993 gas meter 209, 958 gas turbines 329–41 aircraft engines 39, 330, 333, 335–8, 634–40 blades 126–8, 141 electric power generation 333, 338–40 helicopter engines 643 marine engines 340, INDEX OF TOPICS 1044 537 motor cars 341, 455 railway locomotives 334, 340–41 supercharged 309, 315–16 gas warfare 992–3, 998, 1009 gasoline see petrol Gatling gun 985–6 Gauge of Railways Act (1846) (UK) 568 gauges 400, 401, 413, 414–15, 421 strain 420 gear cutting machines 395–6, 408–409, 410–11 gears 16–17 bevel 17 clock 17 cog and rung 269 cycloidal 269 helical 17 lanthorn and trundle 17, 19 mill 17, 236, 238, 247, 250 mortise 17 sun-and-planet 276 gelignite 988 Gemini space missions 653 Genoa: Mola Nuovo 548 geodesic dome 882 German silver see nickel silver gesso 909 geysers, gas 919–20 Ghent-Terneuzen Canal 492 gilding 68, 80 gilding metal 74 gill boxes 840–41 ginning (cotton) 808, 834 glass 16, 195–9 cut 197 float 198 lead (flint) 197 mirror 910–11 optical 197 plate 197–8, 910 stained 22, 196 window 22, 196 see also ferro-vitreous construction glass fibre 198–9 glass-fibre-reinforced plastics 947 glassblowing 16, 196 glasshouses 895 glassmaking furnaces 171, 196, 198 glazes 191, 194 Glenfinnan Viaduct 891 gliders 39, 619, 621–2, 645, 646 Gliwice Canal 505 Gloire (ship) 533 glues 220 goffering iron 933 gold leaf electroscope 373 gold mining 79 Golden Gate Bridge 465 Gossamer Albatross (man-powered aircraft) 647 gossan 55 Göta Canal 502 Gothic architecture 874, 876–9 governor centrifugal 31 cut-off control by 283 inertia 284 for waterwheel 242 Graf Spee (ship) 324 Gramme ring 360 gramophone 720–24 long-playing record 723–4 Grand Canal (Dublin-Shannon) 481 Grand Canal (Tianjin-Hangzhov) 475 Grand Junction Canal 479 Grand Union Canal 479 granite (building stone) 860 grapeshot 982 graphophone 721 Great Britain (ship) 401, 528 Great Eastern (ship) 403, 528, 715, 965 Great Exhibition (1851) 258, 470, 569, 679, 735, 782, 958 see also Crystal Palace Great Glen (Caledonian) Canal 480–81 Great Western (ship) 35, 527 Great Western Railway 565, 567–8, 572, 590, 592, 965 Greek fire 971 Greek mill (Norse mill) 19, 229–30, 269 Greeks, Ancient 18 alphabet 667 brass artefacts 73–4, 79 bronze artefacts 61, 62–3, 65–6 building and architecture 858, 862–4, 872, 884, 887 cleansing agents 203 ‘mathematical gearing’ 17 measuring instruments 391 music 686, 717 Norse mill 19, 229–30, 269 philosophers 187, 212 pottery 191 silver mines 69, 70–71 tin artefact 60 warfare 970 zinc artefacts 75 green manuring 774 grenade launcher 980 grenades 980, 991 anti-tank 994, 1004 grinding 10, 407 grinding machines 407–408, 413, 414, 415 grindstone crank 25 groin vault 875 Groot Algemeen Moolen-Boek (van Zyl) 251 Groot Volkomen Moolenboek (Natrus and Polly) 251, 255 Grove cell 353 guided missiles 1008 gun carriage 977–8 gun-cotton 223 gun turret 533, 534, 988 INDEX OF TOPICS 1045 gunner’s calipers 25 gunpowder (‘black powder’) 19, 648, 975 charcoal for 206 grinding machine for 266 saltpetre for 221 guns anti-tank 994, 1004 breech-loading 984, 987 early 975 hand976–7, 985 machine 985–6, 992; aircraft-mounted 995 naval 532, 533, 536 rifles 403, 405, 983–4; anti-tank 994 tank 1003, 1009 see also artillery gutta percha 217 gypsum 885, 904 gyroscopes in bombsights 1000 for torpedo control 997 gyroscopic compass 545 hackling (flax) 806, 840 haematite 52 halberd 976, 979 half-timbered buildings 862 half-tone process 679 halogen lamps 386–7 hammer, power 152, 166, 232, 401 hammer ponds 232 