EXERCISE 15. Practlclng lrregular verbs. (Charts 2-5 and 4-2 - 4-5) DirecEions: Ask questions beginning with "Have you ever . . . 2" and give answers. 1. lose the key to your house 2. meet (. . .) 3. have the flu 4. feel temble about something 5. send a telegram 6. leave your sunglasses at a restaurant 7. sit on a cactus (Switch roles ifwo&ing in pairs.) 8. spend one whole day doing nothing 9. lend ( . . . ) any money 10. sleep in a tent 1 1. make a birthday cake 12. build sand castles 13. win money at a racetrack 14. hang a picture on the wall 13 EXERCISE 16. lrregular verbs. (Chart 2-5) Directions: Write the simple past and the past participles. 1. sell 9. think 2. tell 10. teach 3. hear 11. catch 4. hold 12. cut 5. feed 13. hit 6. read 14. quit* 7. find 15. put 8. buy *Quit can be used as n rrgulu verb in British English: pir, quined, quirud. The Present Perfect and Me Past Perfect 93 EXERCISE 17. Practlclng irregular verbs. (Charts 2-5 and 4-2 - 4-4) Directions: Ask questions beginning with "Have you ever . . . ?" and give answers. 1. teach a child to count to ten 2. hold a newborn baby 3. find any money on the sidewalk 4. cut your own hair 5. think about the meaning of life 6. hear strange noises at night 7. read Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain 8. feed pigeons in the park (Switch roles if working in pairs.) 9. tell a little white lie 10. quit smoking 1 1. buy a refrigerator 12. sell a car 13. hit another person with your fist 14. put off doing your homework 15. catch a fish EXERCISE 18. Preview: SINCE vs. FOR. (Chart 4-5) Directions: Complete the sentence "I have been here . . . ." Use since orfor with the given . . expressions. I have been here . . . 1. ov two months. 2. stwe September. 3. 1998. 4. last year. 5. two years. 6. last Friday. 7. 9:30. 8. three days. 9. the fist of January. 10. almost four months. 11. the beginning of the term. 12. the semester started. 13. a couple of hours. 14. fifteen minutes. 15. yesterday. 16. about five weeks. I 'OR (a) I have been here ' since eight o'clock. since 'lkesday. since May. since 1999. since January 3,2001. since yesterday. , since last month. (b) CORRECT: I hawe lived here since May.* CORRECT: I have been here since May. (c) INCOm: I am living here since May. (d) INCORRECT: I live here since May. (e) INCORRECT: I lived here since May. INCORRPCT: I was here since May. h4AIN CtAUSE SINCE-CLAUSE (present perfect) (simple past) (f) I have Hued here since I was a child. (g) A1 has met many people since he came here. (h) I have been here for ten minutes. for two hours. for five days. for about three weeks. for almost six months. for many years. for a long time. (i) I have lived herefor reuo years. I moved here two years ago, and I still live here. (j) I lived in Athensfor m years. I don't live in Athens now. Fince is followed by the mention of a specific mint in time: an hour, a day, a month, a year, !tC. Since expresses the idea rhat something )egm at a specific time in the past and :ontinues to the present. The present p4ect is used in sentences with since. In (c): The present progressive is NOT used. In (d):The simple present is NOT used. In (e): The simple past is NOT used. Since may also introduce a time clause (i.e., a subject and verb may follow since). Notice in the examples: The present perfect is used in the main clause; the simple past is used in the since-clause. For is followed by the mention of a length of time: two minutes, he hours, four days, five weeks, etc. Note: If the noun ends in -8 @ours, days, weeks, etc.), usefir in the time expression, not since. In (i): The use of the present perfect in a sentence withfor + a length of time means that the action began in the past and continues to the present. In (j):The use of the simple past means that the action began and ended in the past. *&w connacr: I haw been lirrinp hers rim Mw. See Chart 4-7, p. 100, for s discussion of the present perfect progressive. \. EXERCISE 19. SINCE vs. FOR. (Chart 4-5) Directions: Complete the sentences. ~iw o'clock 4K since IS rzav~i~q. 1. I've been in this building {for 27 rzi~1~4e~ 2. We've been in class since . {for since 3. I've been in this city I . , , The Present Perfect and me Past Perfect 95 , -1- ,? . . . ~. ~, , b; since 5. I've had this book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7c ,-~.','. .' . , . , . ,. . , .i . , {for I 1 , , ,,?,, ,?,',.,,, 3 ,!. EXERCISE 20. SINCE vs. FOR. (Chart 4-5) Direcwns: Answer the leader's questions. Only the leader's book is open. Work as a class or in groups. Speaker A: Use since in your answer. I 8,s , , Speaker B: Usefor. ,,.I I",' " . ,. . , Y,? :.I,.:: ! .,, Example: , . .!. 