The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 134 ppt

Cognition, 549 culture, perspective-taking and social, 1096–98 embodiment of, 31, 601–2 imagery role in comprehension and, 1272, 1273f independent evidence for language and, 1019–20 narrative and, conceptual structure in, 1179–82 Cognitive abilities, basic, 433–34, 440, 452n19 Cognitive development, language acquisition and, 214, 225–27 Cognitive differences, between humans and other primates, 59–60 Cognitive Grammar, 421–62. See also Figure/ Ground; Profile, base and; Prominence; Space Grammar; specific individuals architecture of, 422, 424–30 background for, 421–24 Construction Grammar and, 4, 9, 354, 421–22, 451n9, 489–95, 550, 556, 1082 content requirement of symbolic structure in, 218–19 coverage of, 447–49 directions of, 449–50, 454nn47–50 grammar and, 438–43 motion diagrams in, 231–32 phonology and, 443–47, 453nn39–40, 454nn41–44, 612, 615, 617–18, 623, 627–28 principles of, 423 raising and, 796–98, 799nn10–11 S(peaker) and H(earer) in, 77n6 schema functions in, 88–110 semantics and, 431–38 voice in, 829–68 word-formation in, 652–55 Cognitive iconicity, 1119–22 Cognitive Linguistics, 8, 204, 318, 567, 592, 1249, 1253–54 Cognitive Linguistics (CL). See also specific individuals appeal of, 10–15 characteristics of, 5–6 cognitive linguistics (uncapitalized) v., 4 delimiting Functional and, 544–47 different approaches within, 9 at discourse level, 931–32 European branch of, 546, 558n4, 560n23 future of, 15–18 methodological consequences and, 576–78 past, present and future of, 602–3 polemic aspects of, 567–69 practical aspects of, 7–8 principles of, 914 reaction, 574–79 Research series, 8 short history of, 590–92 theoretical position of, 4–7 Cognitive Linguistics Bibliography, 8 Cognitive Linguistics in Practice series, 8 Cognitive, meaning of, 4–5 Cognitive models, 4. See also Idealized Cognitive Models Cognitive psychology, 5 cognitive unconscious and, 29, 30 experimental, 27 frames and, 173 on linguistic relativity, 1013–14 Cognitive revolutions, first and second, 7, 1245, 1266–67, 1269 Cognitive Science, 17 Classical, 1266–68, 1270, 1272, 1288nn2–3 embodiment and, 26, 27, 36–44, 41t–42t Generative Linguistics and, 1266–68, 1280–81, 1287 psychology and, 1266–94 Cognitive Semantics, 294, 336, 553, 998–99, 1144, 1162, 1180, 1249 Cognitive state, 267, 295 Cognitive unconscious cognitive psychology and, 29, 30 content of understanding v., 1255–58 Cognitive-code learning theory, 1142, 1156n1 Cognitive/pragmatic constraints, on -er suffixation, 662, 663t, 664 Coherence classification, and gradation between one and two with schemas, 97, 98f–99f referential, 920–24, 933 relation, 917–19 relational, 924–31, 933 semantic, 757–58 syntactic, schemas, elaboration sites and, 105, 106f, 114n30 Cole, Michael, 1015 Collin, Finn, 1259 Color(s), 182. See also specific individuals basic, 122–23, 145 focal, 122–23, 145, 1030 kinship and, 182, 1047, 1066n3 linguistic relativity and, 1029–31 space, 434, 452n20 Colston, Herbert L., 214, 225–26 Columbia School, 450n1, 590 Competence, 118 communicative, 1141 isosynchronic, 594 usage, genetics, performance, social code and, 11–13 Complements, 782–802. See also specific individuals chain, 907, 912 in English, 786–89 in French, 791–93 1300 index in Japanese, 789–91 -modifier distinction, profile determinance and, 106f, 107, 115nn31–32, 442, 903, 904f strong connectivity, process-internal modifiers and, 906–8 Complex category, 430 Component-composite relationship, schemas and, 107, 108f, 109, 115nn33–34 Componential model, 463–67 linking rules in, 465f, 472 Componential syntactic theory, form and function relation in, 472, 473f Composite structures, word-formation, accommodation and, 653–54, 655f, 671n3 Composition, 82 components v., 276 elaboration, conceptual integration, completion and, 379–80, 656 phonological, 446 Compositional meaning, idiomatic v., 276 Compositional semantics, 531f–533f semantic