hammerbeam roofs 866 Haneken Canal 496 hang-gliders 621–2, 646 harbours see ports and harbours harrow 21 harvesting 779–87 hastener (roasting aid) 940 hats 807 Havel-Oder Canal 497 heat engines 272, 342–3 heating 385–6, 915–17 heddle-frame weaving 810–11 helical gears 17 helicopters 536–7, 640–44 heliography 732 helium balloons 613 helmets 968–9, 973, 991 helve 166 herbicides, selective 778 Hiawatha trains 597 hieratic script 667 hieroglyphics 15, 666–7 ‘hipping’ (hot isostatic pressing) 140–1 Historia Naturalis (Natural History) (Pliny) 75, 187, 672 horse armour 974 horse collar 20, 787 horse shoe 20 horse trams 583 horse wheels 261, 264–5, 788, 794 horses 13–14, 20–21, 260, 264, 265–9, 787–8 horses—cont heavy 974 of San Marco 67–8 see also cavalry hot-air balloons 609–10, 611, 612, 613–14 hot air engine see external combustion engine hot bulb engine 310–11 hourglass 23 hourglass mill 230 Housatonic (ship) 537 hovercraft 538 howitzer 980–81 ‘Huff Duff (detection device) 1001 hulks 520 Huns 971 hunter gatherer societies 762–3, 766–7 hydraulic cement 888–9 hydraulic power 961 boat lifts 482, 493, 508 earthmoving machinery 472 mains systems 40–41 motor car suspension 452 tractor implement carrying facility 790 hydrochloric acid, 221, 222 hydro-electric machine 351 hydro-electric power 109, 112–13, 118, 244–5 hydrofoils 538–9 hydrogen balloons 610–11, 612 hydrogen bomb 1006–1007 hydrogen peroxide, bleaching agent 205 hydrophones 718 hypocaust 917 IBM PCs 707, 710 ice boxes 937 ice houses 797 ice-making machines 797 iconoscope 745 ignition (fire) 7–9, 911–12 ilmenite 143 Imperial Canal (Spain) 505 impulse turbine 290, 294 Inchmona (ship) 286 INDEX OF TOPICS 1046 inclined planes 479, 480, 488, 493, 503–504, 506, 509, 512, 517, 557–8 indigo 199, 200 indigotin 200, 202 induction furnance 162 induction motors 383–4 infantry Byzantine 971 mediaeval 976 modern weapons 1009–1010 phalanx formation 970 testudo formation 970 information technology 686–94, 748–53 information theory 703, 749–50 ink 668, 669 printer’s 670 inlaid furniture 908 insecticides 776–7 ‘instantaneous’ lights 912 instrument making 24, 393–4 insulators, electrical 194 intaglio process 674 intarsio (furniture) 908 integrated circuit (IC) 42, 705 integrated ironworks 158, 160 Intelsat satellites 657 inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM) 1007 internal combusition engines 37–9, 272, 303– 29, 454, 615 see also compression ignition engines: gas engines; hot bulb engine; spark ignition engines; Wankel engine International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite 658 inventors 2, 690 Iran bronze artefacts 59 copper artefacts 48, 50, 57 irrigation tunnels 467–8, 768 lead artefacts 69 pottery 16 windmills 245 zinc refining 77–8 Iraq dairy farming 791 lead artefacts 69 plough 769 IRAS satellite 658 iridium 131 iron 12, 14, 18, 146–7 building material 893–6 by-product of copper refining 54 case hardening 159 charcoal for smelting 206 ‘malleable’ 168, 560, 563 meteoritic 147 pig 151 production: electrification 381; gas engines for 314; use of coal in 207, of coke in 207, of water power in 232 see also cast iron; corrugated iron; ferrovitreous construction; galvanizing; wrought iron iron, smoothing 932–4 Iron Age 6, 54, 388–9 industrial 160–67 iron alloys high-temperature 124 magnetic 137 see also steel iron bridges 156, 463, 465, 893, 895 iron ships 21, 525, 528, 533 Ironbridge 156 irrigation 767–8 see also water-raising devices irrigation tunnels 