Index A absolute deictic relation 485, 490 absolute deictic time-specifying adver- bial 112, 591Ϫ592, 629 Absolute Future System 519, 527, 531, 535Ϫ557, 560Ϫ565, 567Ϫ570, 638, 676, 692, 701, 703, 706, 725Ϫ726, 737, 746, 754, 756Ϫ757 absolute past tense 153, 155Ϫ156, 193Ϫ208, 373Ϫ374, 383Ϫ424, 435Ϫ438, 444, 446, 449Ϫ450, 502, 573, 655, 665, 694Ϫ697, 707, 716, 746, 754Ϫ755 absolute present tense 171Ϫ191, 466, 486, 682 absolute preterite see absolute past tense absolute relation 443 absolute-relative tense 25Ϫ26, 156Ϫ 157, 345, 374, 503, 531Ϫ532, 727Ϫ 728 absolute tense 16, 25, 117, 120, 153Ϫ 154, 207, 171Ϫ360, 378, 381, 383Ϫ 424, 468, 479Ϫ480, 485Ϫ487, 529Ϫ 570, 573, 675Ϫ682, 692Ϫ717, 721Ϫ 725, 732, 746 absolute time-zone 150, 169, 371Ϫ372, 377, 381, 427Ϫ428, 501, 575, 593, 629 absolute zone see absolute time-zone abstract situation type 41, 49Ϫ71 accomplishment 70Ϫ71 achievement 70Ϫ71 action 57, 66Ϫ69 action verb 68 activity 69 Ϫ71 actualization 12, 40 actualization adverbial 622Ϫ623, 632 actualization aspect 30, 72Ϫ81 actualization focus 204Ϫ206, 299, 319Ϫ322, 326, 331, 604Ϫ605 actualization-explaining because- clause 552Ϫ553 actualize 12, 40 adjectival clause 14 adverbial see absolute deictic time- specifying adverbial, actualization ad- verbial, bifunctional adverbial, deictic time-specifying adverbial, duration adverbial, durative time-specifying adverbial, inclusive duration adver- bial, multiple-orientation-time adver- bial, multi-zone adverbial, nondeic- tic time-specifying adverbial, nonin- clusive adverbial, orientation-time adverbial, past zone adverbial, pre- present zone adverbial, punctual time-specifying adverbial, pure dura- tion adverbial, relative-absolute deic- tic time-specifying adverbial, relative deictic time-specifying adverbial, sin- gle-zone adverbial, situation-time ad- verbial, temporal adverbial, time- specifying adverbial, zone-independ- ent adverbial adverbial clause 14 (see also after- clause, because-clause, before-clause, bounded clause, conditional clause, free relative clause, heterogeneous, homogeneous, nonbounded, since- clause, subclause, until-clause, when- clause, while-clause) Adv-time 119, 122, 132Ϫ144, 173, 367Ϫ368, 612, 644 Adv-time adverbial see time-specifying adverbial Adv-time of the head clause 642Ϫ643, 651Ϫ652 Adv-time of the when-clause 642Ϫ645, 650, 654 Adv-time-relation 122, 134 834 Index Adv-time-simultaneity 134Ϫ135, 139Ϫ 140, 145 after-clause 446, 523, 741Ϫ753 agent 48, 53, 67, 186, 191 agentive 50Ϫ54, 61, 66Ϫ70, 281, 290, 342Ϫ343, 346, 356 Aktionsart see ontological aspect Anchor time 195, 197, 202, 289, 320, 352, 562, 591, 629, 688Ϫ692, 706Ϫ 718, 722Ϫ728, 738Ϫ751 anchored time-specifying adverbial see deictic time-specifying adverbial anteriority 17Ϫ18, 25, 161 (see also T-anteriority, W-anteriority) argument (NP) 20Ϫ21, 79, 123, 295, 541 aspect see actualization aspect, gram- matical aspect, ontological aspect aspect