structure for John kissed a girl, 532, 533f syntax and semantics of A, SMALL, CAT, MEOW, 531f, 532 syntax and semantics of A small cat miaowed, 532f Compositionality analyzability and, 654 of conceptualization, 49 partial, 438 word-formation and, 654 Compounds bahuvrihi, 650, 672n8 noun-noun, 666, 667f, 668, 669f, 672n8 phrasal, 699 word-formation and, 653–54, 657f, 666, 667f, 668, 671n3, 672n8 Compression hierarchies for Analogy/Disanalogy, 383f for Cause-Effect, 384f Compression Principle, 382 Computational models. See also Neurocomputational models image schemas and, 214, 227–29 of metaphors, 194, 202–3 Neural Theory of Language and, 202, 214, 227–28, 326 Concepts, 431, 451n12, 452n18 Classical Theory of, 143–46, 158 Conceptual alternativity, 287 Conceptual Atomism, 158 Conceptual constituents, 302 Conceptual distance, 512–13, 845, 895–96 Conceptual integration (blending), 377–93. See also specific individuals basic diagram of, 379f composition, completion, elaboration and, 379–80, 656 mental spaces and, 377–82, 384 metaphors and, 198–201 principles of, 381–82 Vital Relations and, 381–82, 390–91 word-formation and, 655–56, 657f, 672n4 Conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) basics of, 190–92 blends v., 198–201, 208n13 capitalization with, 208n3 experiential motivation with, 192 mapping with, 190–91, 208n4 neural, primary metaphors and, 192–94, 208nn4–7 Conceptual metaphors cognitive reality of, 195–98 embodiment, experientialism and, 26, 28, 30–33, 36, 38, 43–44 ICMs and, 179, 181, 184 spatial language and, 30–31, 39 Conceptual metonymies, 240–42, 247, 251 Conceptual reference points, 897–906 Conceptual representations (CR), 337 Conceptual spaces, 320, 501, 1085 Conceptual structure(s) in cognition and narrative, 1179–82 philosophy of mind and, 1249–52 Conceptual subordination, 783–86, 797–98 general issues for, 783–85 semantic basis of, 785–86 Conceptual substrate, 426 Conceptual universals, 4, 336–37 Conceptualization categorization and, 26–27, 38–39, 1012–13 compositionality of, 49 construal and, 48–49, 51, 53–54, 58–77, 77n4, 78n15 meaning and, 14, 1028–29, 1093–98, 1095f, 1097f semantics and, 431–38, 451n13, 452n24, 491 spatial, 231 subject and object of, 48, 58–77, 60f–62f, 64f–66f, 68f–69f, 71f, 77n4, 78n15 usage event and, 425–26 Conditionals, 78n16 Conferences, 7–8, 10, 127, 591–92, 1190, 1194 Configurational structure, 267, 294, 301–5 Conformation, 330, 331 Conjunctions, 414n10 Conklin, Nancy F., 688 Connectivity conceptual, linear order and, 906–11 as factor in reference point selection, 898–99 hypothesis, 1085 strong, 906–8 weaker, 908–10 index 1301 Conrad, Joseph, 1184 Consciousness, affect, metacognition and, 1272–73 Consonants, voiceless, 622, 628n9 Constituency, 442, 453n36 Construal. See also specific individuals abstraction and, 53, 56 aspects of, 436–38 attention and, 54, 56–57 background and, 77n1 categorization and, 56 classifications of, 49, 53–58, 76 complement constructions and, 70–73 conceptualization and, 48–49, 51, 53–54, 58–77, 77n4, 78n15 Constitution/Gestalt and, 56–57 deixis, 51, 53, 64, 65f–66f, 67 differences in syntactic, between dialects, 16, 1006 domain and, 54, 77n3 dynamicity and, 53–54, 56, 437–38 epistemic, 69f, 70 of events, 51–52, 765, 773–76 with first person as object of conceptualization, 71f, 72 force dynamics and, 54, 77n2 general framework for characterizing, 58, 59f–62f linguistic choices and, 1147–48 nouns in, 54, 55f–56f in objective expressions, 60, 61f perspective and, 29, 53–54, 56, 58, 66–73, 68f, 77, 77n1, 1181–82 perspectivization and, 48–81 prominence and, 53, 54, 56, 77n1 pronouns with, 51, 66, 72, 77n9 salience and, 56–57, 934 schematicity and, 51, 53, 54–56, 77n3, 113n17 scope and, 56, 77n1 space and, 54, 77n3 subjectivity/objectivity and, 53, 70, 76, 78n18, 436–37, 743–44, 877 time and, 50, 53–54 types/diversity of, 49–53, 57 verbs in, 50–52, 54, 55f–56f, 69, 72 viewing arrangement of, 59f viewpoint, 53 