BIOMASS – DETECTION, PRODUCTION AND USAGE pdf

BIOMASS – DETECTION, PRODUCTION AND USAGE Edited by Darko Matovic Biomass – Detection, Production and Usage Edited by Darko Matovic Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Niksa Mandic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright kwest, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Biomass – Detection, Production and Usage, Edited by Darko Matovic p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-492-4 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Detection 1 Chapter 1 Lidar for Biomass Estimation 3 Yashar Fallah Vazirabad and Mahmut Onur Karslioglu Chapter 2 Field Measurements of Canopy Spectra for Biomass Assessment of Small-Grain Cereals 27 Conxita Royo and Dolors Villegas Chapter 3 SAR and Optical Images for Forest Biomass Estimation 53 Jalal Amini and Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo Chapter 4 Detection of Ammonia-oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) in the Biofilm and Suspended Growth Biomass of Fully- and Partially-packed Biological Aerated Filters 75 Fatihah Suja‘ Chapter 5 A Combination of Phenotype MicroArray TM Technology with the ATP Assay Determines the Nutritional Dependence of Escherichia coli Biofilm Biomass 93 Preeti Sule, Shelley M. Horne and Birgit M. Prüß Chapter 6 Changes in Fungal and Bacterial Diversity During Vermicomposting of Industrial Sludge and Poultry Manure Mixture: Detecting the Mechanism of Plant Growth Promotion by Vermicompost 113 Prabhat Pramanik, Sang Yoon Kim and Pil Joo Kim Chapter 7 Genetic and Functional Diversities of Microbial Communities in Amazonian Soils Under Different Land Uses and Cultivation 125 Karina Cenciani, Andre Mancebo Mazzetto, Daniel Renato Lammel, Felipe Jose Fracetto, Giselle Gomes Monteiro Fracetto, Leidivan Frazao, Carlos Cerri and Brigitte Feigl VI Contents Chapter 8 Temporal Changes in the Harvest of the Brown Algae Macrocystis pyrifera (Giant Kelp) along the Mexican Pacific Coast 147 Margarita Casas-Valdez, Elisa Serviere-Zaragoza and Daniel Lluch-Belda Part 2 Production 161 Chapter 9 Supplying Biomass for Small Scale Energy Production 163 Tord Johansson Chapter 10 Production of Unique Naturally Immobilized Starter: A Fractional Factorial Design Approach Towards the Bioprocess Parameters Evaluation 185 Andreja Gorsek and Marko Tramsek Chapter 11 Recent Advances in Yeast Biomass Production 201 Rocío Gómez-Pastor, Roberto Pérez-Torrado, Elena Garre and Emilia Matallana Chapter 12 Biomass Alteration of Earthworm in the Organic Waste-Contaminated Soil 223 Young-Eun Na, Hea-Son Bang, Soon-Il Kim and Young-Joon Ahn Chapter 13 Plant Biomass Productivity Under Abiotic Stresses in SAT Agriculture 247 L. Krishnamurthy, M. Zaman-Allah, R. Purushothaman, M. Irshad Ahmed and V. Vadez Chapter 14 Aerobic Membrane Bioreactor for Wastewater Treatment – Performance Under Substrate-Limited Conditions 265 Sebastián Delgado, Rafael Villarroel, Enrique González and Miriam Morales Chapter 15 Rangeland Productivity and Improvement Potential in Highlands of Balochistan, Pakistan 289 Sarfraz Ahmad and Muhammad Islam Chapter 16 Effects of Protected Environments on Plant Biometrics Parameters 305 Edilson Costa, Paulo Ademar Martins Leal and Carolina de Arruda Queiróz Chapter 17 Quality and Selected Metals Content of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grain and Biomass After the Treatment with Brassinosteroids During Cultivation 321 Jaromír Lachman, Milan Kroutil and Ladislav Kohout Contents VII Chapter 18 Production of Enriched Biomass by Carotenogenic Yeasts - Application of Whole-Cell Yeast Biomass to Production of Pigments and Other Lipid Compounds 345 Ivana Marova, Milan Certik and Emilia Breierova Part 3 Usage 385 Chapter 19 Biomass Burning in South America: Transport Patterns and Impacts 387 Ana Graciela Ulke, Karla María Longo and Saulo Ribeiro de Freitas Chapter 20 The Chemistry Behind the Use of Agricultural Biomass as Sorbent for Toxic Metal Ions: pH Influence, Binding Groups, and Complexation Equilibria 409 Valeria M. Nurchi and Isabel Villaescusa Chapter 21 Recycling of Phosphorus Resources in Agricultural Areas Using Woody Biomass and Biogenic Iron Oxides 425 Ikuo Takeda Chapter 22 Sweet Sorghum: Salt Tolerance and High Biomass Sugar Crop 441 A. Almodares, M. R. Hadi and Z. Akhavan Kharazian Chapter 23 From a Pollutant Byproduct to a Feed Ingredient 461 Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano, Leandro Kanamaru Franco de Lima and Ane Pamela Capucci Torres Chapter 24 The Influence of Intercrops Biomass and Barley Straw on Yield and Quality of Edible Potato Tubers 