8 j. !:dl :2! .: LEADER (book open): How long have you had this book? SPEAKER A (bwk closed): I've had this book since (the beginning of the term). LEADERTO B (book open): How long has (SpeakerA) had this book? ~P~AKBR B (bwk closed): S/He has had this book for (five weeks). 1. How long have you been in (this counzrylcity)? 2. How long have you been at (this school)? 3. How long have you been up today? ,:, ,, , 4. How long have you known ( . . . )? , ~ 5. Where do you live? How long have you lived there? ,:; , ~. :-' , , ,. : 6. How long have you had your wristwatch? 7. Who has a car/bicycle? How long have you had it? 8. How long have you been in this room today? 9. Who is wearing new clothes? What is new? How long have you had itithem? 10. Who is married? How long have you been married? EXERCISE 21. Sentences Ith SINCE-clauses. (Chart 4-5) , - I .: Directions: Complete e sentences with the words in parentheses. Put brackets around the fllJY.l since-clauses. x 1. I @ww) h-vc how^ Mark Miller [ever since* we (be) weye in college.] i .,:' , #. , ;. , .,. , 0: ! ~:,,:., . . . . I 2. Pedro (change) his major three times since he (start) .'." 'C school. > - - , ,,, . '-'. ,. .J:,'i 3. Ever since I (be) a child, I (be) - afraid of snakes. 8 : :;, ,;.:, ,d .j,'.;# 4. 1 can't wait to get home to my own bed. I (sleep, not) well since I (leave) home three days ago. ~ *Ew anw haa the same meaning as h. % CHAPTER 4 'I om ??,& tni.a8: n, Ever since Danny (meet) . Nicole, he (be, not) able to thii about anything or anyone else. He's in love. 6. Otto (have) a lot of problems with his car ever since he (buy) it. It's a lemon. 7. A: What (you, eat) since you (get) up this morning? B: I (eat) a banana and some yogurt. That's all 8. I'm eighteen. I have a job and am in school. My life is going okay now, but I (have) ~ ., - a miserable home life when I (be) a young 8 lu':dl' '=hild. Ever since I Gave) .W',<, 2P home at the age of fifteen, I (take) . Inil.(ujn . . care of myself. I (have) some . , < >+.I,,! ?f,9 I hard times, but I (learn) ho~,fo %%I(! ?&RY own two , - - - . . ~ feet.* ., , A ! ,!I,! -,,:.,:, .i ,. . EXERCISE 22. SINCE vs. FOR. (Chart 4-5) - Directions: Describe yourself, orally or in writing, using since, /or, or never with the present perfect. E.rv.,.v u "; ,: .i ;!,:<a< )# ,: , , , .~~; in i 11 . ,. Example: have (a particular kind of watch) f3snc; + I've had 9 Seiko quartz watch for two years. OR + I've had my Seiko quartz watch sin= my eighteenth birthday. . " p" . 4 i Example: smoke cigarslcigarettesla pipe + I've never smoked cigarems. OR + I've smoked cigarettes since I wm seventeen. . . . . . - . 1. know fa particular person), , , :,, . , , . . . , . . , , . ,: . - lji. , 2. live in (this city) , . - ., ., , ,t. .>, !.,*,,> 1 il.E .I,. r.,:,>. , . ?P, izlr irr 3. smdy ~~~li~h 'i, -,r ; I . . , , .' , . , : I ." I .% ii.,. 4. be in this clasdat this schooUwith this company 'i. , . . ~ - . . . , , . . . 5. have long hairlshort hairla mustache .,. * y: : .~ 6. wear glassedcontact lenses ! 7. have (a parFicular article of ciathink) 8. be interested in (a articular subiectl . - - - . . ,*.,, k.w .lid iiii, \ 'i 8 w,). ,!.;'.X! ! I Q* 9. be mamed ., . I; '!tr n it ::ir,. ', ? , ., . ,: 4. :',w;ruur6 vX,A I . ,. . , ,t . . ! 