Construction(s), 441–43, 442f, 453nn35–38. See also Clause constructions; Relational constructions; Relator constructions; Transitivity; specific individuals anatomy of, syntactic and semantic structure and, 472–76 argument structure, 485–86 categories in, 481, 486, 491–92, 495–96, 505n4 clause, 754–60 Comparative Conditional, 466 complement, 70–73 development of new, 970 ditransitive, 252, 478, 487, 758f–760f, 773 elements, components and units of, 474–75, 476f Extraction, 501 lexical diffusion of, 970–71, 980 lexicon, grammar and, 521–22 locative, 737–38 meaning of, 758–60, 777nn2–3 Means and Manner, 503 methodological consequences and, 576–77 ‘‘online’’ meaning, 158 relations between, 483, 486–88, 494, 497–98 Resultative, 468 revival of, 463–64 Subject-Auxiliary Inversion, 484 symbolic structure of, 472f, 480–81 taxonomy, information storage in, 483–85, 488–89, 494–95, 498 There-, 485–89, 577 Verb Phrase (VP), 479–80 way, 502–3 Construction Grammar, 463–508. See also specific individuals atomic units in, 481, 496, 505n4 within CL, 544–45, 550 Cognitive Grammar and, 4, 9, 354, 421–22, 451n9, 489–95, 550, 556, 1082 construction grammar (lower case) v., 463, 479 construction organization in, 476–78 current theories of, 479–98 Embodied, 505n3 form and function relation in, 472–73, 474f frames and, 174, 184 HPSG and, 479, 490, 504n1, 504n2, 545 idioms and, 715–16 lexicon and syntax in, 14–15 links in, 465f, 472–76, 486–88, 498 meronomic relations in, 473, 475, 480, 483 polysemy and, 162n14 prospects for future of, 503–4 Radical, 495–98, 755, 1083 [role], [val], and [rel] in, 482f, 483 schemas and, 97 Simplified Generative Grammar and, 473–76, 475f syntactic element categories in, 481, 486, 491–92, 495–96 syntactic relations in, 474–76, 481–83, 486, 492–94, 497 unification in, 484–85, 504 usage-based models and, 489, 499–503 valence in, 483, 492 Constructional schemas, 754–55, 757–60, 777n1, 1100–1103, 1105f 1302 index Content of understanding, cognitive unconscious v., 1255–58 Content Requirement, 891 Context attention and, 279–82 conceptual reference point and, 897 and usage-based learning, 1146–47 Contiguity, metonymy and, 183, 237, 240–41 Contingency, metonymy and, 240–42 Contrast(s) between Japanese, French and English, 786–95, 798, 798nn2–6, 799nn7–8 prefixation, diminutives and, 658, 659t, 660f profiling, 658 Schmid on, 658–59, 672n5 Contrastive Analysis, 1151 Contrastivity, as complex category, 659 Conventionality, 425 Conversation Analysis, 547, 551 Conversion Figure/Ground and, 664 noun-verb, event schemas and, 664, 665f, 666t word-formation and, 650, 655, 658, 664–66 Cook, Kenneth, 849–50 Cooreman, Ann, 830, 832, 847, 863 Copestake, Ann, 252–53 Copula, 371, 372 Corazza, Serena, 1115 Corbett, Greville, 680–82, 1033 Core cases, modulations of, 990 modals, honorary and, 300, 314n5 periphery and, 573, 583 Coreference, anaphoric, metonymy and, 251 Cornell, Alan, 1144 Cornell University’s Passive Dynamic Walker, 31 Coulson, Seana, 109, 199–201, 206, 208n12, 1186 Coulthard, Malcolm, 1222 Coventry, Kenny R., 735 Co-verbs, 727, 739 Cowie, Anthony P., 162n15 Cozijn, Reinier, 925 CR. See Conceptual representations Craig, Colette, 687 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), 16, 1222–40 Croft, William (Bill), 7 on aspect, 815–17, 821 on categories, 647 on clause structure and transitivity, 756, 763, 768–70 on construal, 55–57, 77n3 on constructions, 577 on domains, 182–83 on Functional and Cognitive Linguistics, 553 on inflectional morphology, 637 on intuition, 1249 on language change, 14–15, 980 on metaphor and metonymy, 238–39 philosophy and, 1252 on polysemy, 153 on typology, 1083, 1085 Cruse, D. Alan, 55–57, 77n3, 142–43, 500 CS (application of force function), 303 Csa ´ bi, Szilvia, 1184 Culicover, Peter, 583 Cultural artifacts, 29, 44 Cultural models, 1046, 1204–8 different, in one language, 1213–16 of marriage, Americans’, 1205–7 mental locus of, 1204–5 of space, orientation theory