auxiliary 19 aspectualizer 31Ϫ32 assertive clause 606 atelic 60Ϫ65, 68, 70Ϫ71, 75Ϫ77, 115, 306, 366Ϫ367, 595 atemporal when-clause 672 attributive definite noun phrase 204, 247, 574, 592 auxiliary 18Ϫ20 auxiliary verb see auxiliary B background 177, 430 background situation 220, 225, 274, 284Ϫ286, 470 backgrounding 430 backshifted 384, 390, 394, 396, 471, 698, 719 backshifting 391 basic orientation time 474, 537Ϫ538, 543Ϫ548, 554 because-clause 552Ϫ554 before-clause 406Ϫ408, 446, 523, 562Ϫ563, 607, 685Ϫ741, 754Ϫ755 ‘before now’ interpretation 215, 219 bifunctional adverbial 133Ϫ134, 233, 591, 612Ϫ613, 738Ϫ739 bifunctional temporal adverbial see bifunctional adverbial binding see direct binding, indirect binding, temporal binding binding time 118, 158, 375 bound time 118, 158, 369 bounded 30, 61, 72Ϫ82, 114Ϫ115, 121Ϫ125, 140Ϫ143, 145Ϫ146, 190 (see also L-bounded, W-bounded) bounding constituent 79Ϫ80 bygone 196 (see also T-bygone, W-by- gone) C case-specifying when-clause 671 central orientation time 154, 159, 169, 376Ϫ377 central time of orientation see central orientation time clause 13Ϫ14 (see also head clause, matrix, subclause) cleft 260, 265Ϫ267, 545, 631, 733Ϫ 734 (see also since-cleft) cleft construction see cleft cleft sentence see cleft closed condition 103Ϫ104, 354Ϫ355, 520, 536, 545Ϫ546, 556, 566Ϫ567 code 20, 720 co-extensive interpretation 215Ϫ216, 445Ϫ446, 459Ϫ460 coincidence 122Ϫ126, 132Ϫ136, 369Ϫ 370, 494 common Adv-time 644, 646Ϫ650, 654, 667 complement 20Ϫ21 (see also comple- ment clause) complement clause 393, 401, 475, 495, 521, 548Ϫ550 complex relative tense 26 complex relation see complex T-rela- tion complex sentence 14, 539 complex T-relation 457, 664 conditional clause 129, 352, 359, 455Ϫ 456, 495, 540, 566Ϫ568 Index 835 conditional connotation 540, 545, 556, 565Ϫ566, 674 conditional perfect (tense) 22, 24, 457Ϫ458, 520, 523Ϫ524, 673, 715, 735 conditional sentence 129, 166, 354, 497, 556 conditional tense 22, 24, 158, 166, 341Ϫ342, 387, 405Ϫ408, 421Ϫ424, 436, 450, 520, 523, 735 conjugation 18 constitution interpretation (of a clause in the present perfect) see constitution reading constitution reading 229, 256, 255Ϫ 269, 279Ϫ286, 288, 290, 292Ϫ293, 324, 326, 331Ϫ332, 613, 618Ϫ622 contain 122, 132, 134, 212, 640, 644 contained orientation time 134, 640Ϫ 642, 644Ϫ662, 664, 667, 670, 677Ϫ 678, 687Ϫ691, 723, 727Ϫ728, 731, 734, 739, 741, 744, 747, 750Ϫ753 containment 122Ϫ123, 132, 134, 137, 139, 214Ϫ215, 643, 645, 650Ϫ651, 687, 691, 750 continuative habit 228, 237, 240, 271Ϫ273 continuative interpretation see contin- uative reading continuative perfect 226, 460 continuative reading (of clause in the present perfect) 216, 219, 222, 225Ϫ228, 230Ϫ243, 245Ϫ246, 260Ϫ 263, 265Ϫ267, 271Ϫ274, 287Ϫ291, 323Ϫ325, 350, 364, 460, 470, 478Ϫ 484, 600, 606, 608Ϫ610, 613Ϫ615, 617, 622 continuous form see progressive form copula 21 core meaning of a tense 214, 216 