AIR QUALITY ‐ MODELS AND APPLICATIONS pps

AIRQUALITY‐MODELS ANDAPPLICATIONS  EditedbyDraganaPopović              Air Quality - Models and Applications Edited by Dragana Popović Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Natalia Reinic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright MADDRAT, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published June, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Air Quality - Models and Applications, Edited by Dragana Popović p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-307-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com   Contents  Preface IX Part 1 Mathematical Models and Computing Techniques 1 Chapter 1 Advances in Airborne Pollution Forecasting Using Soft Computing Techniques 3 Aceves-Fernandez Marco Antonio, Sotomayor-Olmedo Artemio, Gorrostieta-Hurtado Efren, Pedraza-Ortega Jesus Carlos, Ramos-Arreguín Juan Manuel, Canchola-Magdaleno Sandra and Vargas-Soto Emilio Chapter 2 Urban Air Pollution Modeling 15 Anjali Srivastava and B. Padma S. Rao Chapter 3 Artificial Neural Network Models for Prediction of Ozone Concentrations in Guadalajara, Mexico 35 Ignacio García, José G. Rodríguez and Yenisse M. Tenorio Chapter 4 Meandering Dispersion Model Applied to Air Pollution 53 Gervásio A. Degrazia, Andréa U. Timm, Virnei S. Moreira and Débora R. Roberti Chapter 5 Bioaerosol Emissions: A Stochastic Approach 67 Sandra M. Godoy, Alejandro S. M. Santa Cruz and Nicolás J. Scenna Chapter 6 Particle Dispersion Within a Deep Open Cast Coal Mine 81 Sumanth Chinthala and Mukesh Khare Part 2 Air Pollution Models and Application 99 Chapter 7 Mathematical Modeling of Air Pollutants: An Application to Indian Urban City 101 P. Goyal and Anikender Kumar VI Contents Chapter 8 A Gibbs Sampling Algorithm to Estimate the Occurrence of Ozone Exceedances in Mexico City 131 Eliane R. Rodrigues, Jorge A. Achcar and Julián Jara-Ettinger Part 3 Measuring Methodologies in Air Pollution Monitoring and Control 151 Chapter 9 Optical Measurements of Atmospheric Aerosols in Air Quality Monitoring 153 Jolanta Kuśmierczyk-Michulec Chapter 10 A Mobile Measuring Methodology to Determine Near Surface Carbon Dioxide within Urban Areas 173 Sascha Henninger Part 4 Urban Air Pollution: Case Studies 195 Chapter 11 Impacts of Photoexcited NO 2 Chemistry and Heterogeneous Reactions on Concentrations of O 3 and NO y in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province of China 197 Junling An, Ying Li, Feng Wang and Pinhua Xie Chapter 12 Analyzing Black Cloud Dynamics over Cairo, Nile Delta Region and Alexandria using Aerosols and Water Vapor Data 211 Hesham M. El-Askary, Anup K. Prasad, George Kallos, Mohamed El-Raey and Menas Kafatos Chapter 13 Spatial Variation, Sources and Emission Rates of Volatile Organic Compounds Over the Northeastern U.S. 233 Rachel S. Russo,Marguerite L. White, Yong Zhou, Karl B. Haase, Jesse L. Ambrose, Leanna Conway, Elizabeth Mentis, Robert Talbot, and Barkley C. Sive Chapter 14 Evaluation of an Emission Inventory and Air Pollution in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires 261 Laura E. Venegas, Nicolás A. Mazzeo and Andrea L. Pineda Rojas Chapter 15 Variation of Greenhouse Gases in Urban Areas-Case Study: CO 2 , CO and CH 4 in Three Romanian Cities 289 Iovanca Haiduc and Mihail Simion Beldean-Galea Contents VII Part 5 Urban Air Pollution: Health Effects 319 Chapter 16 Assessment of Environmental Exposure to Benzene: Traditional and New Biomarkers of Internal Dose 321 Piero Lovreglio,Maria Nicolà D’Errico, Silvia Fustinoni, Ignazio Drago, Anna Barbieri, Laura Sabatini, Mariella Carrieri, Pietro Apostoli, Leonardo Soleo Chapter 17 The Influence of Air Pollutants on the Acute Respiratory Diseases in Children in the Urban Area of Guadalajara 341 Ramírez-Sánchez HU, Meulenert-Peña AR, García-Guadalupe ME, García-Concepción FO, Alcalá-Gutiérrez J and Ulloa-Godínez HH  Preface  Airpollutionhasbeenamajortransboundaryproblemandamatterofglobalconcern fordecades.Highconcentrationsofdifferentairpollutantsmaybeparticularlyharm‐ fultoresidentsofmajorcityareas,wherenumerousanthropogenicactivities(primari‐ lyheavytraffic,domesticandpublicheating,andvariousindustrialactivities),strong‐ lyinflu encethequalityofair.Consequently,airqualitymonitoringprogramsbecome apartofurbanareasmonitoringnetworkandstrictairqualitystandardsinurbanare‐ aswereinthefocusofinterestofenvironmentalpollutionstudiesinthelastdecadeof the20 th century.Althoughtherearemanybooksonthesubject,theoneinfrontofyou willhopefullyfulfillsomeofthegapsintheareaofairqualitymonitoringandmodel‐ ing, and be of help to graduate students, professionals and researchers. The authors, all of them experts in their field, have be en invited by the publisher,  and also some