467–8, 768 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 750 isostatic pressing 139–41 isotope abundance analysis 69–70 isotopes 213–14 Jablochkoff candles 363 Jacquard punched-card control systems 400– 401, 699, 700, 701, 821, 823, 844, 848, 905 James River and Kanawha Canal 510 James River Navigation 510 japanned furniture 909 Jazz Singer, The (motion picture) 723 Jericho 12, 431 jet engine see gas turbines jettied buildings 864 jewellery anodized titanium 144 brass 76, 80, 87 copper 48, 61 glazed beads 16 iron rings 54 tin bracelet 60 jig borer 415 jig grinder 415 John Bull (locomotive) 573 Joule cycle 329 Juliana Canal 494 Juno rockets 661 Jupiter probes 660 Jupiter rockets 661 Kaiser Wilhelm II (ship) 287 kaolin 193 Kaplan turbine 244–5 Karls Grav (canal) 501 Kennet and Avon Canal 480 kerosene see paraffin oil Keulse Vaart 491 Kiel Canal 496 kilns brickmaking 870 cement 889 pottery 15– 16, 191, 195 temperature measurement in 194 INDEX OF TOPICS 1047 kinetoscope 741–2 kitchen 934–6 kitchen equipment 936–7 kitchen ranges 940–42 knapping (flints) 857 knife-cleaners 923–4 knitting 818–20 knitting machines 846–7 knock (detonation) 306, 316–18, 335 kollergang (oil mill) 253, 255 Küsten Canal 497 lace-making machines 848 Lachine Canal 506–507 lacquered furniture 908–909 laminated wood furniture 910 lampshades 368–9 Lancaster bomber 632 lance 972, 988 landing ships 550 Landsat satellites 658 language 665–6 lanthorn and trundle gear 17, 19 Laser-Card system 755 lasers 419–20, 426, 752, 737–8 lathes automatic 410, 415 centre 415–17 clockmaker’s 392 controls for 424 early 9, 66, 389–90 industrial 394–5, 399, 400 instrument maker’s 394 ornamental 393 pole 26, 390 screw cutting 393–4, 395 turret 410, 414, 415–17 latitude measurement 544 ‘laughing gas’ 352 laundering 928–3 4 laundry, horse-driven 266 Lea river, canalization 476, 477, 482 lead 68–72 in Roman plumbing 20, 66, 72 lead-acid battery 353–4 lead tetraethyl 317 lean burn engines 455 leather 803 Leclanché cell 353 Leeds and Liverpool Canal 478–9 leguminous crops 779 Lehigh Canal 512 Lend Lease Act (1941) (US) 421 length measurement standards 18, 391, 697 vernier scale 25 Lenoir cycle 329 Lenoir engine 305 lenses 197, 730 level, electronic 423 lewis 19 Lewis gun 992 Leyden jar 351 Liberty ship 531 lierne vault 876 lifebelt 540 lifeboat 539, 540 lifejacket 540 liferaft 540 lifts boat 480, 482, 486, 493, 496, 497, 498, 508–509, 517 passenger 897 lighting candles 912–13 electric 41, 358, 360, 369, 386–7, 914–15, 959, 961; see also arc lamps; filament lamps gas 208–209, 914, 958; mantle 123, 209, 914, 958 oil 211, 913–14 rushlights 912 lighthouse 358, 542, 889 lightning conductor 350 lights, navigational 543 lightship 542 linear motors 384–5 linen 804, 806 liner 37, 530, 532 Ling Chu (Magic Canal) 475 linoleum 905 Linotype machine 680 linseed 806 linstock ignition (artillery) 981 lithography 678 offset 678–9, 684 Liverpool (Bury locomotive) 564 Liverpool (Crampton locomotive) 569 Liverpool: Royal Liver Building 891 Liverpool & Manchester Railway 561–2, 563 locks (canal) 517–18 ‘bear trap’ 512 flash 476, 494, 517 pound 475, 476, 517 shaft 496–7, 518 locks (security) 29 mass-produced 404 locomotives diesel 591, 595, 598, 600 diesel- electric 591, 594–6, 600 gas turbine powered 334, 340–41 petrol-electric 591, 593, 594 steam 35, 558–62, 564, 568–70, 575, 579–83, 589–90, 596–8, 599, 605–606; INDEX OF TOPICS 1048 American 573; European 575; oil-fired 589; preservation 606–607 