counterfactual 128Ϫ 129, 568, 673Ϫ 674, 710Ϫ713, 715Ϫ718, 735Ϫ736 counterfactual before-clause 735Ϫ736 counterfactual when-clause 673Ϫ674 counterfactual world 42, 674 D de dicto interpretation see intensional interpretation deictic adverbial see deictic time-speci- fying adverbial deictic time-specifying adverbial 591Ϫ 592 denotation 40Ϫ49, 55Ϫ59, 70, 136Ϫ 138 dependent clause see subclause de re interpretation see transparent in- terpretation direct binding 393, 407, 516Ϫ522, 660Ϫ666 direct result 248, 280Ϫ281, 302Ϫ306 direct speech 390 dissective 594 domain see temporal domain do-support 20 double pluperfect 27 duration adverbial 59, 75Ϫ76, 133, 143, 227, 235, 243, 287, 364, 366Ϫ 367, 739 (see also pure duration ad- verbial, bifunctional adverbial) duration-quantifying constitution read- ing 229, 248, 255, 258Ϫ259, 261Ϫ 263, 265, 282Ϫ283 durative situation 45, 47, 49, 51, 55, 57Ϫ58, 67, 70Ϫ71, 74, 113, 131, 140Ϫ141, 167Ϫ168, 173Ϫ175, 413Ϫ 415, 508 durative situation verb 45Ϫ46, 59 durative situation verb phrase 57, 62 durative time-specifying adver- bial 132Ϫ133, 138Ϫ139 durative verb phrase see durative situa- tion verb phrase dynamic 51Ϫ52, 67Ϫ71 dynamic verb phrase 52, 68 E effected noun phrase 298Ϫ300 egressive aspect see terminative embedded clause see subclause 836 Index enriched situation-template 40Ϫ41 epistemic modal adverbs 187 epistemic modality 39, 103Ϫ105, 453 establish a domain indirectly 488, 500, 681, 720, 725 evaluation time 105, 138, 163, 547, 583Ϫ585 event 46, 48, 66Ϫ67, 68Ϫ69 event verb 68 evidential because-clause 553Ϫ554 evolving 65, 68Ϫ70 expand (a temporal domain) 121, 123Ϫ125, 158 expanded domain 123Ϫ125, 158 experiential indefinite perfect see per- fect of experience experiential perfect see perfect of ex- perience explanatory-resultative (use of the pres- ent perfect) 253Ϫ255, 277Ϫ279, 293 extensional interpretation see transpar- ent interpretation F factual see factual at t 0 factual at t 0 235, 606, 689, 693Ϫ697, 699, 707, 710Ϫ719, 722, 725Ϫ726, 730Ϫ737, 739, 747Ϫ748, 750, 754Ϫ 756 factual full situation 144, 235, 364, 612 finite clause 42Ϫ44 finite verb form 15, 98, 485 focalizing when-clause 671 foreground 177, 430 foregrounding 430 free indirect speech 390, 452, 583, 452Ϫ453, 583, 747Ϫ748, 753 free relative clause 637, 642 full situation 113Ϫ116, 122Ϫ125, 127, 133, 135Ϫ136, 138Ϫ146, 164Ϫ168, 173Ϫ175, 189Ϫ190, 196Ϫ199, 207, 213, 216Ϫ229, 233Ϫ238, 253, 256, 267, 290Ϫ292, 364Ϫ366, 368Ϫ369, 377Ϫ378, 413Ϫ414, 459Ϫ461, 474, 478Ϫ483, 573, 586Ϫ587, 612Ϫ614 (see also factual full situation, poten- tial full situation) full verb 18Ϫ19, 31 future 120 (see also post-present zone) future continuous form see progressive form future perfect (tense) 25, 97, 108, 493, 503Ϫ504, 518Ϫ520, 532, 558, 725Ϫ 726, 749Ϫ750, 755 future tense 22, 24Ϫ25, 78, 96Ϫ97, 101Ϫ108, 162Ϫ163, 337Ϫ340, 342Ϫ345, 499Ϫ500, 519Ϫ520, 531Ϫ 532, 537Ϫ569, 675Ϫ676, 700Ϫ703, 749Ϫ750 futurish