473 Anna Płaza, Feliks Ceglarek, Danuta Buraczyńska and Milena Anna Królikowska Preface Biomass has been an intimate companion of humans from the dawn of civilization to the present. Its use as food, energy source, body cover and as construction material established the key areas of biomass usage that extend to this day. With the emergence of agriculture the soil productivity increased dramatically, especially with cultivation of new plant varieties and with emergence of intensive soil fertilization. In that context, the emergence and use of fossil fuels for energy and raw material in chemical industry is but a flick on the human history horizon. The amount of energy that humans used in the last two decades is roughly equal to the total amount of energy in the past. This enormous increase of energy use was made possible by extensive depletion of fossil reserves and is clearly unsustainable. Does it mean that once these reserves are depleted the amount of energy available to humans will be similar to the pre-fossil fuel era? Not necessarily. Currently, the total energy used by humanity amounts to 1/5500 fraction of the total solar energy incident on earth. In theory, significant percentage of that energy can be used for human needs, before it is let to complete the energy flow cycle (i.e. to be dissipated to space). Some of it can be harnessed and used as a direct solar energy, but other pathways uses natural photosynthesis to create biomass that can be seen as a form of chemically stored solar energy. Of course, biomass is also food and this brings about the key trade-off in biomass usage: the food vs. fuel controversy. Given these two primary uses of biomass the proper resolution of this tradeoff is essential for acceptable and beneficial biomass usage in the future. The glaring example of biomass for energy misuse is ethanol production from corn, a relatively inefficient conversion process that is also in a direct collision course with the corn as food pathway. Still, in 2009, about 15% of world corn production was converted into ethanol fuel. More subtle examples emerge when an inedible biomass is the energy source, but its production still competes with food supply chain. Recent world food price hikes, especially in 2008 have been blamed partly on diversion of food staples towards biomass fuel production. As humanity currently uses or appropriates (through deforestation and land use change) about 40% of land productive capacity, the accurate account of all existing and potential biomass usage pathways is critical for charting the way forward at the global scale, and in different regions. X Preface Given the complexities of biomass as a source of multiple end products, food included, this volume sheds new light to the whole spectrum of biomass related topics by highlighting the new and reviewing the existing methods of its detection, production and usage. We hope that the readers will find valuable information and exciting new material in its chapters. Since biomass means so many things to so many people, it is no wonder that the original book title, Remote Sensing of Biomass has attracted a wide range of papers, many of them very remote from the remote sensing theme. If there were few odd submissions that could not fit the theme at all, the choice would be simple. Check the quality of the paper and if it is good, suggest to the authors that it would be better to submit it elsewhere. InTech publishing is a wonderful open source publisher that published more than 180 volumes in 2010 alone, on such diverse topics as Virtual Reality, Biomedical Imaging or Globalization. Thus, an odd author who went astray could be stirred towards more suitable publication. And indeed, there were few that fell into that category. However, majority of submissions had a broad linkage to biomass, but not to its remote sensing. The wide range of themes, all related to biomass, prompted us to reconsider if the originally envisioned scope was perhaps understood by biologists and food scientists differently than by engineers? Is the simple act of examining biomass via a microscope a form of remote sensing? Is an indirect inference about details of physiological or genetic makeup of a subject biomass another form of remote sensing as well? Questions like these, and the desire to better reflect the scope and coverage of the book chapters led us to a new title, Biomass - Detection, Production and Usage. It reflects an even balance between these three areas of the biomass science and practice. Dr. Darko Matovic Queen's University, Kingston, Canada [...]