and, 1059–61 universal and culture-specific aspects in, 1208– 11, 1217 Cultural Models in Language and Thought (Holland/Quinn), 1204–5 Cultural -spatial models, 1062–64 Cultural studies, 1203–21 Cultural variation, 1213–16 Culture change across time and, 43–44 ICMs and, 180–81 language and, 148–49, 1007 language, thought and, 1203–4 metaphors and, 16, 203–5, 209n15 nature v., 33 social cognition, perspective-taking and, 1096–98 Cureton, Richard D., 1192–93 Current discourse space, 426 Cutrer, L. Michelle, 354, 365, 367, 369, 806–7, 819 Cuyckens, Hubert, 155, 322, 341, 736 da Vinci’s, Leonardo, Mona Lisa, 199–201 Dabrowska, Eva, 1102 Damasio, Antonio, 206, 620, 1274–75 Danaher, David S., 1188 Dancygier, Barbara, 736, 930 D’Andrade, Roy G., 1031, 1207 Danziger, Eve, 1015 Darwinism, 1233 Dasher, Richard B., 977 Datives, ditransitive clauses, indirect objects and, 772–74, 778nn12–13 Davidson, Donald, 196, 1225, 1259 Davies, Ian R. L., 1030 Davis, Barbara, 622 De Geest, Dirk, 1177–78 de Leo ´ n, Lourdes, 1098 de Villiers, Jill and Peter, 1035 Deafness, as cultural identity, 1113 Deane, Paul D., 132, 134, 304, 326 index 1303 Decategorialization, 971–72 Deconflation, 194 Deep structure (D-structure), 464 Default inheritance, 515–18, 516f Defeasibility, metonymy and, 240–42, 248–49 Definiteness with iconicity, 403–4 salience and, 133 Definitional test, of polysemy, 143–44, 154 Degand, Liesbeth, 926 Degrammaticalization, 744 Deictic origo, 1212 Deignan, Alice, 1144, 1146, 1152 Deixis construal, 51, 53, 64, 65f–66f, 67 corporeal and environmental, 1212–13, 1217–18 ideological, 1226–27, 1230 mental spaces and, 1182 Delbecque, Nicole, 221, 736 DeMatteo, Asa, 1117 Demecheleer, Murielle, 224, 1151–52 Denial of expectation, 917 Deontic interpretation, 69, 78n11 Dependence autonomy v., 445 e-sites and, 106, 114n30 Derrida, Jacques, 1260–61 Descartes, 28–29, 1176, 1251 Developmental studies, language acquisition and, 324, 1034–35, 1285–86 Dewell, Robert B., 231–32, 323, 331, 736 Dewey, John, 43 Diachronic change, 10 Diachronic convergence, 1005 Diachronic linguistics, 945–87 Diachronic semasiology, 989–92 Diachrony, 159, 550 inflectional morphology in, 645–47 Diagram, imagic icons, metaphor and, 397–98 Diathesis, 829 Dickey, Stephen M., 817, 820 Dickinson, Emily, 223–24 Dictionaries, 1160–68, 1172 Diessel, Holger, 72, 1103, 1107 Dı ´ ez Velasco, Olga Isabel, 243, 251 Dik, Simon C., 412, 549, 552, 590 Dilthey, 1256–57 Diminutives prefixation, contrast and, 658, 659t, 660f prefixation, ICMs and, 659–60 Dingwall, Robert, 1234 Dinsmore, John, 354, 365, 369 Diphthongs, 951 Dirven, Rene ´ , 7, 8 applied linguistics and, 1143–44, 1149, 1151, 1155 on complements, 787 conferences and, 591–92 on conversion, 664–66 on culture, 16 empirical methods and, 17 lexicography and, 1172 Discourse, 13 discontinuity and, 911 force dynamics in, 301 functions, metonymy, pragmatic inferencing and, 248–51 future and integration of different approaches to, 932–35 level, CL at, 931–32 mental spaces and, 355–58, 365–71, 366f–368f, 930, 931f -pragmatic functions, of metonymy, 250 relations, aspect and, 818–20 social interaction and, 450 structures relevant to, 425, 426f, 427, 451n5 text structure and, 916–41 Discourse Analysis, 547, 551, 552 Discourse and Narrative Research Group, 1182 Discourse expectation, 301 Discourse markers, 917 Discourse Representation Theory, 819 Distal, proximate v., 65 Distance conceptual, 512–13, 845, 895–96 iconicity of, in syntactic patterns, 405–7 referential, within referential accessibility, 289 synchronic, 1005 Distinguishability hypothesis, 859, 860f Diver, William, 590 Division of linguistic labor, 1164 Dixon, Robert M., 1076 DNI (definite null instantiation), 1171 ‘‘The Dogs’’ (Lentz), 1123 Doiz-Bienzobas, Aintzane, 371 Domain(s), 181–83. See also Source and target domains; specific domains/individuals ability, 308, 314n12 abstract, 182–83, 328, 438, 452n21 of analogical leveling, 960–62 articulatory, 