tense form 106Ϫ108, 268, 337Ϫ340, 345Ϫ346, 356Ϫ360, 392, 451Ϫ456 futurity see posteriority G generic sentence 131 gerund 18, 99 gnomic sentence 130Ϫ131 grammatical aspect 28Ϫ31, 35, 56, 77, 81 grammatical auxiliary 19 Gricean Maxim 32, 63, 73, 88, 133, 136, 185, 198, 271, 349, 454, 577, 599, 617, 649, 672, 737 H habit 28Ϫ29, 34Ϫ35, 37, 52Ϫ54, 131, 271Ϫ273, 277, 288Ϫ290, 402Ϫ405, 436, 619, 676Ϫ678, 680Ϫ682, 701, 704Ϫ706, 729 head (of a phrase) 12 head clause 14, 380, 687 headless relative clause 559, 637 (see also free relative clause) heterogeneous 45Ϫ46, 49Ϫ50, 55Ϫ56, 74Ϫ75, 77Ϫ78, 114Ϫ115, 145, 165, 235, 253, 366, 394, 396Ϫ397, 413Ϫ 414, 551 heterogeneous Adv-time 594Ϫ595, 599Ϫ600, 629 Index 837 historic(al) present 28, 176Ϫ178, 382, 398, 424Ϫ425, 704Ϫ705, 729 homogeneous 35, 45Ϫ47, 49Ϫ51, 55Ϫ 57, 74Ϫ75, 77, 114Ϫ115, 123Ϫ125, 131, 136, 138Ϫ142, 174Ϫ175, 190, 222, 235, 365Ϫ366, 392, 413Ϫ415, 470, 551, 576 homogeneous Adv-time 593Ϫ594, 601Ϫ602, 629Ϫ630, 669 hot news reading (of the present per- fect) 246Ϫ247, 249Ϫ250, 297, 301, 460, 463Ϫ464 hypersituation 28, 36Ϫ37, 58, 76, 79Ϫ 80, 225, 229, 231Ϫ232, 238, 258Ϫ 259, 267Ϫ269, 272Ϫ273, 279Ϫ280, 283Ϫ285, 291Ϫ292, 462, 470Ϫ473, 475Ϫ476, 483, 487, 595, 613Ϫ614, 677, 704 I iconic sequencing 428, 431 imperfective 28, 31Ϫ35, 38 implicature 32, 54, 62Ϫ63, 73, 197Ϫ 199, 247Ϫ248, 254, 273, 280Ϫ281, 301Ϫ306, 349Ϫ351, 431, 454, 577, 644, 647Ϫ648, 654, 713, 737 (see also Gricean Maxim) implicature of discontinuation 197Ϫ 199, 365 implicit condition 342, 347, 353, 453, 676, 715, 717 implicit orientation time 119, 161, 367Ϫ368, 406Ϫ408, 436, 508, 524, 561Ϫ562, 638, 640, 642, 644, 646Ϫ 649, 650, 652, 670, 689Ϫ691, 695Ϫ 696, 706Ϫ709, 715, 718Ϫ719, 722, 725, 728, 734, 738, 740, 742Ϫ744, 748Ϫ750, 755Ϫ757 implicit pre-present (time-zone) 214, 255, 258, 295, 298Ϫ300, 305, 474 inceptive see inchoative inchoative 28, 31Ϫ32, 75Ϫ76, 140Ϫ 141, 401, 430, 470, 608Ϫ609, 669 inclusion 122, 132Ϫ144, 148, 213Ϫ 229, 233Ϫ235, 241Ϫ242, 252Ϫ253, 267Ϫ271, 280, 290Ϫ291, 350, 364Ϫ 365, 370, 379Ϫ380, 430Ϫ431, 649Ϫ 651, 658, 688Ϫ690, 744 inclusive adverbial 75Ϫ76, 595, 602Ϫ 603 incurable habit 54 indefinite interpretation see indefinite reading indefinite perfect 226, 460 indefinite reading (of clause in the pres- ent perfect) 216, 219Ϫ 234, 236Ϫ 237, 239Ϫ250, 261Ϫ266, 273Ϫ276, 280Ϫ282, 287Ϫ294, 303Ϫ305, 317Ϫ 319, 321Ϫ322, 326, 331Ϫ332, 459Ϫ 474, 480, 484, 501, 504, 607Ϫ608, 614Ϫ615, 618Ϫ619, 623Ϫ625, 681, 704, 730, 749 independent clause 14, 199, 349, 380Ϫ 381, 495, 520, 535, 673 indirect binding 378Ϫ379, 393Ϫ395, 404, 407, 516Ϫ522, 660Ϫ666, 696Ϫ 698, 708, 740, 748, 757 indirect reported speech 349, 388, 390, 395, 411 indirect result 254, 293, 302Ϫ306 indirect speech see indirect reported speech, free indirect speech ingressive see inchoative intensional context see intensional do- main intensional domain 349Ϫ350, 388Ϫ 389, 406Ϫ407, 541Ϫ544, 554Ϫ555, 560Ϫ561, 693, 