streamlining 596–7 superheating 590–91 Whyte notation to describe 564 Locomotion (locomotive) 560 locust, biological control 777 lodestone 21, 350 log construction 856, 865 logarithms 698 logs (ships’ speed recorders) 545 London Docklands Light Railway 603 drains and sewers 956–7 electric lighting 363, 364–5, 368, 370 hydraulic mains system 41 Kew Gardens (Palm House) 895 London Bridge waterworks 234, 235 St. Paul’s Cathedral 860, 881–2 underground railway 382, 468, 583, 584, 592 water supply 951 Westminster Abbey 879 Westminster Cathedral 891 Westminster Hall 866 London & Birmingham Railway 566 London Gazettee 672 longbow 973 longitude measurement 544, 696 looms automatic 844–5 carpet 812, 845–6, 905–906 Dutch 820 early 22 flying shuttle 821–2 horizontal 812, 815–16 powered 834, 843–5 shuttle-less 845 vertical 811–12, 815 Lord Chancellor (micrometer) 398–9 ‘lost wax’ casting process 62, 68 lubricating oil 212 lubrication, forced 284 Lumitype machine 681 Luna moon probes 658–9 lustre ware 192 macadam road surface 436 Mach number 635–6 machine guns 985–6, 992 aircraft-mounted 995 machine tools 29, 392–404 controls for 422–4 for mass production 404–417 mackintosh fabric 216, 849 madder 199, 200, 202 magazines 673, 678, 680 magic lantern 738–9 magnesite 121, 194–5 magnesium 113–21 as scavenger 99 production: electrochemical 114–19; by sodium reduction 113, 114; thermochemical 119–21 magnesium alloys 115, 116, 123 magnetic alloys 137 magnetism 41, 350, 355–6 magneto 357–9 mail coach 438 mail services see postal services maize 764 majolica 192 malachite 52 Mallard (locomotive) 596, 598 malleable iron 168, 560, 563 man-made fibres 218, 219–20, 849–50, 948 dyes for 203 Manchester Ship Canal 481–2 manganese, as scavenger 99 manganese steel 174 mangle 932 Manhattan engines 285 Manhattan Project 214, 1005 manuring 774 maps road 461 see also cartography marble (building stone) 860 margarine 190, 799 marine engines compression ignition 323–5, 531, 532 gas turbines 340, 537 steam 286– 7, 398, 403 steam turbines 530–31, 535 marine railways 509 Mariner Spacecraft 659, 660 Marne-Rhine Canal 487–8 marquetry 908 Mars probes 660 Martesana Canal 500 masers 737 masonry construction 859–61 mass number 213 mass production 404–412 bricks 870 building units 900 clothing 850–51 firearms 30, 405–407, 983 photographic printing 733 matches 912 matchlock gun 976–7 Mathematical Analysis of Logic, The (Boole) 701 ‘mathematical gearing’ 17 Mauretania (ship) 37 INDEX OF TOPICS 1049 mauve (dye) 190, 201–202 Mayas, use of rubber 216 measurement 391–2 electrical 373–7 measuring machines 401 automatic 427 optically controlled 422 mechanical digger 470–71 Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing (Moxon) 673 mechanization agriculture: dairy farming 792; ploughing 771; reaping and binding 781–3, 786–7; threshing 784–5 boot-making 854 brick-making 870 canal barge haulage 515 corn mills 238 furniture-making 909–10 glass-making 198 iron and steel industry see steam engines, applications in iron-making paper-making 673, 674 railway construction 470 textile industry: carding 830–31; cleaning and opening 835–6; combing 839– 40; drawing 831–2; fulling 817; knitting 819–20; lace-making 848; shearing 818; silk throwing 805–806; sizing 842–3; spinning 823–30, 832–3, 837–8, 840–42; weaving 820–23, 843–6 typesetting 680 wallpaper printing 903 Megadoc system 755 megaphone 687, 718 Megiddo (fortified city) 969 Meissen porcelain 193 Memex system 751 mercenary soldiers 970, 