444–45 availability principle, 251 basic, 182–83, 434, 452n20 configurational, 182 construal and, 54, 77n3 content, 1183 dominion, reference point and, 182 donor and recipient, 596 force dynamics in psychological, 299 force dynamics in psychophysical and interpersonal, 300 force dynamics in social, 299–300 frames, ICMs and, 170–87 1304 index integrity, 415n16 of investigation, 745 of language covered by Functional v. Cognitive Linguistics, 549–52, 559nn13–19 locational, 182 of matrix, 434, 444 nonbasic, 434 polysemy and, 160n2 schemas and, 103–5, 114nn27–29 selecting, 1018 semantic, 681, 687–88, 691–92, 693n9 strata, parameters and, 1180 Domhoff, G. William, 1191 Dominions, reference points and, 182, 897–98, 907, 911 Dornseiff, Franz, 596–97, 997 Double-bee construction, 576 Downing, Pamela, 125, 668 Dreams, 1191 Dryer, Matthew, 755 Du Bois, John, 771, 921 Ducrot, Oswald, 924–25 Duffley, Patrick, 787 Dunbar, George, 160n2, 160n6 Duncan, Susan D., 1125 Duranti, Alessandro, 1013, 1049, 1052 Dynamic evolutionary model, 309–11, 310f, 878, 880f Dynamicity, 450 construal and, 53–54, 56, 437–38 Ebbinghaus, Friedrich, 589 Ebbinghaus, Hermann, 1278 Economics, ideology, metaphor and, 1224–26 Economy, iconicity and, 401–2, 405 Edelman, Gerald, 206 Ehrenfels, Christian von, 597 Ekberg, Lena, 220 Ekman, Paul, 43 Elaboration categorizing relationship as, 429–30 conceptual integration, composition, completion and, 379–80, 656 Elaboration sites (e-sites), 441–42 dependence and, 106, 114n30 syntactic coherence, schemas and, 105, 106f, 114n30 Elman, Jeffrey L., 963–64 Emanatian, Michele, 179, 204 Emblem, 1126 Embodiment, 9, 15, 414n8. See also specific individuals of cognition, 31, 601–2 Cognitive Science and, 26, 27, 36–44, 41t–42t contemporary formulations of, 37–39 elaborations and extensions of, 33–37 as experiential and bodily substrate, 31, 33, 37–39 experientialism and, 25–47 iconicity and neurology, in literary form and affect, 1187–89 image schemas and, 26, 35–36 meaning, society and, 1275–76 metaphors and, 28, 30–36, 38–44 organism changes as, 29–30 origins of, 32–33 senses of, 27–31, 39 sensory modalities of, 1187 social and cultural contexts for, 29, 31 Emmeche, Claus, 1233–34 Emmorey, Karen, 1036 Emotional Resonance Model, 1189 Emotions. See also Ifaluk emotion theory agency and, 1047–52 metaphors for, 191–93, 205, 243 Empathy, 132 Empathy hierarchy, 414n9 Encyclopedias, 1161, 1163–64 Energy transfer, 295 Enfield, Nick J., 1028 English, Japanese, French and, 786–95, 798, 798nn2–6, 799nn7–8 English Polarity Question and Declarative Negative, 500 EngstrØm, Anders, 1259 Entailment, hyponymy and, 241 Entity, 440, 453n31, 1094 Entrenchment, 118–19, 425. See also Salience and entrenchment activation and, 122, 125 clothing and, 125–27 frequency, usage and, 14–15, 125–26, 1099 generative, 135n2 hierarchies, 132 networks and, 513–14 role of, in emergence, sanctioning, and blocking, 121, 134n1 usage-based models and, 624 Word Grammar and, 513–14, 536 Epigenesis, 1277 Equilibration, 1276 Equip-NP deletion, 414n11 -er suffixation, 660–61, 662f, 663t, 671, 672n7 Ergative and accusative languages, 830, 831t, 832, 844–45, 863–64 Ergative and accusative systems, 768–72, 778nn9–11 Ergativity case markers and, 132, 768–69 syntactic v. morphological, 778n10 ERP. See Event-related brain potential index 1305 Ervin-Tripp, Susan, 928 Escobedo, Joyce, 787 E-sites. See Elaboration sites Ethnography of speaking, 13 Eubanks, Philip, 1225 Evans, Vyvyan, 153, 159, 161n10, 323, 341, 736, 1150–51 Event(s). See also Usage events; Voice clause structure and conceptualization of actions and, 753–54 construal of, 51–52, 765, 773–76 co-temporality of, 75 frames, 761 Indexing Model, 928 motion, 1034, 1081, 1087n4 space, 806–7 speech, 803 types, semantic roles and, 760–63, 777n3 EVENT schemas Heine on, 1083 noun-verb, conversion and, 664, 665f, 666t word-formation and, 651, 655, 661, 663–66 Event-related brain potential (ERP), 158 