695Ϫ697, 707Ϫ710, 719, 737, 739Ϫ740 intensional interpretation 388Ϫ389, 469, 407, 541Ϫ544, 554, 693, 695 intensional verb 396, 407, 542, 693, 695 ( see also strong intensional verb, weak intensional verb) intensional world see intensional do- main intentionality 54, 186, 191, 342Ϫ343, 351 interpretive unit 540, 547, 553 intransitive verb 20Ϫ21, 36, 40, 65 inversion 20 838 Index inverted pseudo-cleft 260 irrealis 128Ϫ129, 568, 673Ϫ675, 710Ϫ 713, 715Ϫ718, 735Ϫ736 irregular verb 23Ϫ24 it-cleft see cleft iterative see repetitive iterative verb 50 K kind of situation see situation type L L-bounded 73, 79Ϫ82, 140, 142, 198, 226, 235, 237, 272, 366Ϫ367, 429Ϫ 431 (see also bounded) L-bounding consituent see bounding constituent lexical aspect see ontological aspect lexical meaning 18Ϫ20, 40, 47 lexical verb 18Ϫ19, 31 linking verb see copula L-nonbounded 73, 77, 79Ϫ82, 227, 239, 268, 291, 366, 429, 431 (see also nonbounded) M main clause see head clause, matrix main verb 15, 20, 23, 96, 99 marked interpretation 576, 647, 649, 661, 667 marked temporal focus 576Ϫ581, 583Ϫ584 marked tense 501, 675 matrix (clause) 14, 381, 393, 516Ϫ517, 660, 666, 695Ϫ697, 757 Maxim of Quantity 133, 136, 599 Maxim of Relation 185, 198, 323, 349, 454, 577, 617, 672 Maxim of Relevance see Maxim of Re- lation measure (a period or situation) 62Ϫ64, 75Ϫ76, 79Ϫ80, 142, 223, 229, 259, 269, 282Ϫ283, 595, 620, 703, 735, 745 measure phrase 265, 447, 606, 711, 715Ϫ717, 719, 728, 731, 734, 736, 745, 751 metalinguistic negation 244 metaphorical uses 27Ϫ28, 337, 382, 424Ϫ425, 438, 501Ϫ502, 711, 731 modal auxiliary 19, 34 modality 22, 27, 38Ϫ39, 102Ϫ103, 105Ϫ106, 116, 128Ϫ129, 147, 162, 166, 187, 200, 340Ϫ342, 348, 356, 453, 541, 583, 587, 636, 702, 715, 721 momentary see punctual mood 39 multi-zone adverbial 593, 603Ϫ605, 629Ϫ630 multi-zone time-specifying adver- bial see multi-zone adverbial multiple-orientation-time adverbial 137 N narrative before-clause 730Ϫ733 narrative clause 177, 275, 446 narrative text 430, 452, 455, 587, 670 narrative when-clause 275, 638 neutral prediction 342, 359 (see also pure future) NICE-properties 20 nominal clause 14, 540Ϫ541, 550Ϫ 552, 559, 637 nominal relative clause see free rela- tive clause nonassertive clause 606 nonbounded 72Ϫ82, 121Ϫ125, 145, 190 (see also L-nonbounded, W-non- bounded) nondeictic adverbial see nondeictic time-specifying adverbial nondeictic time-specifying adver- bial 591Ϫ592, 596 (see also unan- chored time-specifying adverbial) nondurative see punctual nonepistemic modality 39, 147 nonevent 289 Index 839 nonfactual 42 (see also intensional in- terpretation, intensional domain, not- yet-factual at t, not-yet-factual at t 0 ) nonfinite clause 13, 44, 98, 162 nonfinite verb form 16Ϫ17, 98Ϫ99, 121, 162 nonhomogeneous see heterogeneous noninclusive adverbial 75, 595, 599Ϫ 602 nonpast time-sphere see present time- sphere nonprogressive form 22, 29Ϫ30, 34Ϫ 36, 49, 