recommendationshavebeengiventothemmainlyconcerningtechnicaldetailsofthe text,theviewsandstatementstheyexpressinthebookistheirownresponsibility. Thebookisdividedinfivedifferentsections. Thefirstsectiondiscussesmathematicalmodelsandcomputingtechniquesusedinair pollutionmonitoringandforecasting.ThechapterbyAceves‐FernandezMarcoAnto‐ nioetal.,presentsandcomparesthe advantagesanddisadvantagesofsomeairborne pollution forecasting methods using soft computing techniques, that include neuro‐ fuzzy inference methods, fuzzy clustering techniques and support vector machines, whilethechap teronurbanairpollutionmodeling,byAnjaliSrivastavaandB.Padma S.Rao,isageneraloverviewoftheairqualitymodelingthatprovidesausefulsupport to decision making processes incorporating environmental policies and management process.Thechapterfocusesonurbanairmodels,physical,mathematicalandstatisti‐ cal,onlo caltoregionalscale.Aninterestingapproachispresentedinthenextchapter onartificialneuralnetwork(ANN)modelsforpredictionofozoneconcentrations,by IgnacioGarcíaetal Theauthorsconsidertothegreatflexibility,efficiencyandaccu‐ racyofthemodelsthat,sincehavingalargenumberoffeaturessim ilartothoseofthe brain,arecapable tolearn andthusperformtasks basedon trainingor initial experi‐ ence.Themodelisappliedtothestudyoftroposphericozone,asthemaincomponent ofphotochemicalsmog,intheMetropolitanZoneofGuadalajara,Mexico. X Preface Inthechapter presenting a meanderingdispersionmodel applied to airpollution by GervásioA.Degraziaetal.,theauthorsdiscusstheturbulenceparameterizationtech‐ niquethatcanbeemployedinLagrangianstochasticdispersionmodelstodescribethe airpollutiondispersioninthelowwindvelocitystableconditions,usingtwoclassical approaches to obtain the turbulent velocit y variances and the decorrelation time scales: Taylor statistical diffusion theorybased on the observed turbulent velocity spectra,andtheHanna(1982)approachbasedonanalysesoffieldexperiments,theo‐ reticalconsiderationsandsecond‐orderclosuremodel. Also,in this sectionSandra Godoy and the co‐workers in the ir chapter deal withthe stochastic approach to the mec hanisms of bio aerosols dispersion is atmospheric transport, as a phenomenon that cause serious social, health and economic conse‐ quences.Finally,thechapteronparticledispersionwithinadeepopencastcoalmine, by Sumanth Chinthala & Mukesh Khare, presents a comprehensive overview of the dispers ion mechanisms inthedeep open pitcoal mines considering thetopographic, thermalandmeteorologicalfactors. The second section presents two chapters on air pollution models and application. FirstchapteronMathematicalmodelingofairpollutants:AnapplicationtoIndianur‐ ban city, by P. Goyal an d Anikender Kumar, formulates and uses the statistical and Eulerian analytical models for prediction of concentrations of air pollutants released fromdifferentsourcesanddifferentboundaryconditions.Themodelisappliedtothe cityofDelhi,  thecapital ofIndia,and isvalidatedby theobserveddataofconcentra‐ tionofrespirab lesuspendedparticulatematterinair.Inthesecondchapterinthissec‐ tion, the authors Eliane R. Rodrigues et al., apply Gibbs sampling algorithm to esti‐ matetheoccurrenceofozoneexceedingeventsinMexicoCity. Thethirdsectionofthebookcontainstwochaptersonmeasuringmethodologiesinair pollution monitoring and control. The first one, by Jolanta Kuśmierczyk‐Michulec, presents an optical method for measuring atmospheric aerosols. The chapter is an overviewofvariouseffortstendingtowardfindingarelationshipbetweenatmospher‐ ic optical thickness and particulate matter , and discussing possibilities of using the Angstrom coefficient in air quality estimation. The second chapter, by Sasha Hen‐ ninger,presentstheadvantagesofamobilemeasuringmethodologytodeterminenear surfacecarbondioxideinurbanareas. Fivechaptersinthesectionfouraredealingwithexperimentaldataonurbanairpol‐ lution. The first one, by Junling An et al., discusses the impactsofphotoexcited NO 2 chemistry and heterogeneous reactions on concentrations of O 3 and NO2 in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province of China, using WRF‐CHEM model. The second one, by Hesham El‐Askaryet al., analyses the phenomena of theBlackCloud pollution event overCairo,NileDeltaRegionandAlexandria, Egypt,usingaerosolsandwatervapor data, and the.main sources of air pollutionin the region, including heavy traffic, in‐ dustrial, residential, commercial and mixed emissions or biomass burning. In the chapter on Spatial Variation, Sources, and Emission Rates of Volatile Organic Com‐ [...]