Evidentiality, 870–71, 883n2 Execution schema. See X-schemas Exetests, 1154 Experiential Gestalts, 33, 35, 173 Experiential realism, 34 Experientialism, 5, 7, 15, 25–47 Experimentation, 16 Explanation directionality of, 28 typology and, 1075, 1077–78 Explicature, metonymy and, 249 Expressions channels of, 426–30, 427f, 451n4, 451n6, 451nn8–9 fixed, 427, 438–39, 452n27, 704–5, 713 formulaic, 699 in grammatical relations, 275 idiomatically combining, 468–70 in one or another lexical category, 268–69 senses of, 432–33, 451n16 spatial, 320–21 specificity and symbolic complexity of, 427–28, 451n8 well-formedness or conventionality of, 430 Extension analogical, 962–64 categorizing relationship as, 429, 430f metaphorical, 298–301, 487–88, 1150 semantic, 652 Extensional concepts, stereotypes v., 1164–65 Extraction, 528f Extraposition, 528f Factors Aa1, 268–69 Aa2, 269, 276 Ab1, 269 Ab2, 269–70 Ab3, 270–71, 274 Ac1, 271–73 Ac2, 273, 274 Ad1, 273 Ad2, 273–74 attention effects from combining, 289–91 Ba1, 274–75 Ba2, 275 Bb1, 276 Bb2, 276 Ca1, 265, 277, 278 Ca2, 277–78 Ca3, 278–79 Cb1, 279–80 Cb2, 280–82 conflict, attentional resultants of, 290–91 convergence, reinforcement of attention pattern through, 290 Da2, 282 E1, 283 E2, 283 F1, 284 F2, 284–85 F3, 285–86 Ga1, 286–87 Ga2, 287–88 Gb1, 288 gradation in strength through combining, 289–90 Ha1, 288–89 Ha2, 289 involving forms that set attention outside themselves (C), 277–82 involving morphology and syntax (B), 274–76 involving occurrence of representation (G), 286–88 involving properties of morphemes (A), 268–74 involving properties of referent (E), 282–83 involving properties of temporal progression (H), 288–89 involving relation between reference and its representation (F), 284–86 phonological (D), 282 for recency of last reference or occurrence, 289 for referential divergence from norms, 283 strength of attention and, 268–90 Fairclough, Norman, 1223 Family resemblance, 4, 146, 574 1306 index Farrell, Patrick, 443–44 Fauconnier, Gilles, 7, 373 blends/conceptual integration and, 109–10, 198–200, 377, 383, 656, 670, 777n1, 1183, 1186 iconicity and, 656 Mental Spaces, 354, 925, 930 Feature bundle, 178 Fedden, Sebastian, 685 Feldman, Jerome, 227 Fernandes, Martine M., 1183 Ferrier, Gillian, 735 Feyaerts, Kurt, 243, 1190, 1191 Fictive motion, 267, 744 Fictive spaces, ground, post-Whorfian relativity and, 1061–62 Fictivity, 450 Fidelholtz, James, 953 Figurative language, 82, 102, 103f, 131–33 Figure/Ground. See also specific individuals attention and, 266–67, 275 conversion and, 664 Gestalt and, 128, 597, 599, 622, 1278–80 primary figure with, 131 prominence and, 899f, 900–901 reference points with, 129, 135n4, 900 salience, entrenchment and, 127–28 in simple clause patterns, 131–33 topicality with, 131–32 trajector/landmark with, 128, 652, 654f, 899–900 typical characteristics of, 130t unmarked coding with, 130–31 word-formation and, 652–53, 654f Fillmore, Charles, 8 Case Grammar and, 131–32, 664 on case hierarchy, 131–32 on commercial scene, 272–73 on constructions, 479–85, 505n2, 545, 1099 on domains, 104 on events, 172 on frames, 171–74, 178, 180, 272, 280, 591, 760–62, 998, 1099, 1170, 1271 on highlighting, 272 on ICMs, 150, 177, 178, 180 on idioms, 466–68, 715–16 on macro-maps, 1057–58 on saliency hierarchy, 132, 135n5 on scenes and constructs, 173 Fingerspelling, 1116, 1124 Flap, stops and, 616–17, 619–20, 621, 623, 625, 628n4 Focal participants, 131, 436 Focus chain, 1055 Focus space, 806–7 Fodor, Jerry A., 150, 414n12 Foley, William A., 1013, 1065 FoR. See Frame of reference Force dynamics, 294–317. See also specific individuals agency and, 298 Agonist and Antagonist in, 267, 295–98, 873, 884n8 alternatives of foregrounding with, 298 analyses of modals, 305–11 attention and, 267 basic nature of, 307 basic steady-state patterns for, 296f, 298 causal chains and, 762–63 causative, causation and, 295, 297, 313, 313n2, 314n16, 314nn3–4 as cognitive system, 