57, 81, 99, 115, 122, 141, 174, 180Ϫ186, 191, 199, 224, 228, 269, 271Ϫ272, 276Ϫ277, 281, 284Ϫ285, 287Ϫ288, 290, 337, 343, 348, 357, 360, 369, 401, 412Ϫ413, 454, 551 nonprogressive meaning 29, 49, 72, 81Ϫ82, 85, 271, 366Ϫ367 nonquantificational constitution inter- pretation see nonquantificational constitution reading nonquantificational constitution read- ing 229, 248, 253Ϫ254, 256Ϫ258, 261, 279Ϫ282, 290, 293, 303, 311Ϫ 312, 317, 324, 445, 478, 613, 618 nonrepetitive 36, 75, 474, 485 nonstatic see dynamic not … until 740Ϫ741 not-yet-factual see not-yet-factual at t not-yet-factual at t 120, 406Ϫ407, 694, 709, 712, 717Ϫ718, 726, 755 not-yet-factual at t 0 162, 340, 541, 695, 712, 719 not-yet-factual at the binding time see not-yet-factual at t not-yet-factual before-clause 706, 710Ϫ711, 735Ϫ738 noun clause see nominal clause number-quantifying constitution inter- pretation see number-quantifying constitution reading number-quantifying constitution read- ing 223, 229, 232, 248, 256Ϫ258, 283Ϫ286, 303, 317, 322, 326, 329, 331Ϫ332 O ontological aspect 29Ϫ30, 49Ϫ71, 81 opaque domain see intensional domain opaque interpretation see intensional interpretation opaque world see intensional domain open condition 103, 352, 495, 500, 536, 540, 543Ϫ546, 548, 556, 559Ϫ 561, 568, 649, 676 operator auxiliary 23Ϫ24 orientation time 16Ϫ17, 22, 25Ϫ27, 38, 94Ϫ96, 105, 117Ϫ121, 123, 125Ϫ126, 132, 134Ϫ135, 137, 139, 143Ϫ144, 153Ϫ159, 289, 339, 365Ϫ 370, 372Ϫ378, 383Ϫ384, 386Ϫ388, 392, 399, 402Ϫ408, 414Ϫ416, 420Ϫ 424, 444Ϫ457, 459, 461Ϫ464, 474, 485, 487Ϫ494, 498Ϫ515, 523Ϫ526, 531Ϫ534, 537Ϫ538, 543Ϫ548, 558, 561Ϫ564, 568Ϫ569, 573, 575, 579Ϫ 580, 585, 606Ϫ607, 616, 637Ϫ668, 670, 677Ϫ678, 687Ϫ691, 694, 700, 706, 719, 722Ϫ723, 725Ϫ728, 731, 733Ϫ735, 738 Ϫ741, 743Ϫ753 orientation-time adverbial 137, 639, 652, 655, 658, 662Ϫ663, 687Ϫ688, 690, 723, 727Ϫ728, 747, 750Ϫ753 P participial clause 3 participle 15Ϫ18, 24, 96, 98Ϫ99, 162, 497 past (N) see past time-sphere past continuous form see progressive form past domain 121, 154Ϫ156, 158Ϫ159, 195, 370, 373Ϫ374, 383, 385Ϫ388, 392Ϫ398, 401Ϫ404, 420Ϫ423, 444Ϫ 458, 460Ϫ463, 492Ϫ494, 502Ϫ505, 516, 519Ϫ520, 681, 720, 722, 725Ϫ 726, 730Ϫ731, 748, 754Ϫ757 past participle 17, 24, 96, 98, 162 past perfect (tense) 17, 22, 24, 27, 38, 95, 97, 117Ϫ118, 120Ϫ121, 126, . 14 adverbial see absolute deictic time- specifying adverbial, actualization ad- verbial, bifunctional adverbial, deictic time-specifying adverbial, duration adverbial, durative time-specifying adverbial,. multi-zone adverbial, nondeic- tic time-specifying adverbial, nonin- clusive adverbial, orientation-time adverbial, past zone adverbial, pre- present zone adverbial, punctual time-specifying adverbial,. 508 durative situation verb 45Ϫ46, 59 durative situation verb phrase 57, 62 durative time-specifying adver- bial 132Ϫ133, 138Ϫ139 durative verb phrase see durative situa- tion verb phrase dynamic 51Ϫ52,