... height and relatively aboveground biomass map (Shan and Toth, 2009) 8 Biomass – Detection, Production and Usage 2.1.3 Terrestrial systems The primary classification with respect to measuring principle is described by two techniques namely pulse ranging or time of flight (TOF) and phase measuring technique Another classification is also available in accordance with the angular scanning technique and coverages... at breast height (dbh), canopy density, crown volume, and tree 4 Biomass – Detection, Production and Usage species (Donoghue et al., 2007; Means et al., 1999, 2000; Magnussen et al 1999) Most authors concentrate on the above-ground biomass while there are a few known studies focusing on the below-ground biomass (Kock, 2010; Nasset, 2004) Bortlot and Wynne (2005) used Lidar data to generate canopy height... stands at single tree level for forest and wildland fire management, Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol 92 (3), 35 3–3 62 Muukkonen, P & Heiskanen, J (2007) Biomass estimation over a large area based on standwise forest inventory data and ASTER and MODIS satellite data: a possibility to verify carbon inventories, Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol 107, 61 7–6 24 Næsset, E (2002) Predicting forest stand... cover conditions, Bulletin of the Geographical Survey Institute, Vol 53 22 Biomass – Detection, Production and Usage Heritage G.L & Large A.R.G (2009) Laser scanning for the environmental science, WileyBlackwell, A John Wiley & Sonss, Ltd, Publication Chapter 4, pp 49-66 Hollaus, M.; Mandlburger, G.; Pfeifer, N and Mücke, W (2010) Land cover dependent derivation of digital surface models from airborne... acquired in 2000 and 0.54 for another acquisition in 1998 The filtering methods mentioned before are likely to fail 14 Biomass – Detection, Production and Usage Fig 5 DSM (up) and CHM (down) Filter Original Terrain Offterrain Sum Reduced OffTerrain terrain A B Sum A+B C D C+D A+C B+D (Total) T=(A+B+C+D) Type I = (B*100)/(A+B) & Type II = (C*100)/(C+D) Total Errors = (B+C)*100/T Table 1 Type I and Type II... crown diameter with LiDAR and assessing its influence on estimating forest volume and biomass, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol 29 (5), 56 4– 577 Popescu, S.C.; Wynne, R.H & Scrivani, J.A (2004) Fusion of smallfootprint LiDAR and multispectral data to estimate plot-level volume and biomass in deciduous and pine forests in Virginia, USA, Forest Science, Vol 50 (4), 55 1– 565 ... the standing tree As discussed in the introduction section, biomass has also been estimated by means of previously developed models using Lidar which relies on tree characteristics extraction like height, dbh, and crown size Crown size is not used directly in the estimation procedure but it is useful for extracting the tree species All developed models and their parameters for biomass 16 Biomass – Detection,. .. landscapes But it requires choosing correct segmentation parameters by 20 Biomass – Detection, Production and Usage considering the point density Point spacing plays also an important role for the selection of the interpolation method with respect to the DTM, DSM, and CHM resolution The methods for individual tree detection which are described and evaluated in the application part are performing well, but they... 10 Biomass – Detection, Production and Usage rate is required These devices have been primarily designed for measuring vegetation properties Extensive researches (Harding et al, 2001; Lefsky et al., 2001, 2002; Reitberger et al., 2009) have shown that waveform shape is directly related to canopy biophysical parameters including canopy height, crown size, vertical distribution of canopy, biomass, and. .. basal area and biomass in deciduous forests of eastern Maryland, USA, Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol 67 (1), pp 8 3–9 8 Lefsky, M.A.; Cohen, W.B.; Harding, D.; Parker, G.; Acker, S.A & Gower, S.T (2001) Remote sensing of aboveground biomass in three biomes, International Archives of the Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol 34, Part 3/W4, pp 15 5–1 60 Lidar for Biomass Estimation . BIOMASS – DETECTION, PRODUCTION AND USAGE Edited by Darko Matovic Biomass – Detection, Production and Usage Edited by Darko Matovic. volume, and tree Biomass – Detection, Production and Usage 4 species (Donoghue et al., 2007; Means et al., 1999, 2000; Magnussen et al. 1999). Most authors concentrate on the above-ground biomass. spectrum of biomass related topics by highlighting the new and reviewing the existing methods of its detection, production and usage. We hope that the readers will find valuable information and exciting