301–5 complex patterns for, 297–98 construal and, 54, 77n2 in discourse, 301 fundamental patterns for, 295–97 grammatical conception of, modals and, 309–11 image schemas and, 306, 308 metaphorical transfer and, 295, 298, 307–8 modals and, 300, 305–11, 873–75, 878–79, 883n7, 884nn8–15 in psychological domain, 299 in psychophysical and interpersonal domains, 300 in social domain, 299–300 in syntax, 311–13 theme and, 302–3, 314n6 transitivity and, 312–13, 764 Forceville, Charles, 1189 Foregrounding alternatives of, with force dynamics, 298 backgrounding and, with attention, 266–67 highlighting or, target domains and, 242 Form(s) basic and derived, 959–60 class, 320 closed-class, 320 current v. prior, 288–89 word, 524–25 Formalism, 479, 572, 1268 Form-meaning adpositions and, 727 clause structure, transitivity and, 753–54 Iconicity of, 1187–88 iconicity, word-formation and, 656–58 inflectional morphemes and, 638–42 linguistic typology and, 1074 mapping, within Holistic Spatial Semantics, 339, 340f Foundations of Cognitive Grammar (Langacker), 569 Fox, Barbara, 911 Frajzyngier, Zygmunt, 790 index 1307 Frame(s), 170–75, 280, 591. See also specific individuals Construction Grammar and, 174, 184 ICMs, domains and, 170–87 of knowledge, 49, 529 mental spaces and, 352 templates and, 174 Frame blending, 762 Frame of reference (FoR). See also Reference frames; Viewpoint allocentric, 329 deictic, 328, 329 experiments and, 1037n3 geocentric, 329–30, 332 iconographic, 1226–27, 1228f, 1229 intrinsic, relative and absolute, 328, 1052–53, 1067n13 language levels and, 324, 325, 343n1 metaphors and, 343n1 Object-centered, 325, 329, 330, 332 viewpoint and, 325, 328–30, 332 FrameNet, 762, 1160, 1170–72 FrameWorks Institute, 174 Francis, W. Nelson, 953 Frank, Roslyn, 16 Frawley, William, 1163 Freeman, Donald, 206, 223–24, 1183–84 Frege, 25, 353, 358, 1259 French Japanese, English and, 786–95, 798, 798nn2–6, 799nn7–8 Sign Language, 1114, 1129f–1130f Frequency entrenchment, usage and, 14–15, 125–26, 1099 token, 499–500, 1099 type, 499, 1099, 1103–4 Freud, Sigmund, 1274 Freudenthal, David, 922 Fridman-Mintz, Boris, 364 Friedrich, Paul, 733, 739 Fries, Charles C., 171 Frishberg, Nancy, 1118 Frog Story Corpus, 324 Frost, Robert, 188–89, 223–24 F-struct (feature structure), of x-schemas, 227 Fuchs, Catherine, 1179 Full-entry model, 489 Functional equivalence, 1021 Functional Grammar, 546–47, 549, 551, 552, 554, 556, 590, 730 Functional Linguistics, 9, 543–59. See also specific individuals delimiting Cognitive and, 544–47 domains of language covered by, 549–52, 559nn13–19 functionalism, cognition and, 548–49, 559n12 HPSG and, 558n2 methods of, 552–53, 559n20 metonymy, metaphors and, 556, 560nn23–24 subjectification and, 551, 559n15 theoretical conceptions of language and grammar with, 554–57, 559nn21–24 Functional-cognitive linguistics, 546, 547, 550, 1093 Functionalism, 548–49, 559n12. See also Prague school typology and, 1077, 1082, 1086n1 Fuzzy logic, 590 Fuzzy set theory, 145 Gabrys ´ , Danuta, 1144, 1146, 1152 Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 1257 Gang/gang effect, 963 Gardener, Howard, 589 Garey, Howard B., 814 Garrod, Simon C., 735, 922 Gaskins, Suzanne, 1031, 1035, 1036 Geeraerts, Dirk on CL, 691–92, 1172, 1256 Cognitive Linguistics and, 8, 592 empirical methods and, 16, 17 on entrenchment, 119, 125–27 on idioms, 707 on indirect object, 773–74 on Ko ¨ vecses and anger metaphor, 43 on lexicography, 1168 on metonymy, 237, 244, 259n2 on onomasiology, 1001–6 on overlapping sets model, 155 philosophy and, 1250–51, 1256 on polysemy, 141–43, 147 on prototypicality, 149–50, 160n4, 399, 989, 992 on Rationalist and Romantic Models, 1235 referential analysis and, 159 on religious texts, 1190 on salience, 934 on semantic change, 160n4 semantic polygenesis, 991 on spatial semantics, 322, 736 on subjectivity of idealism, 322 Gender with iconicity, 404 noun class systems and, 679–80, 692n2 Generalization(s), 