976 mercerized cotton 849 merchant iron 166 merchant ships 520, 523, 525–32 Merwede Canal 491 Mesolithic Age 10 Mesopotamia building and architecture 462, 856, 872–3 chariot 969 fuels 206 petroleum 210–11 pottery 16 silver artefacts 69 metallurgy, textbook see De Re Metallica Metamorphosis of Ajax (Harington) 921 meteorological satellites 657 meters, electricity supply 376 metrology see measurement Metropolis Water Act (1852) (UK) 951, 953 mezzotint 678 microcomputers see computers, micro microfiche systems 751 microfilms 733, 751 Micrographia (Hooke) 25 micrographics 733 micrometers 398, 417 electronic 423 microphotography 733–5 microrecording 733 microscopes 24, 196, 255, 730–31 microwave ovens 946–7 microwave radiation 725, 726, 729 military aircraft 628, 630, 632–3, 634, 990, 995, 998 gliders 645 milk, pasteurization 793–4 milking machines 792–3 Mill at wijk bij Durstede (van Ruisdael) 248 milling machines 408–409, 817 controls for 422, 424 turret 415 minehunters 537 minelaying machines 1009 mines anti-tank 1004, 1009 land 1009 sea 535, 536,537, 996, 1001–1002 trench weapon 991 minesweepers 535, 537 Mini (motor car) 452 Minicard system 751 mini-mill (steelworks) 184 mining animal-powered machines in 260–61, 264–5, 266–7, 269 coal 207–208, 555, 559, 560 copper 51, 67, 79–80, 82 electrification 381–2 gold 79 lead 71 silver 67, 69–71, 79– 80 textbook see De Re Metallica minting 27–8 mirror 910–11 Misanthrope, The (Brueghel) 248 Mississippi river, improved navigability 513 mitrailleuse (machine gun) 985 Mittelalterliche Hausbuch 391, 392 Mittelland Canal 497 modem 709–710 modular design 900 mole plough 772 molybdenum 133 monastic orders 232 Monel metal 101–102 monorail 586 Monotype machine 680 Mons-Condé Canal 493 Monte Penedo (ship) 324 INDEX OF TOPICS 1050 Montech water slope 485 moon, flight to 654, 658–9 mooring 541 moped 449 mordant dyes 199 mordants 199–200 Morris Canal 512 Morse code 715, 965 mortar (weapon) 980, 991 mortise and tenon joint 14 mortise gears 17 mosaic 905 Moscow: GUM department store 896 Moselle river, canalization 489 Moskva river, canalization 503 Mosquito bomber 632–3 Moteurs Hydrauliques (Armengaud) 242 motion pictures 738–42 colour 735, 742 film 739 sound 722–3 motor cars 37–9, 212, 449–56 brakes 45 2 engines see internal combustion engines gas turbine powered 341, 455 ignition systems 133 mass production 412–14, 417 radios 728 tyres 217 motor cycles 447–9 motorways 436–7 mould forming (pottery) 194 moulin pendant 236, 270 music 686, 717 muskets 29–30, 405, 979, 983 mustard gas 993 Mycenae bronze artefacts 62, 66 corbelled domes 883 masonry 859–60 nails 14 nap raising (blankets) 818 Napalm 121 Napoleonic wars 559, 648 Narrative of the Eddystone Lighthouse (Smeaton) 888 Narrow Boat (Rolt) 516 natron 203, 204 natural gas 210, 959 in gas engines 314–15 Natural History (Historia naturalis) (Pliny the Elder) 75, 187, 672 Nautical Almanac 544 Nautilus (submarine, 1802) 537 Nautilus (submarine, 1952) 538 naval warfare 996–8, 1000–1002 see also warships navigation 21, 543–6, 696, 698 see also radar Naviglio Grande (Milan) 500 needle gun 984 needles 851 negative feedback 31 Neolithic Age metallurgy 47 weapons 967 nerve gas 998 Neuffossée Canal 486 neutron, discovery 213 neutron bomb 1008 Neva river, canalization 503 Neva-Volga Canal 503 New Horse-Hoeing Husbandry, The (Tull) 774 Newry Canal 477 newspapers 672, 675–6 nichrome 386, 917 nickel 73, 96–102 nickel alloys 124 high-temparature 125, 126–7 magnetic 137 