Handbook Phần Cứng PU part 35 pps

Một ngày nào đó, bạn lỡ chỉnh quá tay khiến hệ thống trở nên rối loạn thì hãy sử dụng đến tính năng nhỏ bé, khiêm tốn này. Nó sẽ giúp bạn tái lập tất cả thông số về trạng thái mặc định. Thế là mọi công sức tối ưu đều đã vỡ tan như bọt sóng! Kết luận Nhìn chung, RivaTuner là chương trình tốt để tối ưu hóa card đồ họa nVidia; cho phép bạn tiếp cận những thông số quan trọng. Đối với card sử dụng VPU ATI, RivaTuner còn có thể ép xung những card ATI bị khóa xung từ trong BIOS như Radeon 9000/9200; nhờ vậy, bạn không cần phải làm công việc nguy hiểm, đầy bất trắc là flash lại BIOS. Nếu muốn đắm mình trong thế giới đồ họa 3D đầy hấp dẫn của máy tính, bạn nên làm quen với tiện ích nhỏ bé nhưng đầy sức mạnh này. Bạn có thể nêu thắc mắc tại diễn đàn www.vozforums.com. Chúc các bạn thành công.ÿ Nguyễn Thúc Hoàng Linh valkyrie_lenneth@gamebox.net Sound card From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A Sound Blaster Live! Value card, a typical present-day PCI sound card. A sound card is a computer expansion card that can input and output sound under control of computer programs. Typical uses of sound cards include providing the audio component for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation/education, and entertainment (games). Many computers have sound capabilities built in, while others require these expansion cards if audio capability is desired. Contents [hide] [hide]  1 General characteristics o 1.1 Connections o 1.2 Voices vs channels  2 History of sound cards for the IBM PC architecture o 2.1 Hardware manufacturers o 2.2 Industry adoption o 2.3 Feature evolution  3 Sound devices other than expansion cards o 3.1 Integrated sound on the PC o 3.2 Integrated sound on other platforms o 3.3 USB sound cards o 3.4 Other outboard sound devices  4 Driver architecture  5 See also  6 References  7 External links [edit] General characteristics Close-up of a sound card PCB, showing electrolytic capacitors (most likely for AC coupling), SMT capacitors and resistors, and a YAC512 two-channel 16-bit DAC. A typical sound card includes a sound chip, usually featuring a digital-to-analog converter, that converts recorded or generated digital waveforms of sound into an analog format. This signal is led to a (typically 1/8-inch earphone-type) connector where an amplifier, headphones, or similar sound destination can be plugged in. More advanced designs usually include more than one sound chip to separate duties between digital sound production and synthesized sounds (usually for real- time generation of music and sound effects utilizing little data and CPU time). Digital sound reproduction is usually achieved by multi-channel DACs, able to play multiple digital samples at different pitches and volumes, optionally applying real-time effects like filtering or distortion. Multi-channel digital sound playback can also be used for music synthesis if used with a digitized instrument bank of some sort, typically a small amount of ROM or Flash memory containing samples corresponding to the standard MIDI instruments. (A contrasting way to synthesize sound on a PC uses "audio codecs", which rely heavily on software for music synthesis, MIDI compliance and even multiple-channel emulation. This approach has become common as manufacturers seek to simplify the design and the cost of the sound card itself). Most sound cards have a line in connector where the sound signal from a cassette tape recorder or similar sound source can be input. The sound card can digitize this signal and store it (controlled by the corresponding computer software) on the computer's hard disk for editing or further reproduction. Another typical external connector is the microphone connector, for connecting to a microphone or other input device that generates a relatively lower voltage than the line in connector. Input through a microphone jack is typically used by speech recognition software or Voice over IP applications. [edit] Connections Most sound cards since 1999 conform to Microsoft's PC 99 standard for color coding the external connectors as follows: Color Function Pink Analog microphone input. Light blue Analog line level input. Lime green Analog line level output for the main stereo signal (front speakers or headphones). Black Analog line level output for rear speakers. Orange S/PDIF digital output (sometimes used as an analog line output for a center speaker instead) [edit] Voices vs channels Another important characteristic of any sound card is the number of distinct voices (intended as the number of sounds that can be played back simultaneously and independently) and the number of channels (intended as the number of distinct electrical audio outputs). For example, many older sound chips had three voices, but only one audio channel (mono) where all the voices were mixed into, while the AdLib sound card had 9 voice and 1 mono channel. For a number of years, most PC sound cards had multiple FM synthesis voices (typically 9 or 18) which were mostly used for MIDI music, but only one (mono) or two(stereo) voice(s) and channel(s) dedicated to playing back digital sound samples, and playing back more than one digital sound sample required performing a software downmix at a fixed sampling rate. Modern low-cost integrated soundcards using an audio codec like the AC'97 still work that way, although they may have more than two sound output channels (surround sound). Today, a sound card having hardware support for more than the two standard stereo voices, is likely to referred at as "providing hardware audio acceleration". [edit] History of sound cards for the IBM PC architecture A sound card based on VIA Envy chip Echo Digital Audio Corporation's Indigo IO — PCMCIA card 24-bit 96 kHz stereo in/out sound card Sound cards for computers based on the IBM PC were uncommon until 1988, leaving the internal PC speaker as the only way early PC software could produce sound and music. The speaker was limited to square wave production, leading to the common nickname of "beeper" and the resulting sound described as "beeps and boops". Several companies, most notably Access Software, developed techniques for digital sound reproduction over the PC speaker; the resulting audio, while functional, suffered from distorted output and low volume, and usually required all other processing to halt while sounds were played. Other home computer models of the 1980s included hardware support for digital sound playback or music synthesis (or both), leaving the IBM PC at a disadvantage when it came to multimedia applications such as music composition or gaming. It is important to note that the initial design and marketing focuses of sound cards for the IBM PC platform were not based on gaming, but rather on specific audio applications such as music composition (AdLib Personal Music System, Creative Music System, IBM Music Feature Card) or on speech synthesis (Digispeech DS201, Covox Speech Thing, Street Electronics Echo). It took the involvement of Sierra and other game companies in 1988 to switch the focus toward gaming. [edit] . typical present-day PCI sound card. A sound card is a computer expansion card that can input and output sound under control of computer programs. Typical uses of sound cards include providing. input. Light blue Analog line level input. Lime green Analog line level output for the main stereo signal (front speakers or headphones). Black Analog line level output. recorder or similar sound source can be input. The sound card can digitize this signal and store it (controlled by the corresponding computer software) on the computer's hard disk for editing