126, 743 cross-linguistic, spatial semantics, linguistic description and, 334–36 metonymy, specialization and, 241 rules, patterns and constructions with schemas, 94–97, 113nn19–20, 114n21 semantic change and, 222, 975 Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, 504n1, 570, 574 1308 index Generative Grammar, 253 Chomsky and, 464, 554, 572, 584n9, 1141, 1245–47 CL v., 4–7, 545, 559n20, 568, 584n2, 1248, 1256 Generative Semantics v., 571–72, 584n6 language change in, 979–80 meaning in, 12–14 Simplified, 473–76, 475f Transformational, 139, 159n1, 171, 175–76, 591 Generative Linguistics. See also specific individuals characteristics of mainstream, 572–74 Cognitive Science and, 1266–68, 1280–81, 1287 impacts of, 1266–68 mental spaces and, 353, 354 Universal Grammar and, 573–74, 576 Generative Semantics, 12, 421, 545 Generative Grammar v., 571–72, 584n6 history of, 569, 571, 591 Genetic epistemology, 1267, 1289n9 Genetics, 6, 11–14, 30 Genette, Ge ´ rard, 407 Gennari, Silvia P., 1034 Gentner, Dedre, 195–96, 203, 207, 208n6, 1035, 1094–95, 1098 Gerber, Gustav, 599 Gernsbacher, Morton Ann, 923–24 Gestalt(s) conceptions of language, 597–601 construal, Constitution and, 56–57 Experiential, 33, 35, 173 Figure/Ground and, 128, 597, 599, 622, 1278–80 ICMs and, 175–76 Ko ¨ hler and, 1278–80, 1289n11 properties of, 175 prototypes, Figure/Ground and, 1278–80 Talmy and, 591 Wertheimer and, 597, 1278, 1289n11 Gesture(s), 195, 426 nature of sound changes and, 947–48 sign languages and, 453n40, 1125–27, 1128f–1131f types of, 1126–28 Getz, Isaac, 1189 Gibbs, Raymond, 7 cognitive psychology and, 30 empirical methods and, 16, 17 on image schemas, 214, 224–26 on literature, 1179, 1181–82, 1187 on metaphors, 196 on metonymy, 247, 256 Gibson, James, 1274, 1278, 1289n12 Gide’s, Andre ´ , L’immoraliste, 254 Gilbert, John H., 956 Gillie ´ ron, Jules, 997 Giora, Rachel, 159, 162n16 Givenness, 134, 810 Givo ´ n, Talmy, 14 on Accessibility Theory, 921 on clause structure and transitivity, 755, 765, 770 on complements, 784–86, 794 on Figure/Ground, 131 on modality, 870 on relational constructions, 727, 739 on topicality, 135n5 on voice, 849, 852 Glaz, Adam, 1179 Gleitman, Lila, 1028, 1033–34, 1037n5 Goffman, Erving, 173, 692 Goldberg, Adele, 77 on clause structure and transitivity, 757–59, 773, 776, 777n1 on constructions, 467, 484, 485–89, 1099, 1100, 1104 on metonymy, 252 radial sets and, 155 Goldin-Meadow, Susan, 1035 Goldstein, Louis M., 947–48 Gonzalez-Marquez, Monica, 16 Goody, Jack, 1015 Goossens, Louis empirical methods and, 17 on metonymy, 243, 245, 259n3, 876 on modality, 876, 880, 885n26 on polysemy, 399 Gopnik, Alison, 1035 Government and Binding theory, 799n9, 921 Gradience, 149–50 Grady, Joseph, 199, 244–45 Graesser, Arthur C., 916 Graff, Harvey J., 1015 Grammar. See also specific individuals/types covert ideology of alienation and sexism in, 1229–32 decontextualization and recontexualization of, 10–11, 13, 15 metonymy and, 251–54 models of, 9 performance and, 14–15 reintroduction of lexicon into, 13–14 subdomains of, 10 theoretical conceptions of language and, with Functional Linguistics, 554–57, 559nn21–24 Grammatical relations expressions in, 275 iconicity in, 407 properties of, according to universality and functional transparency, 770t Grammaticality, in Generative Linguistics, 572 index 1309 . future of, 602–3 polemic aspects of, 567–69 practical aspects of, 7–8 principles of, 914 reaction, 574–79 Research series, 8 short history of, 590–92 theoretical position of, 4–7 Cognitive Linguistics. 652–55 Cognitive iconicity, 1119–22 Cognitive Linguistics, 8, 204, 318, 567, 592, 1249, 1253–54 Cognitive Linguistics (CL). See also specific individuals appeal of, 10–15 characteristics of, 5–6 cognitive. Linguistics Bibliography, 8 Cognitive Linguistics in Practice series, 8 Cognitive, meaning of, 4–5 Cognitive models, 4. See also Idealized Cognitive Models Cognitive psychology, 5 cognitive unconscious