... pollution The shape of a city and the land use distribution determine the location of emission sources and the pattern of urban traffic, affecting urban air quality (World Bank Reports 2002) The dispersion and distribution of air pollutants and thus the major factor affecting urban air quality are geographical setting, climatological and meteorological factors, city planning and design and human activities... from each source and uncertainties of those values CMB model applied to the VOC emissions in the city of Delhi and Mumbai (Figure 4 ) shows that emissions from petrol pumps and vehicles at traffic intersection dominate PCA and MLR are statistical models and both PMF and UNMIX are advanced multivariate receptor models that determine the number of sources and their chemical compositions and contributions... - Models and Applications 2 Urban air quality The urban air is a complex mixture of toxic gases and particulates, the major source is combustion of fossil fuels.Emissions from fossil fuel combustion are reactive and govern local atmospheric chemistry.Urban air pollution thus in turn affect global troposphere chemistry and climate (e.g tropospheric O3 and NOX budgets, radiative forcing by O3 and aerosols)... microclimate are influenced by urban features, and they enhance atmospheric turbulence, and modify turbulent transport, dispersion, and deposition of atmospheric pollutants Any urban scale modeling systems should consider effects of the various local scales, for example, the influence of buildings and obstacles, downwash phenomena and plume rise, chemical transformation and deposition The modelling systems also... the boundary layer and simplified exchange within the troposphere is considered 3.2 Box models Box models are based on the conservation of mass The receptor is considered as a box into which pollutants are emitted and undergo chemical and physical processes Input to the model is simple meteorology Emissions and the movement of pollutants in and out of the 22 Air Quality - Models and Applications box... sample, and fjk is the kth species fraction from the jth source Receptor models can be grouped into Chemical mass balance (CMB), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) or Factor analysis, and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis (MLR) and multivariate receptor models The Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) Receptor Model used by Friedlander, 1973 uses the chemical and physical characteristics of gases and particulate... 21th International Conference on Electrical Communications, pp 137-141 (2011) Sugeno, M., and G T Kang “Structure Identification of Fuzzy Model”, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 1988, 28, pp 15-33 Takagi, T., and M Sugeno, “Fuzzy Identification of Systems and its Application to Modeling and Control”, IEEE Trans Systems Man and Cybernetics 1985 -15, pp 116-132 Vapnik, V.: The Nature of Statical Learning Theory... marily the result of the hard work of the editing and technical team of the publisher, as  the accomplishment of its goal to present a highly professional and informative text in  air pollution and quality research.     Prof Dragana Popovic Department of Physics and Biophysics,  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade,  Serbia XI Part 1 Mathematical Models and Computing Techniques 1 Advances in... infrastructure and allocation of land use, thereby contributing to economic growth,  managing spatial extension while minimizing infrastructure costs,  improving and maintaining the quality of the urban environment and  Prerecording the natural environment immediately outside the urban area Air quality modelling provides a useful support to decision making processes incorporating environmental policies and. .. Aceves-Fernandez Marco Antonio, Sotomayor-Olmedo Artemio, Gorrostieta-Hurtado Efren, Pedraza-Ortega Jesus Carlos, Ramos-Arreguín Juan Manuel, Canchola-Magdaleno Sandra and Vargas-Soto Emilio Facultad de Informática, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, México 1 Introduction There are many investigations reported in the scientific literature about Particulate Matter (PM) 2.5 and PM10 in urban and suburban . Region and Alexandria using Aerosols and Water Vapor Data 211 Hesham M. El-Askary, Anup K. Prasad, George Kallos, Mohamed El-Raey and Menas Kafatos Chapter 13 Spatial Variation, Sources and. some recommendationshavebeengiventothemmainlyconcerningtechnicaldetailsofthe text,theviews and statementstheyexpressinthebookistheirownresponsibility. Thebookisdividedinfivedifferentsections. Thefirstsectiondiscussesmathematicalmodels and computingtechniquesusedinair pollutionmonitoring and forecasting.ThechapterbyAceves‐FernandezMarcoAnto‐ nioetal.,presents and comparesthe advantages and disadvantagesofsomeairborne pollution. Photoexcited NO 2 Chemistry and Heterogeneous Reactions on Concentrations of O 3 and NO y in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province of China 197 Junling An, Ying Li, Feng Wang and Pinhua Xie Chapter