see also cupro-nickel alloys; Monel metal; nichrome; nickel silver; paktong nickel silver 97–8 nicotine (insecticide) 776 niello (inlay) 62 Nimonic alloys 126 niobium 144–5 Nipkow disc 744, 745 nitric acid 220, 221 manufacture 224 nitrogen fertilizers 224, 775 nitrogen fixation artificial: ammonia manufacture 5, 223–4; via titanium nitrides 141 natural see leguminous crops nitroglycerine 223, 988 nitrous oxide 352 Nivernais Canal 487, 517 noisemakers 686 Noordhollandsche Canal 491 norag (threshing sledge) 784 Nord-Ostsee Canal 496 Norman architechture see Romanesque architecture Norman warfare 972–3 Norse Mill (Greek Mill) 19, 229–30, 270 North Sea Canal 491 INDEX OF TOPICS 1051 Novo Teatro di Machine el Edifici (Zonca) 265 nuclear energy 212–16 nuclear fusion 1006–1007 nuclear weapons 214, 1005–1008 numerical control 422–3 nylon 218, 850 oared ships 519–20 obelisks (Egyptian) 13 obsidian 195 obturation 984, 987 octane number 317 octant 544 Oder-Spree Canal 495 odometer 461 off-peak electricity 372–3, 917 offset lithography 678–9, 684 Ohio river, canalization 513 oil (mineral) see petroleum oil lamps 211, 913–14 oil mills animal-powered 266 wind-powered 253–5 oil stove 916 oil tanker 531, 532 oilskin 853 olive crushing mill 263 Oman, copper workings 55, 57 omnibus, horse-drawn 458 On Marvellous Things Heard 74 onager 12, 787 operational analysis 1001 optical character recognition (OCR) 684 optical glass 197 orders, architectural 858 Ordnance Survey maps 461 ore-carriers 177 organic chemistry, birth of 201 Orient Express 579 Orlon 850 oscillograph, mechanical 377 oscilloscope, cathode ray 377 osmium 131, 132 osmium filament lamps 386 Ottawa waterways complex 507 Otto cycle 306 Otto engine 307 Oude Gracht (Old Canal), Utrecht 490 ovens brick 940 camp 939 microwave 946–7 see also electric cookers; gas cookers oxen 787–8 oxy-acetylene welding 272 paddle engine 262, 268 paddle steamers 527, 529, 532–3 Page’s effect 718 paintings, cave 11, 686 paktong 96–7 Palaeolithic Age 10 paleophone 720 palladium 131, 132 paltrok (windmill) 251–2 Panama Canal 514 panel-and-frame construction 902–3, 907 Panoplia (Amman) 390 pantelegraph 744 pantiles 885 paper 18–19, 22, 667–8, 670 carbon 683 production: hand 673; mechanized 673, 674 see also papier mâché paper mills, wind-powered 252–3 papier mâché 909 paraffin 211, 212 paraffin lamps 211, 913–14 paraffin stoves 916 Paraguay (ship) 797 paravane charge 997 pargeting 864 Paris electric lighting 363 Pont Neuf waterworks 234, 235 parish system, road maintenance 432–3 parking meters 461 Parsons turbine 290–91 particle board 906 Pascal computer language 706 passenger liners 37, 530, 532 pasteurization (milk) 793–4 Patentee (locomotive) 564 pedestrian crossings 460–61 peg knitting 819 Pelton wheel 244 pencil 669 pendentive construction 880–81 pendulum 23–4, 695–6 penny-farthing bicycle 446 . 563 man-made fibres 218, 219–20, 849–50, 948 dyes for 203 Manchester Ship Canal 481–2 manganese, as scavenger 99 manganese steel 174 mangle 932 Manhattan engines 285 Manhattan Project 214, 1005 manuring. 360 gramophone 720–24 long-playing record 723–4 Grand Canal (Dublin-Shannon) 481 Grand Canal (Tianjin-Hangzhov) 475 Grand Junction Canal 479 Grand Union Canal 479 granite (building stone) 860 grapeshot 982 graphophone. (windmill) 251–2 Panama Canal 514 panel-and-frame construction 902–3, 907 Panoplia (Amman) 390 pantelegraph 744 pantiles 885 paper 18–19, 22, 667–8, 670 carbon 683 production: hand 673; mechanized 673,