3;:1 01 3 10. have a driver's license .::I ,,#ha. : , . : 2 ; : ,; . J .I *To "stand on one's own two feet" is an idiom meaning to be able to take care of onmelf and be independent. me Resent Perfect and the Pclst Perfect 97 Al and Ann are in their car right now. They The PFSSENT PERFKT PROGRESSIVE tub about hcw are driving home. It is now four o'clock. lag an activity has been in progress before now. :a) They haw been driwing since rwo o'clock. Note: Time expressions with since, as in (a), and 3) They haw been drioing for two hours. for, as in (b), are frequently used with this tense. They will be home soon. STATEMENT: hawlhas + been + ing :c) HOW long haw they been driving? QUESTION FORM: haveIIurs + nrbjecr + been + -in# PRBSENT PROGRESSIVE :OMPARE the present pmgressive and the wesent perfect progressive. 7 (d) Po is sitting in class right now. . .'>,.I. Po is sitting at his desk in dass. He sat down at nine o'clock. It is now nine-thirty. (e) Po has been sitting in dass since nine o'clock. (f) Po has been aitting in class for thirty minutes. 6) INCORRBCT: I am knowinglbko. (i) CORRECT: I hllW knoumYokoM two years. 3) INCORRBCT: I have been hnauingBko for nw, years. The PRESENT PROGRESSIVE describes an activity that is in progress right now,-as in (d). It does not discuss duration (length ~. of time). INCORRECT: fi ha6 sitting in ch right m. The PRESENT PBRFBCT PROGRESSIVE expresses the duratioli (length of time) of an activity that began in the past and is in progress right now. INCORRECT: It, is simng in chs sirzfe nine o'clodr. , I,( verbs (e.g., know, like, cwn, belag) are not used in any progressive tenses.* In (i): With non-action verbs, the present perfect is used with since orfor to express the duration of a situation that began in the past and continues to the present. ClSE 23. Present progressive vs. present perfect progressive. (Chart 4-6) Directions: Complete the sentences. Use the present progressive or the present perfect progressive. 1. I (sit) . . have beph s . . alv stttc~q in class right now. I (sit) tttw here since one o'clock. 2. Kate is standing at the corner. She (wait) for the bus. She (wait) for the bus for twenty minutes. 3. Scott and Rebecca (talk) on the phone right now. - They (talk) on the phone for over an hour. .,.; ,., 4. Right now we're in class. We (do) an exercise. We (do) this exercise for a couple of minutes. , . I I G9mx 5. A: You look busy right now. What (you, do) ? ! B: I (work) on my physics experiment. It's a long and difficult experiment. . - :ri dh id: HOW long &y work) . -B: I started planning it last January. I (work) - . -,- ,- - 0: on it s&se 3 * , . :ii Rmq JEk ', .i f , . . , . , mrf (&I YU : 'r) .&ar~wm J:.+ , ,: 8 . , : . ., 17 EXERCISE 24. present perfect progressive. (Chart 4-6) , D*ecrirms: Answer the questions. Only the teacher's book is open. - on it? ie ; ,,-, ,r~ Example: ::::ih$ T TEACHER: Where are you living? Te RESPONSE: I'm living in an apartment on Fourth Avenue. . TEACHER: HOW long have you been living there? RESPONSE: I've been living there since last September. 1. Right now you are sitting in class. How long have you been sitting here? 2. When did you first begin to study English? How long have you been studying English? 3. 1 began to teach English in (year). How long have I been teaching English? .ad a 4. I began to work at this school in (month or year). How long have I been worlring here? r'nI 5. What are we doing right now? How long have we been doing it? '-"" -' 6. ( . . . ), I see that you wear glasses. How long have you been wearing glasses? 7. Who drives? When did you first drive a car? How long have you been driving? 8. Who drinks coffee? How old were you when you started to drink coffee? How long have you been drinking coffee? The Present Perfect and fhe Paat Perfect 99 . days. 9. the fist of January. 10. almost four months. 11. the beginning of the term. 12. the semester started. 13. a couple of hours. 14. fifteen minutes. 15. yesterday. 16. about five. When did you first begin to study English? How long have you been studying English? 3. 1 began to teach English in (year). How long have I been teaching English? .ad a 4. I began to. discuss duration (length ~. of time). INCORRECT: fi ha6 sitting in ch right m. The PRESENT PBRFBCT PROGRESSIVE expresses the duratioli (length of time) of an activity that began